The Conservative Heart

by Arthur C. Brooks

  22Molly Moore, “As Europe Grows Grayer, France Devises a Baby Boom,” Washington Post, October 18, 2006, accessed January 26, 2015, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/17/AR2006101701652.html.

  23Cassie Werber, “Danes Have Promised Their Government to Have More Sex,” Quartz, January 14, 2015, accessed January 29, 2015, http://qz.com/326741/danes-have-promised-their-government-to-have-more-sex/.

  24Data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s International Data Base, retrieved March 30, 2015, http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/region.php?N=%20Results%20&T=15&A=both&RT=0&Y=2010,2030&R=-1&C=CA,MX,US.

  25Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, accessed May 17, 2006, http://www.jhu.edu/cnp.

  26Matt Moffett, “Catalan Hamlet Thumbs Nose at Authorities in Madrid by Flying Tiny Spanish Flag,” Wall Street Journal, November 2, 2014, accessed February 6, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/can-you-see-this-spanish-flag-secessionists-in-spain-thwart-the-banner-police-1414985402.

  27William Harms, “NORC: Americans, Venezuelans Most Proud,” University of Chicago Chronicle 25, no. 11 (March 2, 2006), accessed March 29, 2015, http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/060302/norc.shtml.

  28Tom W. Smith and Seokho Kim, “National Pride in Cross-National and Temporal Perspective,” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 18 (Spring 2006): 127–36.

  29Steve Moore, “Under Obama: One Million More Americans Have Dropped Out of Work Force Than Have Found a Job,” Forbes, October 6, 2014, accessed January 27, 2015, http://www.forbes.com/sites/stevemoore/2014/10/06/under-obama-one-million-more-americans-have-dropped-out-of-work-force-than-have-found-a-job/.

  30“International Comparisons of Annual Labor Force Statistics, 1970–2012,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 7, 2013, accessed January 8, 2015, http://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf.htm#chart05, table #4.

  31“United States Youth Unemployment Rate,” Trading Economics, accessed March 2, 2015, http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-states/youth-unemployment-rate. Data from U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

  32“Youth Unemployment Rate in EU Member States,” Statista, accessed September 20, 2014, http://www.statista.com/statistics/266228/youth-unemployment-rate-in-eu-countries/.

  33“EU Elections: Anti-Immigrant Wave Sweeps Europe,” International Business Times, May 26, 2014, accessed August 7, 2014, http://www.ibtimes.com/eu-elections-anti-immigrant-wave-sweeps-europe-1590035.

  34Cas Muddle, “The Far Right in the 2014 European Elections: Of Earthquakes, Cartels and Designer Fascists,” Monkey Cage blog, Washington Post, May 30, 2014, accessed January 20, 2015, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/05/30/the-far-right-in-the-2014-european-elections-of-earthquakes-cartels-and-designer-fascists/.

  35Richard Wike, “In Europe, Sentiment Against Immigrants, Minorities Runs High,” Pew Research Center, May 14, 2014, accessed January 18, 2015, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/05/14/in-europe-sentiment-against-immigrants-minorities-runs-high/.

  36“Biden to Women: Thanks to ObamaCare, You Can Quit Working,” Fox News, accessed February 3, 2015, http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2014/02/27/biden-to-women-thanks-to-obamacare-can-quit-working/.

  37Jim Yardley, “In One Slum, Misery, Work, Politics and Hope,” New York Times, December 28, 2011, accessed January 2, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/29/world/asia/in-indian-slum-misery-work-politics-and-hope.html.

  38Keith Fournier, “Evangelical, Missionary Pope Francis Calls Europe to Return to Jesus Christ and Christian Roots,” Catholic Online, November 27, 2014, accessed February 5, 2015, http://www.catholic.org/news/international/europe/story.php?id=57785.

  Chapter 5: A Conservative Social Justice Agenda

  1“Untangling African Hairbraiders from Utah’s Cosmetology Regime,” video, Institute for Justice, transcript accessed March 20, 2015, http://transcriptvids.com/v/2tjTheDqQrw.html.

  2Jacob Goldstein, “So You Think You Can Be a Hair Braider?” New York Times, June 12, 2012, accessed January 26, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/17/magazine/so-you-think-you-can-be-a-hair-braider.html.

  3“Brushing Out Utah’s African Hairbraiding Laws,” Institute for Justice, accessed January 25, 2015, http://www.ij.org/utah-hairbraiding-background.

  4Dennis Romboy, “Court Sides with Woman in Hair Braiding Case,” KSL.com, August 10, 2012, accessed January 25, 2015, http://www.ksl.com/?sid=21638994.

  5“Real Estate Legislation and Regulations,” District of Columbia Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs (April 2013), accessed August 24, 2014, http://www.asisvcs.com/publications/pdf/660909.pdf.

  6“Application Instructions and Forms for a Cosmetology License in the District of Columbia,” Government of the District of Columbia Occupational and Professional Licensing Administration, accessed August 24, 2014, http://www.asisvcs.com/publications/pdf/670960.pdf.

  7Ron Haskins, “The Myth of the Disappearing Middle Class,” Washington Post, March 29, 2012, accessed January 21, 2015, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-myth-of-the-disappearing-middle-class/2012/03/29/gIQAsXlsjS_story.html.

  8“Advocating to End Child and Family Homelessness: Five Easy Steps,” National Center on Family Homelessness, accessed February 3, 2015, http://www.familyhomelessness.org/media/314.pdf.

  9S. Jay Olshansky, Toni Antonucci, Lisa Berkman, et al., “Differences in Life Expectancy Due to Race and Educational Differences Are Widening, and Many May Not Catch Up,” Health Affairs 31, no. 8 (August 2012), doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0746.

  10Anandi Mani, Sendhil Mullainathan, Eldar Shafir, and Jiaying Zhao, “Poverty Impedes Cognitive Function,” Science 341, no. 6149 (August 2013), doi: 10.1126/science.1238041.

  11Brady Dennis, “Poverty Strains Cognitive Abilities, Opening Door for Bad Decision-Making, New Study Finds,” Washington Post, August 29, 2013, accessed February 7, 2015, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/poverty-strains-cognitive-abilities-opening-door-for-bad-decision-making-new-study-finds/2013/08/29/89990288-102b-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html.

  12Przemyslaw Tomalski, Derek G. Moore, Helena Ribeiro, et al., “Socioeconomic Status and Functional Brain Development: Associations in Early Infancy,” Developmental Science 16, no. 5 (September 2013), doi:10.1111/desc.12079.

  13Author’s original calculations; data from the 2000 Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey. See Arthur C. Brooks, Who Really Cares: The Surprising Truth about Compassionate Conservatism (New York: Basic Books, 2006), 21.

  14Author’s original calculations; data from the 2002 General Social Survey. See Brooks, Who Really Cares, 22.

  15Giving USA Foundation, Giving USA 2013: The Annual Report on Philanthropy for the Year 2012, Indiana University (2013).

  16Katrina total figure from Caroline Preston and Nicole Wallace, “American Donors Gave $1.4 Billion to Haiti Aid,” Chronicle of Philanthropy, January 6, 2011, accessed March 28, 2015, https://philanthropy.com/article/Haiti-Aid-Falls-Short-of-Other/159311. Comparison to September 11 donations from Thomas Frank, “Katrina Inspires Record Charity,” USA Today, November 13, 2005.

  17I use the National Hurricane Center’s “total damage estimate” of $108 billion. See Richard D. Knabb, Jamie R. Rhome, and Daniel P. Brown, “Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Katrina,” National Hurricane Center, last updated August 10, 2006, accessed March 29, 2015, http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL122005_Katrina.pdf.

  18F. A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, edited by Bruce Caldwell (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 148.

  19Ronald Reagan, Inaugural Address, January 5, 1967, retrieved on March 24, 2015, http://reagan.convio.net/site/DocServer/ReaganMomentsFeb_-_4_-_Inaugural_Address_1967_-_Governor.pdf?docID=584.

  20Francis, “Address of Pope Francis to the Participants in the World Meeting of Popular Movements,” Vatican, October 28, 2014, accessed March 3, 2015, https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2014/october/documents/papa-francesco_20141028_incontro-mondiale-movimenti-popolari.html.

 
21Ashley N. Edwards, “Dynamics of Economic Well-Being: Poverty, 2009–2011,” U.S. Census Bureau (January 2014), accessed September 22, 2014, http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/demo/p70-137.pdf.

  22Christopher Matthews, “Nearly Half of America Lives Paycheck-to-Paycheck,” Time, January 30, 2014, accessed March 30, 2015, http://time.com/2742/nearly-half-of-america-lives-paycheck-to-paycheck/.

  23Niki Kitsantonis, “Public Suicide for Greek Man with Fiscal Woe,” New York Times, April 4, 2012, accessed November 16, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/05/world/europe/greek-man-ends-financial-despair-with-bullet.html.

  24“A Hard Subject for a Sermon,” Erasmus blog, Economist, October 21, 2013, accessed March 1, 2015, http://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2013/10/greece-and-suicide.

  25Andrew Coulson, “Chart of the Day: Federal Ed Spending,” Cato Institute, September 30, 2009, accessed January 30, 2015, http://www.cato.org/blog/chart-day-federal-ed-spending.

  26“2014 District of Columbia Comprehensive Assessment System Results,” Office of the State Superintendent of Education, July 31, 2014, accessed February 12, 2015, http://osse.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/osse/publication/attachments/2014%20DC%20CAS%20Result%20July%2031%202014 . . . FINAL_.pdf.

  27Matthew M. Chingos and Paul E. Peterson, “The Effects of School Vouchers on College Enrollment: Experimental Evidence from New York City,” Brown Center on Education Policy at Brookings and Harvard’s Program on Education Policy and Governance (August 2012), accessed April 7, 2014, http://www.hks.harvard.edu/pepg/PDF/Impacts_of_School_Vouchers_FINAL.pdf.

  28Caroline M. Hoxby, Sonali Murarka, and Jenny Kang, “How New York City’s Charter Schools Affect Achievement,” New York City Charter Schools Evaluation Project (September 2009), accessed April 7, 2014, http://users.nber.org/~schools/charterschoolseval/how_NYC_charter_schools_affect_achievement_sept2009.pdf.

  29Joshua D. Angrist, Sarah R. Cohodes, Susan M. Dynarski, et al., “Student Achievement in Massachusetts’ Charter Schools,” Center for Education Policy Research at Harvard University (January 2011), accessed March 24, 2015, http://economics.mit.edu/files/6493.

  30Frederick Hess, “Does School Choice ‘Work’?” National Affairs 5 (Fall 2010), accessed March 4, 2015, http://www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/does-school-choice-work.

  31Roland G. Fryer, Jr., Steven D. Levitt, John List, et al., “Enhancing the Efficacy of Teacher Incentives Through Loss Aversion: A Field Experiment,” NBER Working Paper No. 18237 (July 2012), doi:10.3386/w18237.

  32Number of teachers in California retrieved from “Fingertip Facts on Education in California,” California Department of Education, accessed March 14, 2015, http://www.cde.ca.gov/ds/sd/cb/ceffingertipfacts.asp. Number of administrators retrieved from a custom report generated by the California Department of Education’s “Dataquest” tool, accessed March 14, 2015, http://dq.cde.ca.gov/dataquest/. Budgetary information retrieved from “Education Budget,” California Department of Education, accessed March 14, 2015, http://www.cde.ca.gov/fg/fr/eb/cefedbudget.asp and “General Fund Budget Summary,” California Department of Education, accessed March 14, 2015, http://www.cde.ca.gov/fg/fr/eb/gbudsum14.asp.

  33National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 2012, U.S. Department of Education (2013), ch. 3, accessed December 2, 2014, http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=76.

  34Ibid.

  35Danielle Kurtzleben, “Just How Fast Has College Tuition Grown?” U.S. News & World Report, October 23, 2013, accessed March 12, 2015, http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/10/23/charts-just-how-fast-has-college-tuition-grown.

  36Kevin Kiley, “A 10,000 Platform,” Inside Higher Ed, November 30, 2012, accessed March 26, 2015, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/11/30/texas-florida-and-wisconsin-governors-see-large-overlap-higher-education-platforms.

  37Darryl Tippens, “Technology Has Its Place: Behind a Caring Teacher,” Chronicle of Higher Education, August 6, 2012, accessed March 2, 2015, http://chronicle.com/article/Technology-Has-Its-Place-/133329/.

  38Kiley, “A $10,000 Platform.”

  39Jim Clifton, “American Entrepreneurship: Dead or Alive,” Gallup, January 12, 2015, accessed March 3, 2015, http://www.gallup.com/businessjournal/180431/american-entrepreneurship-dead-alive.aspx.

  40Carmen DeNavas-Walt and Bernadette D. Proctor, “Current Population Reports, P60-249, Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013,” U.S. Census Bureau (2014), accessed March 6, 2015, http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249.pdf.

  41Rebecca Rifkin, “In U.S., 67% Dissatisfied with Income, Wealth Distribution,” Gallup, January 20, 2014, accessed March 27, 2015, http://www.gallup.com/poll/166904/dissatisfied-income-wealth-distribution.aspx.

  42Jeffrey Clemens and Michael Wither, “The Minimum Wage and the Great Recession: Evidence of Effects on the Employment and Income Trajectories of Low-Skilled Workers,” NBER Working Paper No. 20724 (December 2014), doi:10.3386/w20724.

  43Michael Strain, “More than the Minimum Wage,” National Review Online, December 11, 2013, accessed March 2, 2015, http://www.nationalreview.com/article/365999/more-minimum-wage-michael-r-strain.

  44“Higher Pay? Some Disabled Say No Thanks as U.S. Forces It,” Bloomberg Business, October 23, 2014, accessed February 14, 2015, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-10-23/higher-pay-some-disabled-say-no-thanks-as-u-s-forces-it.

  45Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Employment Status of the Civilian Population by Race, Age, and Sex February 2014-February 2015,” U.S. Department of Labor, last modified March 6, 2015, accessed March 12, 2015, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t02.htm.

  46Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Unemployment Rates for Metropolitan Areas—January 2015,” U.S. Department of Labor, last modified March 20, 2015, accessed March 27, 2015, http://www.bls.gov/web/metro/laummtrk.htm.

  Chapter 6: From Protest Movement to Social Movement

  1Tom Blumer, “Rant for the Ages: CNBC’s Rick Santelli Goes Off; Studio Hosts Invoke ‘Mob Rule’ to Downplay,” blog posting, NewsBusters, February 19, 2009, accessed January 14, 2015, http://newsbusters.org/blogs/tom-blumer/2009/02/19/rant-ages-cnbcs-rick-santelli-goes-studio-hosts-invoke-mob-rule-downplay.

  2“Unusually Wide Gap in ‘Satisfaction,’ ‘Right Direction’ Measures,” Pew Research Center, March 26, 2009, accessed February 9, 2015, http://www.pewresearch.org/2009/03/26/unusually-wide-gap-in-satisfaction-right-direction-measures/.

  3“GOP roars back to take U.S. House; Democrats cling to Senate majority,” CNN, November 3, 2010, accessed March 13, 2015, http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/11/02/election.main/.

  4Jeffrey M. Jones, “Record High in U.S. Say Big Government Greatest Threat,” Gallup, December 18, 2013, accessed January 22, 2015, http://www.gallup.com/poll/166535/record-high-say-big-government-greatest-threat.aspx.

  5“Tea Party Movement,” Gallup, accessed February 21, 2015, http://www.gallup.com/poll/147635/tea-party-movement.aspx.

  6There is an enormous literature in sociology on social movements. I don’t pretend here to represent it comprehensively, and some sociologists might dispute the steps I delineate between protest and social movements. However, I believe my approach is consistent with canonical descriptions such as that of Herbert G. Blumer. In his words, “Social movements can be viewed as collective enterprises to establish a new order of life. They have their inception in the condition of unrest, and derive their motive power on one hand from dissatisfaction with the current form of life, and on the other hand, from wishes and hopes for a new scheme or system of living.” Herbert G. Blumer, “Collective Behavior,” in An Outline of the Principles of Sociology, edited by Robert E. Park (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1939), 199.

  7Martin Luther King Jr., “I Have a Dream,” American Rhetoric, accessed February 8, 2015, http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm.

  8Lydia Saad, “On King Holiday, a Split Review of Civil Rights Progress,”
Gallup, January 21, 2008, accessed January 9, 2015, http://www.gallup.com/poll/103828/civil-rights-progress-seen-more.aspx.

  9Frank Newport, David W. Moore, and Lydia Saad, “Long-Term Gallup Poll Trends: A Portrait of American Public Opinion Through the Century,” Gallup, December 20, 1999, accessed February 22, 2015, http://www.gallup.com/poll/3400/longterm-gallup-poll-trends-portrait-american-public-opinion.aspx.

  10David Aberle would distinguish civil rights as a revolutionary social movement, while classifying MADD as a reformative social movement. See David F. Aberle, The Peyote Religion among the Navaho (Chicago: Aldine, 1966).

  11“In Honor Of . . . ,” Mothers Against Drunk Driving, accessed February 13, 2015, http://www.madd.org/about-us/history/cari-lightner-and-laura-lamb-story.pdf.

  12“25 Years of Saving Lives,” Mothers Against Drunk Driving, accessed February 12, 2015, http://www.madd.org/about-us/history/madd25thhistory.pdf.

  13Ibid.

  14“MADD Milestones,” Mothers Against Drunk Driving, accessed February 13, 2015, http://www.madd.org/about-us/history/madd-milestones.pdf.

  15Robert M. Calhoon, “Loyalism and Neutrality,” in A Companion to the American Revolution, edited by Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003).

  Chapter 7: The Seven Habits of Highly Effective Conservatives

  1M. V. Hood III and Seth McKee, “True Colors: White Conservative Support for Minority Republican Candidates,” Public Opinion Quarterly (2015), doi:10.1093/poq/nfu057.

  2Devin Dwyer, “Obama: If We Lose in 2012, Government Will Tell People ‘You’re on Your Own,’” ABC News, October 26, 2011, accessed January 28, 2015, http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/10/obama-if-we-lose-in-2012-government-will-tell-people-youre-on-your-own/.

  3Ed Pilkington, “Obama Angers Midwest Voters with Guns and Religion Remark,” Guardian, April 14, 2008, accessed January 15, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/14/barackobama.uselections2008.

  4“The AP-GfK Poll,” GfK Public Affairs, accessed December 8, 2014, http://ap-gfkpoll.com/main/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/AP-GfK-October-2013-Poll-Topline-Final_VIEWS.pdf.