5. See Umberto Eco, “A Treatise on the Science of Arms,” in The Island of the Day Before, ed. (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1995.
6. See Joseph J. Snyder, “Bruce Lee’s Adaptation of European Fencing Techniques,” American Fencing, March–April 1983.
7. Rafael Sabatini, Scaramouche (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1923), pp. 224–35.
8. Arturo Pérez-Reverte, The Fencing Master (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1999).
9. “The Development of Fencing,” St James’s Budget, April 2, 1881.
10. Julio M. Castello, “Revolution or Evolution—Or What?” American Fencing, March–May 1988, p. 8.
11. Arturo Pérez-Reverte, The Flanders Panel (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1990).
12. Arturo Pérez-Reverte, The Nautical Chart (New York: Harcourt Brace, 2001), p. 295.
13. James Henry Carlisle, Two Great Teachers: Johnson’s Memoir of Roger Ascham; and selections from Stanley’s Life and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold, of Rugby (Syracuse, N. Y.: Bardeen, 1890), p. 1. See also Kenneth Jay Wilson, Incomplete Fictions (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1985).
14. Plato, Phaedrus, 277B, quoted in Lawrence V. Ryan, Roger Ascham (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1963).
CHAPTER 7: WHERE THE SWORD IS THE SOUL
1. See Kurt Singer, Mirror, Sword and Jewel: A Study of Japanese Characteristics (New York: George Braziller, 1973), p. 25.
2. Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 4, Early Modern Japan (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988–99), p. 483.
3. The Buddhist scholar Yamaga Soko (1622–85), quoted in Conrad D. Tottman, Japan Before Perry: A Short History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), p. 155.
4. Frank Brinkley, Samurai: The Invincible Warriors (Burbank, Calif.: Ohara Publications, 1975), p. 32.
5. Charles Boxer, The Christian Century in Japan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1951), p. 235.
6. Brinkley, Samurai, pp. 37–8.
7. H. Paul Varley, The Samurai (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970), p. 24.
8. Robert Baldick, The Duel: A History of Duelling (New York: Potter, 1965), p. 154.
9. “Dueling in Japan,” The Times, September 27, 1890; quoted in Thimm, A Complete Bibliography of Fencing and Duelling, p. 459.
10. The earliest accounts of Musashi’s contests appear in Niten Ki (Two Heavens Chronicle), a record compiled by his pupils a generation after his death. This narrative is drawn mainly from two sources: Dave Lowry, Bokken: Art of the Japanese Sword (Burbank, Calif.: Ohara, 1986), pp. 19–21, and the translator’s introduction to Miyamoto Musashi, Book of Five Rings, pp. 16–20.
11. Eiji Yoshikawa, Musashi (New York: Harper and Row/Kodansha International, 1971), pp. 944, 967.
12. Ibid., p. 970.
13. See Daisetz T. Suzuki, Zen and Japanese Culture (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1970), pp. 61–2.
14. Musashi, The Book of Five Rings, p. 44.
15. G. Cameron Hurst III, Armed Martial Arts of Japan: Swordsmanship and Archery (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), p. 207.
16. Suzuki, Zen and Japanese Culture, p. 94.
17. Koyo gunkan, Gorinsho, Hagakure Shu. Sagara Toru, hen. (Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo, 1969).
18. Ibid.
19. Suzuki, Zen and Japanese Culture, p. 72.
20. See Henry Scott Stokes, The Life and Death of Yukio Mishima (London: Peter Owen, 1975); also the film by Paul Schrader, Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters, music by Philip Glass; Francis Ford Coppola and George Lucas, executive producers.
21. Varley, The Samurai, pp. 32–6. See also A. B. Mitford (later Lord Redesdale), Tales of Old Japan (London: Macmillan, 1883), pp. 355–60, where he describes a hara-kiri execution he witnessed in Kobe in 1868.
22. Yukio Mishima, Runaway Horses (New York: Knopf, 1973), p. 95.
23. Truman, The Field of Honor, p. 129.
24. Quoted in Henry Scott-Stokes, The Life and Death of Yukio Mishima (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1974), p. 14.
25. Quoted in Ivan Morris, The Nobility of Failure, Tragic Heroes in the History of Japan (New York: Holt, 1975), p. 314.
26. Kurt Singer, Mirror, Sword and Jewel: A Study of Japanese Characteristics, p. 41.
27. Noel Perrin, Giving Up the Gun (Boston: Godine, 1979).
28. Hurst, Armed Martial Arts of Japan, pp. 220–1.
29. Perrin, Giving Up the Gun, p. 42.
30. Keegan, A History of Warfare, p. 42.
31. See Jared Diamond, Guns, Gems and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: Norton, 1997), pp. 257–8.
32. Homba, tr. Michael Gallagher (New York, 1973), pp. 75–6.
33. Perrin, Giving Up the Gun, pp. 42, 72–3.
34. Hurst, Armed Martial Arts of Japan, p. 157.
CHAPTER 8: POINTS OF HONOR
1. Quoted in Baldick, The Duel, pp. 183–4.
2. Blaise Pascal, Lettres écrites à un provincial (Paris, 1967), letter 7, pp. 96–108; see also Billacois, The Duel, pp. 138–9.
3. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Confessions (London: Penguin, 1953), Book V. I have slightly altered this translation, to make sense of the fencing terminology.
4. Leigh Hunt, Table-Talk (London: Smith, Elder, 1851), p. 87.
5. Anne Brontë, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (New York: Harper Bros., 1848), pp. 276–8.
6. See also Maisie Ward, Robert Browning and His World: The Private Face 1812–61 (New York: Holt, 1967), p. 126.
7. Arthur Schopenhauer, The Pessimist’s Handbook (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1964), pp. 79–106.
8. Immanuel Kant, Philosophy of Law (Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, 1887), pp. 202–3.
9. Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (London: W. Pickering, 1823).
10. Pall Mall Gazette, September 4, 1874. See also Joseph Hamilton, The Only Approved Guide through All the Stages of a Quarrel (London: Hatchard, 1829), p. 5.
11. Joanne B. Freeman, Affairs of Honor (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), p. 178.
12. Steinmetz, The Romance of Duelling, p. 65.
13. Ibid., pp. 121 ff.
14. Robert Louis Stevenson, St. Ives, Being the Adventures of a French Prisoner in England (New York: Scribner’s, 1905), pp. 18–23.
15. F. Paulsen, A System of Ethics (New York: Scribner’s, 1879), p. 569.
16. Cecil Woodham-Smith, The Reason Why (London: Constable, 1952), p. 76.
17. Joseph Conrad, A Set of Six (New York: Doubleday, 1925), p. 259.
18. Horace Bleackley, Casanova in England, pp. 227–8.
19. Dorothy L. Sayers, Gaudy Night (New York: Harper’s, 1936), p. 399.
20. Woodham-Smith, The Reason Why, p. 77.
21. Ibid., p. 83.
22. Antony Simpson, “Dandelions on the Field of Honour: Dueling, the Middle Classes, and the Law in Nineteenth-Century England,” Criminal Justice History 9 (1988), pp. 138–9.
23. Pall Mall Gazette, October 6, 1890.
24. Gelli, Il Duello, quoted in F. R. Bryson, The Sixteenth-Century Italian Duel (London, 1938), pp. 209–13.
25. Rebecca West, 1900 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1982), p. 66. This would probably have been with pistols. As Kevin McAteer writes (op. cit.), “While the Italians, French and Austro-Hungarians were roused by the zip and pace of tensile swordplay, increasingly in the first half of the nineteenth century Germans were drawn to the more flaccid demands of markmanship” (p. 45).
26. Edwin Emerson, German Swordplay (Philadelphia: Graf and Breuninger, 1936), p. 59.
27. See Baldick, The Duel, p. 147.
28. Adolph Kohut, Das Buch berühmter Duelle (The Book of Famous Duels) (Berlin: Deutscher Verlag, 1888), p. 171.
29. George D. Painter, Marcel Proust: A Biography, vol. 1 (London: Chatto & Windus, 1961), pp. 210–11.
30. Mark Twain, A Tramp Abroad, first published 1880 (London: Penguin, 1997), pp. 38, 46.
31. Joseph Conrad, A Set of Six, p. 247. See also Olivi
a Coolidge, The Three Lives of Joseph Conrad (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1972), pp. 61 ff., and Georges Jean-Aubrey, The Sea-Dreamer: A Definitive Biography of Joseph Conrad (New York: Doubleday, 1957), pp. 72–5.
32. Gregor Dallas, At the Heart of a Tiger (London: Macmillan, 1993), pp. 211–2.
33. Lucien Prévost-Paradol, La France nouvelle (Paris, 1868), pp. 352–3. See also Robert Walter-Reichert, Prévost-Paradol, His Life and Work (New York: New York University Press, 1952).
34. Ernest LeGouvé, Un Toumoi au XIX siècle (Paris: Hetzel, 1873), pp. 166–78.
35. Anatole France, “La Vie à Paris,” Le Temps, July 18, 1886.
36. Robert A. Nye, “Fencing, the Duel and Republican Manhood in the Third Republic,” Journal of Contemporary History, 1990, 25 (2–3), p. 370; also quoted in Georges Bibesco and Féry d’Esclands, Conseils sur les duels (Paris: A. Lemerre, 1900), pp. 131–2.
37. Nye, ibid., p. 366.
38. See Anatole de la Forge, preface to Le Jeu de l’épée, leçons de Jules Jacob, ed. Emile André and P. Ollendorf, 1887, p. xxxvi.
39. Gabriel Letainturier-Fradin, Le Duel (Paris: Flammarion, 1892), pp. 3–4.
40. G. K. Chesterton, “The Duel of Dr. Hirsch,” The Father Brown Crime Stories (New York: Avenel, 1990), p. 400, and “The Chief Mourner of Marne,” Authors’ Bounty, collected by Cecil Hewetson (London: National Literary Society for Hospitals, 1936), p. 82.
41. Wythe Williams, The Tiger of France: Conversations with Clemenceau (New York: Ovell, Sloan and Pearce, 1949), pp. 262 ff.
42. Irina Reyfman, Ritualized Violence, Russian Style: The Duel in Russian Culture and Literature (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1999), p. 75.
43. Ibid., p. 63.
44. Ibid., p. 44.
45. Montesquieu, L’Esprit des lois.
46. Edwin Emerson, “Pushkin’s Duels,” Washington Journal, 1942; see also Sidelights of History (Washington, D.C.: The Washington Journal, 1943), p. 428.
47. See Michel Alaux, Modern Fencing (New York: Scribner’s, 1975).
48. S. L. Abramovich, Pushkin v 1836 godu, second rev. ed. (Leningrad, 1989), p. 279.
49. Leo Tolstoy, War and Peace (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1942), p. 339.
50. Anton Chekhov, The Duel and Other Stories (New York: Macmillan, 1926), p. 133.
51. Fyodor Dostoevsky, Zapisnaia tetrad 1875–76, p. 109.
52. Ibid., p. 182.
53. See Ute Frevert, “Honour and Middle-Class Culture: The History of the Duel in England and Germany,” in Bourgeois Society in Nineteenth-Century Europe, ed. Jurgen Kocka and Allan Mitchell (Oxford, Providence: Berg, 1993), p. 223.
54. Burton, The Sentiment of the Sword, p. 114.
CHAPTER 9: A PURSUIT FOR GENTLEMEN
1. Francis Wheen, Karl Marx (London: Fourth Estate, 1999), p. 16.
2. Wilhelm Liebknecht, Karl Marx: Biographical Memoirs, first published 1896, English translation published 1901 (London: Journeyman Press, 1975).
3. Karl Marx, Early Writings, ed. T. B. Bottomore (London: Watts, 1963), p. 171.
4. Fenton Bressler, Napoleon III: A Life (New York: Carroll and Graf, 2000), p. 182.
5. Leslie A. Marchand, Byron: A Biography (New York: Knopf, 1957), p. 110.
6. Grove, op. cit., pp. 24–5.
7. Charles Louis de Beaumont, A History of the London Fencing Club, privately printed (London: Billings and Son, 1956).
8. A. de Saint-Albin, Les Salles d’armes de Paris (Paris: Glady Frères, 1875).
9. Burton, The Sentiment of the Sword, p. 107.
10. Anglo, The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe, p. 34; Castle, Schools and Masters of Fence, p. 7.
11. See Albert La Marche, Traite de l’épée (Paris: 1884); Jules Jacob, Le Jeu de l’épée (Paris: P. Ollendorff, 1887); Ambroise Baudry, L’Escrime pratique au XIX siècle (Paris: 1893); Anthime Spinnewyn, L’Escrime a l’épée (Paris: J. Rothschild, 1898).
12. Leslie J. Workman, in The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, ed. Norris J. Lacy (New York: Garland, 1991), p. 31.
13. See J. Bouchier, “Duels in the Waverley Novels,” N&Q, ninth series, vol. 1 (January 15, 1898, p. 42, and February 26, 1898, p. 170).
14. S. Weir Mitchell, The Adventures of François, Foundling, Thief, Juggler and Fencing Master During the French Revolution (New York: Century, 1898), p. 129.
15. Alexandre Dumas, Mes Memoires (Paris: Gallimard, 1954–8), vol. 3, pp. 72–3.
16. See S. Guy Endore, King of Paris (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1956), p. 281.
17. Guy de Maupassant, Bel-Ami (London: Penguin Books, 1961), pp. 182–5.
18. See William S. Baring-Gould, The Annotated Sherlock Holmes (New York: Clarkson Potter, 1967): “There is no canonical report of Holmes with sword in hand, and it seems safe to assume that he seldom or never touched a foil or épée after his early acquaintanceship with Watson” (p. 157).
19. Léon Bertrand, Cut and Thrust (London: Athletic Publications, 1927), p. 6.
20. John J. MacAloon, This Great Symbol (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), p. 51.
21. Eugen Weber, “Pierre de Coubertin,” Journal of Contemporary History (special edition), Organized Sport in France, 1970, p. 3.
22. Baron Pierre de Coubertin and Louis Pascaud, Traite d’escrime equestre (Auxerre: 1906). See also Truman, The Field of Honor, pp. 130–1.
23. See Richard Mandell, The First Modern Olympics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), pp. 68–9. See also David C. Young, The Modern Olympics—A Struggle for Survival (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1996).
24. Baron Pierre de Coubertin, Mémoires olympiques, rev. ed. (Lausanne: International Olympic Committee, 1979).
25. Theodore Cooke, The Cruise of the Branwen, privately printed, 1908. See also Richard Cohen, “The Forgotten Olympics,” The Spectator, September 1988.
26. Marguerite Joseph-Maginot, The Biography of André Maginot: He Might Have Saved France (New York: Doubleday, 1941).
27. See William Manchester, The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill, Visions of Glory, 1874–1932 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1983), p. 256.
28. Arthur Conan Doyle, “How the Brigadier Slew the Brothers of Ajaccio,” The Complete Brigadier Gérard (Edinburgh: Canongate, 1995).
29. “Wizard in Oz” (editorial), The Times, October 2, 2000.
30. See “Fencing and Military Training,” American Fencing, February 1954.
31. George S. Patton, The Patton Papers, vol. 1, ed. Martin Blumenson (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972), p. 230.
32. Ibid.
CHAPTER 10: SWASHBUCKLING
1. David Shipman, The Story of Cinema (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1982), p. 17.
2. See The New York Times, April 22, 1913.
3. Rudy Behlmer, “Swordplay on the Screen,” Films in Review, July 1965, pp. 362–75.
4. Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 83–4.
5. William Hobbs, Fight Direction for Stage and Screen (London: Heinemann, 1995), p. 18. Hobbs adds that Irving was so shortsighted that once, when playing a scene with an actress portraying a blind girl, he dropped his glasses on stage, and the “blind” girl had to retrieve them.
6. See Jeffrey Richards, Swordsmen of the Screen: From Douglas Fairbanks to Michael York (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977), p. 13. This is by far the best book on the subject.
7. Ibid., p. 44.
8. Basil Rathbone, In and Out of Character (New York: Doubleday, 1956), p. 152.
9. Richards, Swordsmen of the Screen, p. 40.
10. Marion Davies, The Times We Had (New York: Ballantine, 1977), p. 34 ff.
11. Variety, September 2, 1921.
12. See Les Hammer, “Ralph Faulkner: The Last Swashbuckler,” American Fencing, March–May 1987, p. 5. Hammer is currently writing a biography of Faulkner, to be published by Scarecrow Press. See also Tony Thomas, Rudy Behlmer, and Clifford McCarty, The Films of Errol Flynn (New York: Citadel, 1969).
&
nbsp; 13. Sheridan Morley and Ruth Lean, Gene Kelly: A Celebration (London: Pavilion, 1996), p. 82.
14. Rafael Sabatini, Scaramouche, pp. 35, 339.
15. Aldo Nadi, The Living Sword, A Fencer’s Autobiography (Sunrise, Fla.: Laureate Press, 1995), p. 367.
16. See Thomas H. Cragg, “The Amazing Scaramouche,” The Sword, July 1993, pp. 33–5.
17. William Goldman, The Princess Bride (New York: Ballantine, 1973), the “good parts” version, “based on the original novel by S. Morgenstern.”
18. See William Hobbs, Fight Direction for Stage and Screen, p. 11.
19. Alfred Hutton has several good stories about Rob Roy’s swordsmanship in The Sword and the Centuries (Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 2003), cf. pp. 310–18.
CHAPTER 11: ON MOUNT RUSHMORE
1. Gutzon Borglum, letter to Eleanor Roosevelt, May 13, 1936; see Simon Schama, Landscape and Memory (New York: Knopf, 1995), p. 395.
2. Edwin Emerson, “George Washington’s Lighter Vein,” The Washington Journal, February 22, 1942.
3. Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 1, Jefferson the Virginian (Boston: Little, Brown, 1948), p. 47.
4. C. Brian Kelly, “Mary Todd Lincoln, Troubled First Lady,” in Best Little Ironies, Oddities and Mysteries of the Civil War, ed. C. Brian Kelly (Nashville, Tenn.: Cumberland House, 2000), p. 368.
5. See Douglas L. Wilson, “Lincoln’s Affair of Honor,” The Atlantic Monthly, February 1998, pp. 64–71.
6. See Francis Fisher Browne, The Every-day Life of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995); Mariah Vance, Lincoln’s Unknown Private Life: An Oral History by his Black Housekeeper, Mariah Vance, 1850–1860 (Mamaroneck, N.Y.: Hastings House, 1995); Douglas L. Wilson, Lincoln Before Washington: A New Perspective (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997); Jean H. Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln (New York: Norton, 1999).
7. William H. Baumer and the West Point staff, Sports as Taught and Played at West Point (Harrisburg, Penn.: Military Service Publishing, 1939), p. 109.
8. See U. S. Grant III, Ulysses S. Grant, Warrior and Statesman (New York: Morrow, 1969), p. 34.
9. Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee (New York: Scribner’s, 1936), vol. 4, p. 1350.
By the Sword Page 64