by Chuck Zerby
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. G. W. F. Hegel, Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art, trans. T. M. Knox (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975), p. 12.
10. Daniel Bell, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting (New York: Basic Books, 1973), p. 36.
11. Clarence J. Karier, “John Dewey and the New Liberalism: Some Reflections and Responses,” History of Education Quarterly, winter 1957, p. 442. See also Charles L. Zerby, “John Dewey and the Polish Question: A Response to the Revisionist Historians,” History of Education Quarterly, pp. 17-30.
12. Thomas McFarland, “Who Was Benjamin Whichcote? or, The Myth of Annotation,” in Annotation and Its Texts, ed. Stephen A. Barney (Oxford, New York, and Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 160.
13. Ibid., p. 161.
14. Ibid., p. 160.
15. Ibid., p. 163.
16. Ibid., p. 164.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., p. 170.
19. Ibid., p. 164.
20. Ibid., p. 177.
21. Ibid.
22. See ibid., p. 162.
23. Ibid., p. 156.
24. Anthony Grafton, The Footnote: A Curious History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999), p. 5.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., p. 6.
27. Ibid., pp. 7-8.
28. Ibid., p. 111.
29. Ibid., p. 56.
30. Ibid., p. 114.
31. Ibid., p. 70. Grafton indicated that three other scholars have used the quip; it can be assumed that many more have passed it along to their doctoral candidates who, scared and lonely as they often are, do not trust any footnote; one can always go wrong and become a dark and menacing stalker, one who doesn’t bother to ring the doorbell but clambers into the study through any handy window or by way of a cellar door.
32. Vincent Tomas, “The Modernity of Jonathan Edwards,” The New England Quarterly, 10 March 1952, p. 76.
Chapter 2
1. Gamini Salgado, The Elizabethan Underworld (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992), p. 11. The narrow focus on criminal life in Salgado’s delightful book does not prevent it from giving us a broad and amusing sense of London life.
2. Ibid., p. 7.
3. For a succinct account of Richard Jugge’s life, see Colin Clair, A History of Printing in Britain (London: Cassell, 1965), pp. 69-72. References in this book will always give actual page numbers. The term passim will not be used to indicate “and pages following.” What might seem merely convenient shorthand often conceals information—that is, the amount of attention given to a subject, a fact a reader might need in order to decide whether or not to hunt down the reference.
4. Domestic State Papers. Elizabeth. vol. XLVIII, 6, in Colin Clair, A History of Printing in Britain (London: Cassell, 1965), p. 71.
5. R. W. Scribner, For the Sake of Simple Folk: Popular Propaganda for the German Reformation (Cambridge, London, New York, New Rochelle, Melbourne, and Sydney: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 82.
6. Ibid., pp. 83-4.
7. Gamini Salgado, The Elizabethan Underworld (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992), p. 1.
8. Ibid., p. 35. I remind the reader of my intention to modify Elizabethan spelling; the original reads: “… araied in purple and skarlat, & guilded with golde, & precious stones, and pearles, and had a cup of golde in her hand, ful g of abominations” and “f This woman is the Antichrist, that is, the Pope with ye whole bodie of his filthy creatures, … whose beauty onely standeth in outwarde pompe & immprudencie and craft like a strumpet ….” Though it may cause difficulty, guilded has been allowed to stand because this spelling associates gild with guilt and guild. Care must be exercised in the era of Shakespeare and Donne not to drain the words of the full range of their colors simply for the sake of immediate clarity. Reference marks also have been omitted, as they distract and are irrelevant to our purposes.
9. The Holie Bible Conteynyng the Olde Testament and the Newe [Bishops’ Bible] (1568), sig. *I[t], in Evelyn B. Tribble, Margins and Marginality: The Printed Page in Early Modern England (Charlottesville and London: University Press of Virginia, 1993), p. 38.
10. Evelyn B. Tribble, Margins and Marginality: The Printed Page in Early Modern England (Charlottesville and London: University Press of Virginia, 1993), p. 43.
11. Most of the time the convenience of the reader dictates that each separate citation be given a separate footnote. This paragraph is an exception. All of the diverse citations come to me from a single source: D. F. McKenzie, “Printers of the Mind: Some Notes on Bibliographical Theories and Printing-House Practices,” Studies in Bibliography, vol. 22, 1969. This grouping of citations alerts the reader to the fact that I make no claim to original research, a claim that a trail of footnotes through the paragraph might make unwittingly. The references in order of appearance: 1. E. S. Furniss, The Position of the Laborer in a System of Nationalism (1920), p. 234: see McKenzie, note 15, p. 11. (McKenzie asserts in the footnote: “The contemporary evidence cited by Furniss is full and detailed.”) 2. For Thomas Manly see D. C. Coleman, “Labour in the English Economy of the 17th Century,” Economic History Review, 2nd ser. VIII (1956), pp. 280-95: McKenzie, note 15, p. 11. 3. For “anonymous,” see Some Thoughts on the Interest of Money, cited by Furniss. 4. For Benjamin Prince, see “Notes on Printing at Cambridge, c. 1590,” trans. Cambridge Bibliographical Society III (1959), p. 102: McKenzie, note 17, p. 11. McKenzie’s introductory comments appear in note 17.
12. D. F. McKenzie, “Printers of the Mind: Some Notes on Bibliographical Theories and Printing-House Practices,” Studies in Bibliography, vol. 22, 1969, p. 9.
13. Michael Clapham, “Printing,” A History of Technology, vol. III, ed. Charles Singer et al. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957), p. 391.
14. Penny Roberts, “Agencies Human and Divine: Fire in French Cities, 1520-1720,” Fear in Early Modern Society, ed. William G. Naphy and Penny Roberts (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1997), p. 13.
15. Christopher R. Friedrichs, The Early Modern City 1450-1750 (London and New York: Longman, 1995), p. 278.
16. Penny Roberts, “Agencies Human and Divine: Fire in French Cities, 1520-1720,” Fear in Early Modern Society, ed. William G. Naphy and Penny Roberts (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1997), p. 14.
17. Friedrichs, ibid., p. 278.
18. Roberts, ibid., p. 22.
19. E. Rayher of Northfield, Massachusetts, a present-day printer experienced in the use of small presses and in the casting of type, assures me that the cost of type at that time would justify the added difficulty of separate casts for each element of the (f). Admittedly, he made his observations using a microfilm copy of the Bible, and so his opinion is not to be taken as conclusive.
20. Gamini Salgado, The Elizabethan Underworld (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992), p. 78.
21. Thomas Ross, Natural and Artificial Conclusions (1567), in ibid., p. 75.
22. Michael Clapham, “Printing,” A History of Technology, vol. III, ed. Charles Singer et al. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957), p. 395.
23. The Holie Bible [microform] (London: Richard Jugge … [1568] ), pagination unreadable. The first footnote is on the first page of the book of Job; fent, fanctified, and faide, in the original, have been changed to sent, sanctified, and saide.
24. See Gamini Salgado, The Elizabethan Underworld (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992), p. 26, for details.
25. The Holie Bible [microform] (London: Richard Jugge … [1568]), pagination unreadable. The first footnote is in the first page of the book of Job. (Minor changes in spelling have been made.)
26. Colin Clair, A History of Printing in Britain (London: Cassell, 1965), pp. 71-2.
27. Ibid, pp. 71-2.
28. William Martyn, The Historie and Lives of the Kings of England: From William the Conqueror, unto the end of the Raigne of King Henry the Eighth (London: James Boler, 1628), unpaginated. F’s have been changed to S�
�s when appropriate; account is accompt in the original.
29. Ibid., Epistle Dedica’torie [sic], unpaginated.
30. William Martyn, The Historie and Lives of the Kings of England: From William the Conqueror, unto the end of the Raigne of King Henry the Eighth (London: James Boler, 1628), p. 191.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Roger Widdrington, A Theologicall Disputation Concerning the Oath of Allegiance, dedicated to the most Holy Father Pope Paul the fifth, Wherein All The Principall arguments which have hitherto beene brought by Cardinall Bellarmine, Leonard Leffius, Martin Becanus, and divers others, against the new Oath of Allegiance, lately established in England by Act of Parliament, are sincerely, perspicuously, and exactly examined (London[?]: E. Allde[?], 1613), unpaginated.
34. Ibid., p. 45.
35. John Rainolds, The OVERTHROW OF STAGEPLAYES By the way of controversie betwixt D. Gager and D. Rainoldes [sic], wherein all the reasons that can be made for them are notably refuted; the observations answered, and the case fo[r] cleared and resolved, at what the judgement of any man, that is not forward and perverse, may easilie bee satisfied. WHEREIN IS MANIFESTLY proved that it is not onely unlawfull to be an Actor but a beholder of those vanities (Oxford: John Lichfield, 1629), p. 25. F’s are changed to S’s, U’s to V’s.
36. Ibid., p. 52. The note is a long, nervous explanation of why Rainolds had the audacity to insert a word in one of his citings of Gager’s letter. “… I take the omitting thereof … to be a slippe of your penne, and therefore doe insert it.” At just this point the margin gives out; the note curls into something that resembles a respectful bow. (F’s changed to S’s.)
Chapter 3
1. Janet Todd, ed., The Works of Aphra Behn, vol. 1 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1992), p. 443.
2. Abraham Cowley, Poems: Miscellanies, The Mistress, Pindarique Odes, Davideis. Verses Written on Several Occasions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1905), p. 251.
3. Ibid., p. 66.
4. Ibid., p. 242.
5. Ibid., p. 66.
6. Ibid., p. 246.
7. Ibid., p. 247.
8. Ibid., p. 270.
9. Janet Todd, ed., The Works of Aphra Behn (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1992), p. ix.
10. Ibid., p. xvii.
11. Ibid., p. 72.
12. Ibid.
13. Janet Todd, ed., The Works of Aphra Behn (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1992), p. 72.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., p. 73.
16. Rosemary Cowler, The Prose Works of Alexander Pope (Hamden, Conn.: Archon, 1986), p. 219.
17. See George Woodcock, The English Sappho (Montreal and New York: Black Rose Books, 1989), p. 102.
18. Alexander Pope, The Dunciad Variorum With the Prolegomena of Scriblerus (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1929), pp. 36-8.
19. Ibid., p. 43.
20. Ibid., p. 44.
21. Ibid., p. 1.
22. R. J. White, Dr. Bentley: A Study in Academic Scarlet (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1965), p. 206.
23. Ibid., p. 152.
24. R. C. Jebb, Bentley (London: Macmillan, 1909), p. 202.
25. White, ibid., p. 22.
26. Maynard Mack, Alexander Pope: A Life (London: W. W. Norton, 1985), p. 489.
27. Anthony Grafton, The Footnote: A Curious History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), p. 111.
Chapter 4
1. Peter [sic] Bayle, The Dictionary, Historical and Critical (London: printed for J. J. and P. Knapton; D. Midwinter; J. Brotherton; A. Bettesworth, C. Hitch … [and 25 others], 1734-1738), 2nd ed., p. xxiii. The original French edition was published in 1696, but this edition is more convenient for the general reader. F’s in the text have been replaced by S’ s.
2. Elisabeth Labrousse, Bayle (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), p. 63. Labrousse is the source of Bayle’s life unless otherwise specified.
3. Pierre Bayle, “Projet d’un Dictionaire critique,” in Projet et fragments d’un Dictionaire critique (Rotterdam, 1692; repr. Geneva, 1970), sig. *2 verso. Quoted in Anthony Grafton, The Footnote: A Curious History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997), p. 193. Grafton gives an account of Bayle’s achievement that manages to be both succinct and thoughtful. His emphasis, however, is on the intellectual development of the footnote, an account that fails, in my eyes, to catch the full expansiveness of Bayle, or the humanity of Bayle’s footnote.
4. Peter [sic] Bayle, The Dictionary, Historical and Critical (London: printed for J. J. and P. Knapton; D. Midwinter; J. Brotherton; A. Bettesworth, C. Hitch … [and 25 others], 1734-1738), 2nd ed., vol. 5, p. 484, note [A].
5. Ibid., p. 491, note [L].
6. Ibid., note [74].
7. Peter [sic] Bayle, The Dictionary, Historical and Critical (London: printed for J. J. and P. Knapton; D. Midwinter; J. Brotherton; A. Bettesworth, C. Hitch … [and 25 others], 1734-1738), 2nd ed., vol. 1, p. 579.
8. Ibid., p. iii.
9. Ibid., p. 579, note [A].
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid., p. 579, note [C].
12. Thomas M. Lennon, Reading Bayle (Toronto, Buffalo, and London: University of Toronto Press, 1999), p. 7. Lennon mentions “[s]helf counts of private libraries” but does not supply a reference. Though Lennon is surely correct about the book’s popularity, the lack of footnote citation is unfortunate. As Lennon himself notes, Bayle’s dictionary is no longer a staple of public, let alone private, libraries. Skeptical readers may take it on faith that Bayle outsold Locke or Rousseau. But Plato? For this, rigorous proof surely is needed. Plato, incidentally, is not to be found in Bayle’s dictionary; Bayle apparently was satisfied with the entry in Louis Moréri’s earlier dictionary—a rare agreement between the two. Moréri was a favorite target of Bayle’s footnotes. See Elisabeth Labrousse, Bayle (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), p. 41. As the reader undoubtedly has noticed, Bayle’s habit of digression is as easily caught as the Asian flu.
13. Quoted in H. T. Mason, Pierre Bayle and Voltaire (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 10: Bayle “n’a jamais châtie son style ….”
14. A. Tibal, Inventaire des manuscrits de Winckelmann déposés à la Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris, 1911), p. 12. Quoted in Anthony Grafton, The Footnote: A Curious History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997), p. 195. Grafton is also the source of many of the leads to works on Bayle that I have used without directly crediting him.
15. Peter [sic] Bayle, The Dictionary, Historical and Critical (London: printed for J. J. and P. Knapton; D. Midwinter; J. Brotherton; A. Bettesworth, C. Hitch … [and 25 others], 1734-1738), 2nd ed., vol. 1, p. 23.
16. Peter [sic] Bayle, The Dictionary, Historical and Critical (London: printed for J. J. and P. Knapton; D. Midwinter; J. Brotherton; A. Bettesworth, C. Hitch … [and 25 others], 1734-1738), 2nd ed., vol. 1, p. 23, note [D]. The note begins: “Some Fathers of the Church have maintained the Affirmative [18]; and the Heretics, taken notice of below, who took their names from Abel are of the same opinion; but those who believe, that Abel lived an hundred and twenty nine Years, think it improbable he should die a Batchelor [sic].”
17. Peter [sic] Bayle, The Dictionary, Historical and Critical (London: printed for J. J. and P. Knapton; D. Midwinter; J. Brotherton; A. Bettesworth, C. Hitch … [and 25 others], 1734-1738), 2nd ed., vol. 1, p. 27, note [G].
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., vol. 3, p. 381, note [F].
21. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 27.
22. Ibid., note [H].
23. Anthony Grafton, The Footnote: A Curious History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997), p. 197. Grafton could also with justice be called a philosopher, as much of his writing drifts—intelligently and provocatively—into the domain of philosophy.
24. Ibid. But Scioppius’s account of his youthful run-in with the sparrow is first in Latin and only later translated by Bayle, wh
ich surely limited his audience even in the sixteenth century more effectively that an R rating in the twenty-first.
25. Peter [sic] Bayle, The Dictionary, Historical and Critical (London: printed for J. J. and P. Knapton; D. Midwinter; J. Brotherton; A. Bettesworth, C. Hitch … [and 25 others], 1734-1738), 2nd ed., vol. 5, pp. 90-1.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid., p. 90.
28. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 101.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid., note [C].
31. Ibid., p. 110. Bayle probably was not genuinely worried about his own inclusion in later biographical dictionaries; more likely he simply could not pass up a chance for another swipe at Mr. Moréri, his competitor and bête noir. Moréri, as Bayle makes sure to point out, does not have an entry in his dictionary for the “indefatigable” Adam.
32. Ibid. The article on Billaut dismisses him with a few brief paragraphs; he “became a pretty good French poet” on whom critics “did not lavish praise” and who “did not grow rich by the Poet’s Trade” (ibid., vol. 2, p. 9). Poets were a dime a dozen during the seventeenth century—literally. Only some ulterior motive can account for his gaining entry into Bayle’s dictionary. That Bayle wanted to surround the first Adam with lesser lights would explain the entry.
33. Ibid., p. 101, note [A].
34. Ibid., p. 444, note [A].
35. Stuart Miller, The Picaresque Novel (Cleveland and London: The Press of Case Western Reserve University, 1967), p. 70.
36. Ibid., p. 71.
37. John Murray, ed., The Autobiographies of Edward Gibbon (London: John Murray, 1896), p. 247. Quoted in Patricia B. Craddock, Young Edward Gibbon: Gentleman of Letters (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), p. 127. It should be said—with regret perhaps, but also with some asperity—that Craddock has not been well served by her publishers. Citations are unconscionably abbreviated and squeezed into parentheses that disfigure the text: (M 247), for example. A trip to “Abbreviations” at the front of the book is required to learn that M stands for Murray’s Autobiographies of Edward Gibbon and not Gibbon’s Memoirs—unless one’s own M, that is, memory, is exceptional. For Craddock’s commentary notes we are trundled off to the end of the book. When found (a difficult task; see my note 52, page 86), these notes often have a reference that necessitates a journey back to the front of the book. Scholarly work is already circuitous enough without Johns Hopkins’s mazy addition; that it occurs in the biography of England’s best-known footnoter suggests a lack of taste as well as an absence of thoughtfulness.