15 “ ‘the situations to which we want to generalize’ ”: Race, Social Class and Individual Differences in I.Q.
16 “ ‘When I was about ten’ ”: Interview with Robert Plomin, November 17, 1993.
17 “A book he coauthored with his wife”: Why Children Are So Different by John Dunn and Robert Plomin, Basic Books, 1992.
18 “This genome-phenome-environmental interaction”: The Extended Phenotype by Richard Dawkins, W. H. Freeman, 1982.
19 “In his strongly antibehavior genetics book”: Biology As Ideology by R. C. Lewontin, HarperPerennial, 1992.
20 “ ‘The environment includes whether you were lying’ ”: Interview with Dean Hamer, November 11, 1993.
21 “Plomin has written a basic textbook”: Behavioral Genetics: A Primer by R. Plornin, J. C. Defries, and G. E. McClearn, W. H. Freeman and Company, 1980.
22 “Just fifteen years ago”: “The Role of Inheritance in Behavior” by Robert Plomin, Science, April 13, 1990.
23 “ ‘will wonder what the nature-nurture fuss was all about’ ”: “Nature and Nurture” by Robert Plomin in The Developmental Psychologists, edited by M. R. Merrens and G. G. Brannigan, McGraw-Hill, 1995. “he tried to preempt the usual debunking effort”: “Overview: A Current Perspective on Twin Studies of Schizophrenia” by Kenneth Kendler, American Journal of Psychiatry, November 1983.
24 “He cited several studies”: Ibid.
25 “He moved quickly to the main complaint”: Ibid.
26 “identical twins who had been brought up”: Ibid.
27 “As late as 1994”: “Eugenics Revisited” by John Horgan, Scientific American, June 1993.
TEN: THE OTHER END—SEARCHING THE DNA
1 “Steve Jones has made do”: The Language of Genes by Steve Jones, Anchor Books, 1994.
2 “Dani showed me a fingertip glob”: Interview with Dani Reed, April 1994.
3 “ ‘It is not a major breakthrough’ ”: Interview with Arlen Price, April 26, 1977.
4 “Simon Levay’s image”: “Homosexuality and Biology” by Chandler Burr, Atlantic Monthly, March 1993.
5 “Dawkins is particularly good at”: The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins, Oxford University Press, 1976.
6 “As chromosomes divide”: Behavioral Genetics: A Primer by R. Plomin, J. C. Defries, and G. E. McClearn, W. H. Freeman and Company, 1980. “but a 1994 book”: The Beak of the Finch by Jonathan Weiner, Alfred A. Knopf, 1994.
7 “a prominent molecular biologist”: Interview with Dean Hamer, November 22, 1993.
8 “when a group headed by Janice Egeland”: “Bipolar Affective Disorder in the Older Order Amish” by Janice A. Egeland et al., Nature, November 16, 1989.
9 “a genetic basis for manic depression”: “Genetic Linkage and Mental Disorders,” Biological Psychiatry, July 1994.
10 “a gene on chromosome 11 for alcoholism”: “Genetic Predisposition to Alcoholism” by K. Blum, E. P. Noble, Alcohol, Jan.-Feb. 1993.
11 “is suggested by a statement of Richard Dawkins”: The Selfish Gene. “Plomin sees hope”: Interview with Robert Plomin, November 17, 1993.
ELEVEN: MOVING RIGHT ALONG THE DOUBLE HELIX
1 “a physiological link to a behavior had at last been found”: “A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure Between Heterosexual and Homosexual Men” by Simon LeVay, Science, August 1991.
2 “the issue appeared to be resolved in 1991”: “A Genetic Study of Male Sexual Orientation” by J. M. Bailey and R. C. Pillard, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 48, December 1991.
3 “In the resulting paper”: “A Linkage Between DNA Markers on the X Chromosome and Male Sexual Orientation” by Dean Hamer et al., Science, July 16, 1993.
4 “reerupted with full fury in late 1994”: The Bell Curve by Charles Murray and Richard Herrnstein, Free Press, 1994.
5 “The next important advance occurred in Holland”: New York Times, October 22, 1993.
6 “the Berrettini study was announced”: “Chromosome 18 DNA Markers and Manic-Depression Illness” by Wade Berrettini et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia, July 1994.
7 “In his 1994 book”: Social Structure and Testosterone by Theodore Kemper, Rutgers University Press, 1994.
8 “in experiments with rhesus monkeys”: “Early Stress and Adult Emotional Reactivity in Rhesus Monkeys” by Stephen J. Suomi, The Childhood Environment and Adult Disease, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1991.
9 “ ‘experience can push genetic constitution around’ ”: “How We Become What We Are” by Winifred Gallagher, Atlantic Monthly, September 1994.
10 “A clearer, more manageable example”: New York Times, November 2, 1993.
TWELVE: THE UPS AND DOWNS OF HUMAN NATURE
1 “One might as well ask”: Homicide by Martin Daly and Margo Wilson, Aldine de Gruyter, New York, 1988.
2 “it was a result of a physical malfunction”: The Broken Brain by Nancy Andreasen, Harper and Row, 1984.
3 “A. L. Wigan wrote a book entitled”: A New View of Insanity: The Duality of the Mind by A. L. Wigan. Longman, Brown and Green, 1844.
4 “the physiological approach dominated the field”: Ibid.
5 “Schopenhauer … defined his concept of ‘will’ ”: Schopenhauer and the Wild Years of Philosophy by Rudiger Safranski, Harvard University Press, 1990.
6 “which launched his theory of evolution”: On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin, John Murray, 1859.
7 “Wallace deviated on this one major point”: Darwinism by Alfred Russell Wallace, Macmillan, 1889.
8 “with the discovery of a Central American howler monkey”: African Genesis by Robert Ardrey, Atheneum, 1961.
9 “Mendel’s equally monumental findings were virtually ignored”: The Blind Watchmaker by Richard Dawkins, W. W. Norton, 1987.
10 “But never before had such powerful notions”: The Broken Brain.
11 “Nancy Andreasen, in her 1984 book”: Ibid.
12 “In Europe, however, Freudianism”: In Search of Human Nature by Carl Degler, Oxford University Press, 1990.
13 “The fifty-year triumph of Freudianism”: Ibid.
14 “boost from Freud’s disciples”: The Story of Psychology by Morton Hunt, Anchor Books, 1993.
15 “Galton launched eugenics”: In Search of Human Nature.
16 “launched a eugenics society in the United States”: In the Name of Eugenics by D. Kevles, Penguin, 1986.
17 “Boas eventually became”: In Search of Human Nature.
18 “in his exhaustively researched book”: Margaret Mead and Samoa by Derek Freeman, Harvard University Press, 1983.
19 “Ruth Benedict published her major work”: Patterns of Culture by Ruth Benedict, Houghton Mifflin, 1934.
20 “When eugenics top dog Charles Davenport could write”: In Search of Human Nature.
21 “John B. Watson launched the behaviorist school”: The Story of Psychology.
22 “Robert Plomin and his coauthors”: Behavioral Genetics: A Primer by R. Plomin, J. C. Defries, and G. E. McClearn, W. H. Freeman and Company, 1980.
23 “Ada Yerkes, working with albino and normal rats”: In Search of Human Nature.
24 “progressives pointed to the Social Darwinism”: Ibid.
25 “Lysenko adopted the more effective strategy”: The Rise and Fall of T. D. Lysenko by Z. A. Medvedev, Columbia University Press, 1969.
26 “This sorry tale of his rise and fall”: Heredity East and West: Lysenko and World Science by J. Huxley, Shuman, 1949.
THIRTEEN: SHORT AND HAPPY LIFE OF THE TABULA RASA
1 “a conference entitled ‘Genetics and Social Behavior’: In Search of Human Nature by Carl Degler, Oxford University Press, 1990.
2 “The first counterdevelopment”: King Solomon’s Ring by Konrad Lorenz, Crowell, 1952; and The Study of Instinct by N. Timbergen, Oxford University Press, 1951.
3 “reeducated animals invariably returned to the behavior”: The Story of Psychology by Morton Hunt, An
chor Books, 1993.
4 “Harlow’s experiments involved infant monkeys”: Ibid.
5 “The book that resulted”: African Genesis by Robert Ardrey, Atheneum, 1970.
6 “In a later book”: The Social Contract by Robert Ardrey, Atheneum, 1970.
7 “In The Third Chimpanzee”: The Third Chimpanzee by Jared Diamond, HarperPerennial, 1993.
8 “a 1920 work by an English bird-watcher”: Territory in Bird-Life by Eliot Howard, William Collins, 1920.
9 “an American zoologist”: Behavior and Social Relations of the Howling Monkey by C. R. Carpenter, John Hopkins Monographs in Comparative Psychology, 1934.
10 “in his 1952 book”: King Solomon’s Ring.
11 “a number of ethological books”: On Aggression by Konrad Lorenz, Methuen, 1966; The Naked Ape by Desmond Morris, Constable, 1967; Men in Groups by Lionel Tiger, Random House, 1969; The Imperial Animal by Robin Fox and Lionel Tiger, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971.
12 “Ardrey’s next book”: Territorial Imperative by Robert Ardey, Atheneum, 1966.
13 “by the near simultaneous publication of”: On Aggression.
14 “When I interviewed Lionel Tiger”: Interview with Lionel Tiger, June 4, 1997.
FOURTEEN: SURVIVING THE JENSEN FUROR
1 “abruptly derailed in 1969”: “How Much Can We Boost I.Q. and Scholastic Achievement?” by Arthur Jensen, Harvard Educational Review, Winter issue, 1969.
2 “the same debate erupted again”: The Bell Curve by Charles Murray and Richard Herrnstein, Free Press, 1994.
3 “I.Q. was seen as another device”: The Mismeasure of Man by Stephen Jay Gould, W. W. Norton, 1981.
4 “and led the pack in denouncing”: The best summary of these critics is in the book edited by Sandra Scarr, Race, Social Class and Individual Differences in I.Q, edited by Sandra Scarr, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1981.
5 Interview with Robert Plomin, November 17, 1993.
6 “Not only are Afro-Americans”: Eco Homo by Noel Boaz, Basic Books, 1997.
7 “the publication in 1975”: Sociobiology: A New Synthesis by Edward O. Wilson, Harvard University Press, 1975.
8 “and drew parallels with racism and Nazism”: The Naturalist by Edward O. Wilson, Island Press, 1994.
9 “Wilson himself, who said a 1983”: Promethean Fire: Reflections on the Origins of Mind by E. O. Wilson and C. J. Lumsden, Harvard University Press, 1983.
10 “opened people’s eyes to the chemical basis”: The Broken Brain by Nancy Andreasen, Harper and Row, 1984.
11 “Freudians were further debilitated”: The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States by Nathan G. Hale Jr., Oxford University Press, 1997.
12 “Books denouncing psychoanalysis appeared”: Final Analysis by J. M. Masson, Addison-Wesley, 1990.
13 “by Frederick Crews”: New York Review of Books, November 18, 1993.
14 “44 percent of those polled”: Consumer Reports, November 1995.
15 “The New York Times ran a cover story”: New York Times, October 16, 1994.
16 “The New Republic ran an article”: “Race, Genes and I.Q.: An Apologia,” The New Republic, October 31, 1994.
17 “ ‘an Orwellian ritual-denunciation session’ ”: Wall Street Journal, October 20, 1994.
18 “an ethnic group called the Burakumin”: “Race Genes and I.Q.,” by Ned Block, Boston Review, December/January, 1995–96.
19 “Research along these lines”: “A Threat in the Air” by Claude M. Steele, American Psychologist, vol. 52, 1997.
FIFTEEN: OH SO POLITICAL SCIENCE
1 “A few years later, Richard Hermstein”: “I.Q.” by Richard Herrnstein, Atlantic Monthly, September 1971.
2 “a book that set out to deconstruct”: Not in Our Genes by R. C.
3 Lewontin, L. J. Kamin, and S. Rose, Pantheon Books, 1984.
4 “he mentioned this as a problem”: Interview with Jonathan Beckwith, September 21, 1993.
5 “In a paper criticizing the Minnesota Twin Study”: “The Genetic Analysis of Human Behavior: A New Era?” by J. Beckwith, P. Billings, and J. S. Alper, Social Science and Medicine, vol. 35, 1992.
6 “ ‘Behavioral genetics gets people excited because it is important’ ”: Interview with Matthew McGue, November 13, 1993.
7 “He wistfully cites an illustration”: Interview with Robert Plomin, November 17, 1993.
8 “ ‘Yes, we are complaining’ ”: “Having the Last Word” by Sandra Scarr, Race, Social Class and Individual Differences in I.Q., edited by Sandra Scarr, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1981.
9 “Hamer next got a letter”: Interview with Dean Hamer, November 22, 1993.
10 “ ‘I wasn’t sure if I should kiss Lewontin’s ring’ ”: The Science of Desire by Dean Hamer and Peter Copeland, Simon and Schuster, 1994.
11 “ ‘Standards of evidence are raised’ ”: Interview with Sandra Scarr, July 7, 1993.
12 “two books appeared”: The Burt Affair by Robert B. Joynson, Routledge, 1989; and Science, Ideology and the Media by Ronald Fletcher, Transaction Publishers, 1991.
13 “which is the central theme of”: The Mismeasure of Man by Stephen Jay Gould, W. W. Norton, 1981.
14 “ ‘I had no specific scientific purpose in mind’ ”: Interview with Thomas Bouchard, November 12, 1993.
15 “alleges cooperation with the Nazis”: Konrad Lorenz: The Man and His Ideas by Richard I. Evans, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975.
SIXTEEN: SCIENTISTS IN DENIAL
1 “In the epilogue to a book”: Behavior Genetic Analysis, edited by Gerald Hirsch, McGraw-Hill, 1967.
2 “a forceful exponent of Hirsch’s views”: Interview with Tim Tully, August 2, 1993.
3 “Tully cites a 1907 experiment”: Ibid.
4 “could not resist a swipe”: Ibid.
5 “Hubbard wrote with exasperation in a letter”: The New Yorker, April 25, 1994.
6 “ ‘We can’t control the weather’ ”: Interview with Thomas Bouchard, November 14, 1993.
7 “Anthropologist Robin Fox”: The Challenge of Anthropology by Robin Fox, Transaction Publishers, 1994.
8 “ ‘They’re crooks!’ ”: Interview with James Watson, August 2, 1993. “In Myths of Gender”: Myths of Gender by Ann Fausto-Sterling, HarperCollins, 1985.
9 “Ruth Hubbard, in her 1993 book”: Exploding the Gene Myth by Ruth Hubbard and Elija Wald, Beacon Press, 1993.
10 “ ‘Of course there is a genetic component’ ”: Interview with Leon Kamin, September 22, 1993.
11 “A standout example was in a review”: New York Review of Books, April 7, 1994.
12 “ ‘I wish’ ”: Interview with Sandra Scarr, May 6, 1993.
13 “A culmination of sorts”: Time, August 15, 1994.
14 “ ‘It’s time to move on’ ”: Interview with David Lykken, November 15, 1993.
15 “an article that purported to be”: “Eugenics Revisited” by John Horgan, Scientific American, June 1993.
16 “One of the few letters published”: Scientific American, November 23, 1993.
SEVENTEEN: VIOLENT CRIME IN THE MARYLAND WOODS
1 “began in 1870 with Cesare Lombroso”: Crime and Human Nature by James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein, Touchstone Books, 1985.
2 “and published it in an influential book”: The Delinquent Man by C. Lombroso, F. Alcan, 1887.
3 “the histories of 709 members of an Irish family”: The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease and Heredity by R. L. Dugdale, G. P. Putnam and Sons, 1910.
4 “Englishman Charles Goring”: Crime and Human Nature by James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein, Touchstone Books, 1985.
5 “whose generations of retards inspired the eugenics movement”: The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeblemindedness by H. H. Goddard, Macmillan, 1912.
6 “Virginia’s notorious Lynchburg Colony”: The Lynchburg Story (documentary film), directed by Bruce Eadie, Worldwide Pictures, 1994.
7 “Germany join
ed other European nations”: In Search of Human Nature by Carl Degler, Oxford University Press, 1990.
8 “most notably with William Sheldon’s theories”: The Story of Psychology by Morton Hunt, Anchor Books, 1993.
9 “had announced a ‘violence initiative’ ”: “The Biology of Violence” by Robert Wright, The New Yorker, March 13, 1995.
10 “who in a speech”: Ibid.
11 “A Washington newspaper”: Ibid.
12 “animal breeders who for centuries”: On Aggression by Konrad Lorenz, Harcourt Brace, 1966.
13 “neurologists and clinical psychologists had long known”: “Neurology of Aggression and Episodic Dyscontrol” by F. A. Elliott, Seminars in Neurology, vol. 10, no. 3, September 1990.
14 “a small section of the hypothalamus”: Ibid.
15 “The most impressive study”: The Causes of Crime: New Biological Approaches by S. A. Mednick, T. E. Moffitt, and S. A. Stack, Cambridge University Press, 1987.
16 “In a 1990 paper Elliott wrote”: “Neurology of Aggression and Episodic Dyscontrol” by F. A. Elliott, Seminars in Neurology, vol. 10, no. 3, September 1990.
17 “about one-eighth of the population”: Interview with David Lykken, November 15, 1993.
18 “the landmark book”: Homicide by Margo Wilson and Martin Daly, Aldine de Gruyter, 1988.
19 “when a Texas child molester”: Associated Press, April 8, 1996.
20 “a book called”: All God’s Children by Fox Butterfield, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995.
21 “the sexual abuse of a retarded girl”: Our Guys by Bernard Lefkowitz, University of California Press, 1997.
22 “by shutting off a gene”: Nature, November 23, 1995; and New York Times, November 23, 1995.
23 “that human hemoglobin”: New York Times, March 21, 1996.
24 “a connection existed between”: “Bone Lead Levels and Delinquent Behavior” by H. L. Needleman et al. Journal of the American Medical Association, February 7, 1996.
EIGHTEEN: CONCLUSIONS
1 “foresee the possibility of raising I.Q.”: Race, Social Class and Individual Differences in I.Q., edited by Sandra Scarr, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1981.
2 “and learned of the hormonal mishaps”: “Homosexuality and Biology” by Chandler Burr, Atlantic Monthly, March 1993.
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