Glennie, John Stuart, Europe and Asia: Discussions of the Eastern Question in Travels Through Independent, Turkish & Austrian Illyria, Chapman & Hall, London, 1879
Grosskurth, Phyllis, Havelock Ellis: A Biography, Random House, New York, 1980
Guy, Jeff, The View Across the River: Harriette Colenso and the Zulu Struggle Against Imperialism, David Phillip, Cape Town, 2001
Hastings, Michael, Tussy Is Me, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1970
Healey, Edna, Wives of Fame, Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1986
Henderson, William Otto, The Life of Friedrich Engels, Vols 1 & 2, Routledge, Oxford, 1976
Hetherington, Naomi, and Nadia Valman (eds), Amy Levy: Critical Essays, Ohio University Press, Athens OH, 2010
Hobsbawm, Eric, The Age of Capital 1848–1875, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1996
Holroyd, Michael, A Strange Eventful History: The Dramatic Lives of Ellen Terry, Henry Irving and Their Remarkable Families, Random House, London, 2009
Horne, Alistair, The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune 1870-71, Penguin, London, 2007
Hunt, Karen, Equivocal Feminists: The Social Democratic Federation and the Woman Question, 1884–1911, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996
Hunt, Tristram, The Frock-Coated Communist: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels, Penguin, London, 2009
Ibsen, Henrik, A Doll’s House, J. M. Dent & Sons, London, 1943
—, Ghosts & Two Other Plays: The Warriors at Helgeland & An Enemy of the People, J. M. Dent & Sons, London, 1930
Juszkiewicz, Jennifer, The Iron Library: Victorian England and the British Museum Library (MA thesis), University of Notre Dame, Indiana, 2009
Kapp, Yvonne, Eleanor Marx: Vol. 1, Family Life, Lawrence & Wishart, London, 1972
—, Eleanor Marx: Vol. 2, The Crowded Years, Lawrence & Wishart, London, 1976
Kautsky, John Hans, Karl Kautsky: Marxism, Revolution and Democracy, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, 1994
Lawrence, D. H., Studies in Classic American Literature (1923), ed. Ezra Greenspan, Lindeth Vasey and John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002
Lissagaray, Prosper-Olivier, History of the Paris Commune of 1871, Charles River Editors, Cambridge MA, 2011 (translated by Eleanor Marx)
McDonald, Deborah, Clara Collet, 1860–1948: An Educated Working Woman, Routledge, London, 2004
McFarlane, James (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Ibsen, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994
McLellan, David, Karl Marx: His Life and Thought, Harper & Row, New York, 1973
—, Marx before Marxism, Macmillan, London, 1980
Mehring, Franz, Karl Marx: The Story of His Life, Routledge, London, 2003
Meintjes, Johannes, Olive Schreiner, Hugh Keartland, Johannesburg, 1965
Moi, Toril, Henrik Ibsen and the Birth of Modernism: Art, Theatre, Philosophy, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006
Neginsky, Rosina, Zinaida Vengerova: In Search of Beauty – A Literary Ambassador Between East and West, Peter Lang, New York, 2006
Nicolaevsky, Boris, Karl Marx: Man and Fighter, Methuen, London, 1936 (translated by Otto Maenchen-Helfen)
Pankhurst, Sylvia, The Suffragette Movement, Virago, London, 1977
Peters, Heinz Frederick, Red Jenny: A Life with Karl Marx, Allen & Unwin, London, 1986
Peters, Sally, Bernard Shaw: The Ascent of the Superman, Yale University Press, New Haven CT, 1998
Reid, Piers Paul, Game in Heaven with Tussy Marx, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1966
St John, Christopher (ed.), Ellen Terry and Bernard Shaw: A Correspondence, Theatre Art Books, New York, 1949
Schreiner, Olive, The Story of an African Farm, T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1924
Service, Robert, Comrades: A World History of Communism, Macmillan, London, 2007
Slovo, Gillian, An Honourable Man, Virago, London, 2012
Stokes, John (ed.), Eleanor Marx: Life, Work, Contacts, Ashgate, Farnham, 2000
Thompson, E. P. , William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary, Merlin Press, London, 1977
Townsend-Warner, Sylvia, Summer Will Show, Virago, London, 1987
Tsuzuki, Chushichi, The Life of Eleanor Marx, 1855–1898: A Socialist Tragedy, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1967
Wheen, Francis, Karl Marx, Fourth Estate, London, 1999
Whitfield, Roy, Engels in Manchester: The Search for a Shadow, Working Class Movement Library, Salford, 1988
Winsten, Stephen, and George Bernard Shaw, Salt and His Circle, Hutchinson, London, 1951
Wollstonecraft, Mary, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: With Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects (1792), Penguin Classics, London, 2004
Zola, Emile, The Debacle, Penguin Classics, London, 1972
Notes
Abbreviations for names and sources
EA – Edward Aveling
EM – Eleanor Marx
FE – Friedrich Engels
GBS – George Bernard Shaw
IISH – International Institute for Social History
IML – Institute of Marxism–Leninism
JL – Jenny Longuet
KM – Karl Marx
LL – Laura Lafargue
MEC – Marx–Engels Correspondence
MECW – Marx–Engels Collected Works
MML – Marx Memorial Library
PRO – Public Record Office
Preface
1 Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital 1848–1875, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1996, p. 108.
2 Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling, The Woman Question: From a Socialist Point of View, first published in Westminster Review, No. 125, London, January–April 1886; first printed as separate stand-alone edition by Swan Sonnenschein, London, 1886. Reprinted by Verlag für die Frau, Leipzig, 1986, p. 13. All page references are taken from the Verlag für die Frau edition.
3 EM to Karl Kautsky, 28 December 1896, IISH.
4 Eleanor Marx, in Justice, 31 October 1896, p. 5.
5 Ibid.
6 Justice, 23 November 1895, p. 8.
7 EM to Karl Kautsky, 3 June 1897, IISH.
8 EM to Laura Lafargue, 24 December 1896, IISH.
9 Karl Marx, in Friedrich Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1884), Penguin Classics, London, 2010, with a new introduction by Tristram Hunt, p. 88.
10 Henry Havelock Ellis, ‘Eleanor Marx’, in Adelphi, Vol. 11, No. 1, 1935, pp. 33–4.
Chapter 1 – Global Citizen
1 Wilhelm Liebknecht, Karl Marx: Biographical Memoirs, translated by E. Untermann, Journeyman Press, London, 1975, p. 134.
2 KM to Ferdinand Lassalle, 23 January 1855, MECW, Vol. 39, Lawrence & Wishart, London, 1983, p. 511.
3 Liebknecht, Karl Marx, p. 134. ‘Surely as the churning of milk bringeth forth butter, and the wringing of the nose bringeth forth blood: so the forcing of wrath bringeth forth strife.’ Proverbs 30:33, King James Bible.
4 Engels ended up writing the piece, as he did most of the others on Crimea published under Marx’s name between 1851 and 1855. The leader for 22 January, 1855, a week after Eleanor’s birth, was entitled ‘British Disaster in the Crimea’ and later published as part of The Eastern Question, edited by EM, S. Sonnenschein & Co., London, 1885.
5 KM to FE, 17 January 1855, MECW, Vol. 39, p. 508.
6 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto (1848), translated by Samuel Moore (1888), with an introduction by Gareth Stedman Jones, Penguin, London, 2002, p. 240.
7 Heinz Frederick Peters, Red Jenny: A Life with Karl Marx, Allen & Unwin, London, 1986, p. 6.
8 KM to FE, 12 April 1855, MECW, Vol. 39, p. 533.
9 Jenny Marx junior to KM, undated letter, September 1855, IISH.
10 And still is in many parts of Britain and the USA.
11 ‘Eleanor Marx, Karl Marx: A Few Stray Notes’, in Reminiscences of Marx and Engels, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1957, p. 251.
12 Wilhelm Liebknecht, ‘Remi
niscences of Marx’, in Reminiscences, p. 116.
13 Paul Lafargue, ‘Reminiscences of Marx’, in Reminiscences, pp. 82–3.
14 Liebknecht, ‘Reminiscences of Marx’, in Reminiscences, p. 123.
15 Ibid., p. 117.
16 Ibid.
17 Peters, Red Jenny, p. 100.
18 Friedrich Engels, ‘On the History of the Communist League’, in Social Democrat, 12–26 November 1885, and Marx & Engels Selected Works, Vol. 3, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1970, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/communist-league/1885hist.htm
19 Edgar Longuet, in Reminiscences, p. 261.
20 Jenny Marx junior to KM, undated letter, September 1855, IISH.
21 Mrs Jenny Marx to Louise Weydemeyer, 11 March 1861, in Reminiscences,p. 245.
22 Ibid.
23 Now 36 Grafton Terrace. I am enormously grateful to Bee and William Rowlatt for their research trip and contemporary photographs of Tussy’s Kentish Town home.
24 Mrs Jenny Marx to Louise Weydemeyer, 11 March 1861, in Reminiscences,p. 245.
25 Peters, Red Jenny, p. 120.
26 Jenny Marx, in Reminiscences, p. 244.
27 Ibid., p. 228.
28 KM to FE, 23 April 1857, MECW, Vol. 40, p. 125.
29 EM, in Reminiscences, p. 250.
30 Ibid.
31 EM to Karl Kautsky, 19 June 1897, IISH.
32 KM to FE, 24 January 1863, MECW, Vol. 41, p. 444.
33 EM, in Reminiscences, p. 251.
34 Ibid.
35 Jenny Marx quoted in Edna Healey, Wives of Fame: Mary Livingstone, Jenny Marx, Emma Darwin, Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1986, p. 102.
36 EM, in Reminiscences, p. 250.
37 Jenny Marx, in Reminiscences, p. 245.
38 If Tussy’s adult sexual relationships are anything to go by, her childish unconscious may have interpreted these narrative propositions too literally.
39 Letter from Jenny Marx to Ernestine Liebknecht, 18 July 1864, IISH.
40 Paul Lafargue, cited in Lee Baxendall and Stefan Morawski, eds., Marx and Engels on Literature and Art, International General, New York, 1974, p. 152.
41 EM, in Reminiscences, p. 252.
42 EM to Karl Kautsky, 1 January 1898, IISH.
43 EM, in Reminiscences, p. 253.
44 Ibid.
45 Ibid.
46 Ibid.
47 Ibid.
48 EM, in Reminiscences, p. 251.
49 ‘How Sigfried Came To Wurms’, verse 99, Das Nibelungenlied (Song of the Nibelungs), translated from the Middle High German by Burton Raffel, Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 2006.
50 EM, in Reminiscences, p. 251.
51 Ibid., p. 252.
Chapter 2 – The Tussies
1 Peters, Red Jenny, p. 10.
2 For a uniquely detailed account of the politics and thought of Hirschel/Heinrich Marx, see Boris Nicolaevsky and (trans.) Otto Maenchen-Helfen’s investigation of his political ideas in Karl Marx: Man & Fighter, Methuen, London, 1936.
3 See Francis Wheen, Karl Marx, Fourth Estate, London, 1999, p. 10.
4 Peters, Red Jenny, p. 13.
5 Paul Lafargue, in Reminiscences, pp. 81–2.
6 EM, in Reminiscences, p. 17.
7 Mazzini, dubbed ‘the Soul of Italy’, was the republican leader of the Risorgimento, the radical movement for Italian unification and popular democracy. Exiled first to Geneva and then Marseilles, Mazzini founded Young Italy in 1831. A clandestine society dedicated to the promotion of popular uprising as the means to unify Italy, it provided the spark for a European-wide republican revolutionary movement. In 1834 Mazzini and a group of refugees from Eastern and Western Europe formed a new international organisation called Young Europe. By the end of the 1830s Mazzini was in London, from where he set up a number of sister associations under the umbrella of Young Europe, aimed at the unification or democratisation of other countries – Young Switzerland, Young Poland and Young Germany. The movement later provided a blueprint for a collective of Turkish students and army cadets who organised themselves under the title of the Young Turks. Advocating middle-class republicanism, enlightened nation building and a ‘cosmopolitanism’ of nations, Mazzini foresaw the continent’s evolution into a United States of Europe as a logical correlative to Italian liberation and unification.
8 Heinrich Marx to KM, May or June 1836, MECW, Vol. 1, pp. 653
9 Henriette Marx to KM, beginning of 1836, MECW, Vol. 1, pp. 649–52.
10 KM to Jenny Marx, 15 December 1863, IISH.
11 Peters, Red Jenny, p. 22.
12 Cited in Peters, Red Jenny, p. 24, translated from the original by Mollie Peters.
13 EM, in Reminiscences, p. 254.
14 Eleanor Marx, ‘Remarks on a letter by the young Marx’, in Reminiscences,p. 256.
15 Peters, Red Jenny, p. 28.
Chapter 3 – Hans Röckle’s Toyshop
1 Peters, Red Jenny, p. 60.
2 Ibid., p. 40.
3 Peter Oborne, cited in Terry Eagleton, Why Marx Was Right, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2011, p. x.
4 Eleanor Marx, Note by the Editor on ‘Revolution and Counter-Revolution’, April 1896, Sydenham, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1852/germany/note.htm
5 Eleanor combined her father’s Hans Röckle with a series of autobiographical notes penned by her mother. These memoirs are published in Tussy’s prefatory essay to the series of articles she edited in 1896 under the title Revolution and Counter-Revolution. They recount her family history in the decade or so preceding her birth, when her parents and siblings were ‘driven from pillar to post’ around Europe (in the crucible of its bourgeois republican revolutions). Tussy takes up the story of the real adventures of Karl Marx and his young family with his expulsion from his first editorship of the New Rhenish Gazette, charting briskly the energetic pace of their zigzag heave-ho across Europe as the engine of history heated towards the revolutions of 1848–49.
6 Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital, p. 108.
7 Wheen, Karl Marx, p. 184.
8 Eleanor Marx, Note by the Editor on ‘Revolution and Counter-Revolution’.
9 Jenny Marx, ‘Short Sketch of an Eventful Life’, in Reminiscences, p. 226.
10 Peters, Red Jenny, p. 96.
11 Jenny Marx, ‘Short Sketch of an Eventful Life’, in Reminiscences, p. 226.
12 Wheen, Karl Marx, pp. 179–80.
13 Eleanor Marx, Note by the Editor on ‘Revolution and Counter-Revolution’.
14 Ibid.
15 Wheen, Karl Marx, p. 154.
16 Wilhelm Liebknecht, Karl Marx: Biographical Memoirs, Journeyman Press, London, 1975, p. 121.
17 Wilhelm Liebknecht, ‘Eleanor Marx’, Social Democrat, Vol. 2, No. 9, 15 September 1898.
18 FE to KM, 13 February 1851, MECW, Vol. 38, 1982, p. 289.
19 Karl Marx, Capital, Vol. I, Penguin Classics, London, 1990, p. 896.
Chapter 4 – Book-worming
1 Jenny Marx to Louise Weydemeyer, 11 March 1861, MECW, Vol. 41, p. 569.
2 KM, ‘Confessions’, in Reminiscences, p. 267.
3 EM, in Reminiscences, p. 252. It’s indicative that when Tussy declares that she wants to be a Post-Captain, she gets it from Marryat, not Austen. Lovers of Mansfield Park will remember that Fanny Price’s beloved brother William is a Post-Captain. Had Tussy read the novel, Miss Crawford’s great condescension towards this ‘inferior rank’ would no doubt have alerted her to it being a meritocratic naval position, and sharpened all the more her desire to don breeches and attain the rank herself.
4 D. H. Lawrence, Studies in Classic American Literature, Vol. 2, 1923, Ezra Greenspan, Lindeth Vasey and John Worthen (eds), Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 58.
5 James Lowell, Fable for Critics: Complete Poetical Works of James Russell Lowell, Kessinger Publishing, Montana, 2005, p. 135.
6 Cooper for a period sported ink petticoats, writing romances for women readers under the nom de plume of Jane Morgan. Bu
t by the time Tussy encountered his work he was back in trousers, producing his leatherstocking tales.
7 Lawrence, Studies in Classic American Literature, p. 63.
8 Jenny Marx to Ernestine Liebknecht, 10 December 1864, IISH.
9 Ibid.
10 EM, in Reminiscences, p. 252.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 These envelopes and folded letters are in the IISH.
14 EM to Karl Kautsky, 19 June 1897, IISH.
15 KM to Mrs Jenny Marx, Wednesday 15 December 1863, IISH.
16 KM to FE, 11 January 1868, MECW, Vol. 42, 1987, p. 519.
17 Eleanor Marx to Lion Philips, letter undated (contextual event chronology places this letter as having been written sometime during late December 1863), IISH.
18 Karl Marx, Inaugural Address to the International Working Men’s Association, 21–27 October 1864. Printed as a pamphlet in Inaugural Address and Provisional Rules of the International Working Men’s Association, along with the ‘General Rules’. Original pamphlet, MML, and in MECW, Vol. 20, 1985, pp. 14–15.?
19 EM to Frank Van Der Goes, 31 October 1893, IISH.
20 Jenny Marx to Berta Markheim, 6 July 1863, London, MECW, Vol. 41, 1985,p. 581, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/letters/jenny/63_07_06.htm
21 Ibid.
22 Mrs Jenny Marx to Berta Markheim, 12 October1863, MECW, Vol. 41, 1985,p. 583.
23 Tussy recollected in later years that this was the last holiday when they were able to legally swim naked in the sea. Nude swimming for both sexes was common until the 1860s, popularised particularly during the Regency era for its health and sanitary benefits – and for making people smell better. Skinny swimming was made fashionable by the Prince Regent, whose favourite pastime it was. But in 1863 a law was passed segregating male and female bathers by a statutory 60 feet and requiring the proprietors of bathing machines to supply females with flannel gowns or shifts and males with drawers or trousers for swimming. This increased the cost of hiring a bathing machine and effectively segregated the upper from the lower classes as much as it separated the sexes.
24 Mrs Jenny Marx to Berta Markheim, 12 October 1863, MECW, Vol. 41, 1985,p. 583.
25 FE, in MECW, Vol. 47, 1995, p. 355.
26 EM to Karl Kautsky, 15 March 1898, Karl Kautsky papers, IISH.
27 Ibid.
Eleanor Marx Page 53