1 Lakshmi 2016.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 Malhotra 2015.
5 Boyden and Dercon 2012, 1.
6 World Bank 2013.
7 Identity withheld.
8 The Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870.
9 Poddar 2013.
10 Saha 2016.
11 Singh 2010; Singh and Sundria 2017.
12 Kingdon 2005.
13 Engle and Black 2008; Rogoff 2003; Sameroff 2010; Wachs and Rahman 2013.
1 Durkheim 1893.
2 Lau and Dwivedi 2014, 118.
3 Indian Express 2016.
4 Identity withheld.
5 National Sample Survey 2016.
6 Dipankar Gupta is a sociologist and former professor at Jawaharlal Nehru University’s Centre for the Study of Social Systems. He is best known for his research on the Indian caste system and social stratifications.
7 I have written more on how the caste system has been dismantled, yet how caste identities persist, in Chapter 2 titled ‘Evolution’.
8 Gupta 2000, 35.
9 See Chapter 5 titled ‘Love’.
10 Gupta 2000, 122.
11 I have written more on the arbitrage practices of businesses with regard to availability of cheap labour and high spending capacity in Chapter 12 titled ‘Money’.
12 See Chapter 5 titled ‘Love’.
13 Varma 2005, 51.
1 The subalternist approach can be explained as writing history inclusive of voices that are traditionally marginalized or ignored. Subalternists distinguish between the social and economic hegemonic classes, or ‘the elite’, and the subaltern masses or ‘non-elite’ domain of Indian nationalism. The subaltern school within historiography in India started in 1982, when historian Ranajit Guha and others formed a collective called the Subaltern Studies Group, and published a series of studies of Indian history. The focus for Guha was the subaltern—the peasant, the worker, etc.—and their place within the larger historiography of Indian nationalism.
2 Singh 1996.
3 Anderson 1991.
4 Chatterjee 2014.
5 Anderson 1998.
6 Islam 2002; Nehru 2016.
7 Jaffrelot 2016b.
8 Jaffrelot 2016a.
9 Golwalkar 1966.
10 Rashid 2016.
11 For example, the 2016 draft of the National Policy of Education opens with the statement that Vedic education is the earliest form of education, which may be factually incorrect (Some Inputs for Draft National Education Policy 2016).
12 I have elaborated more on this topic in Chapter 7 titled ‘Values’.
13 Vajpeyi 2014.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid. Vajpeyi, an Oxford and University of Chicago–educated Sanskrit reader who has taught at universities in New York and Boston, reminisces how as a young woman researcher she read Sanskrit in India with pandits and professors at mathas, Sanskrit colleges, oriental institutes and Sanskrit departments of universities, and the challenges she faced in doing so. She also describes the blatant attack on her by a well-known Sanskrit professor in Maharashtra who told her that only ‘perverted women’ became scholars.
16 Pandey 2017.
17 Author’s interview with architect Rajat Sodhi, 25 April 2017.
18 Shyam Narayan Chouksey vs Union of India, Writ Petition Civil no 855/2016, 20 November 2016. On 30 November 2016, the Supreme Court ordered all cinemas across the country, to play the national anthem, before movies (Rajagopal 2016). However on 23 October 2017 the Supreme Court said that people do not need to stand up in cinema halls to prove their patriotism, asking the Centre to consider amending the rules that regulate playing of the national anthem before a movie (NDTV 2017).
19 Barry 2016.
20 Jaffrelot 2016a.
21 Dasgupta and Guha 2013.
22 Here, I am referring to Article 48 of the Indian Constitution, which restricts or bans cow slaughter in twenty-four out of twenty-nine Indian states. See more on this in Chapter 15 titled ‘Freedom’.
23 Naidu 2017.
24 Vajpeyi 2012, xv.
1 Sen 2005.
2 Drèze and Sen 2013, 258.
3 Guha 2016, 46.
4 Huntington 1993, 9.
5 Rawls 2001, 359.
6 Guha 2016, 91.
7 The Economist 2014.
8 BBC 2011.
9 Wright 2016.
10 Higgins and Kanter 2015.
11 Guha 2016, 46–49.
12 Varma 2005, 47.
13 Kakar and Kakar 2007, 21.
14 State of UP vs Raj Narain & Ors on 24 January 1975. 1975 AIR 865; 1975 SCR (3) 333.
15 Das 2002, 307.
16 Ibid, 173.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid, 172–173.
19 BBC News 2014.
20 Researchgate 2012.
21 Jaffrelot 1996.
22 Jaffrelot 2017.
23 Ernesto Laclau (1935–2014) was an Argentine political theorist whose work focused on issues such as the importance of building popular movements and the possibility of revolution. Laclau’s most significant book is Hegemony and the Socialist Strategy, co-authored with Chantal Mouffe in 1985.
24 Jaffrelot 2017.
25 Drèze and Sen 2013, 258.
1 Kumar 2011, 1.
2 Dalrymple 2015.
3 Identity withheld.
4 Nelson 2014.
5 Janardhanan 2017.
6 Census of India 2011.
7 Lopez 1995.
8 Ibid, 4.
9 See Chapter 1 titled ‘Survival’.
10 Lopez 1995, 18.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid, 11.
13 Time 2008.
14 Indiatoday.in 2016; NDTV 2009.
15 News Minute 2017.
16 There are several versions of this story about Bibi Nanchari and Lord Venkateshwara.
17 Cantegreil, Chanana and Kattumuri 2013.
18 TTD News, 2016. Conversion rate as of 17 August 2017.
19 Parrish 2016.
20 Indian Express 2017.
21 TTD News 2016.
22 Times of India 2009.
23 Business Today 2016.
24 See more on this topic in Chapter 8 titled ‘Nationalism’.
1 Doing Business 2018.
2 Plush 2017.
3 Economic Times 2016.
4 While India’s GDP growth rate in the period 1960–2000 averaged 4.5 per cent, the average GDP growth rate thereafter, until 2015, was 7.198 per cent, making India the seventh largest economy by GDP in the world. As of 2016, India has one of the fastest-growing service sectors in the world and the manufacturing industry is expanding, contributing to almost a quarter of India’s GDP (Khan 2016).
5 Sengupta 2016.
6 Drèze and Sen 2013, 110.
7 Boyden and Dercon 2012, 3.
8 The enrolment ratio of girls as a percentage of boys is calculated by the girls’ enrolment ratio divided by that of boys as a percentage. The enrolment ratio is the number of children enrolled in a schooling level divided by the population of the age group that officially corresponds to that level (UNICEF 2013).
9 UNICEF 2013.
10 Catalyst 2017.
11 UNICEF 2013.
12 Shyamsunder, Pollack and Travis 2015, 5.
13 See Chapter 2 titled ‘Evolution’.
14 Sengupta 2016.
15 Hussain 2014.
16 Ibid. This is not the opinion of the author of this book.
17 Business Standard 2017.
18 New York Times 2008; Jacob and Balakrishnan 2016.
19 Including transaction costs, the deal cost Daiichi $4.98 billion with a recorded goodwill of $4.17 billion (UK Essays 2015).
20 Eban 2013.
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid. This is not the opinion of the author of this book.
23 Ibid.
24 Kalbag 2013.
25 Ibid.
26 Goyal 2009.
27 The Coal Mines (Nationaliz
ation) Amendment Act, 1993, passed in June 1993, allowed Indian companies engaged in the generation of power, as well as iron and steel producers, to engage in coal mining for their captive use (Rai 2014); Hindustan Times 2012.
28 Draft CAG report 2011–12.
29 Ibid, 34.
30 Performance Audit of Allocation of Coal Blocks and Augmentation of Coal Production 2012–13, 30.
31 India News Tickr 2012.
32 Standing Committee on Coal and Steel report 2012–13.
33 The Hindu 2014a.
34 The Hindu 2014b.
35 Economic Times 2014.
36 Ibid.
37 Firstpost 2016.
1 Data as of 2001 (World Population Review 2017).
2 Agrawal 2017.
3 Daily Mail 2016.
4 Agrawal 2017.
5 In 2000, India’s richest 1 per cent owned 36.8 per cent of the country’s wealth, while the share of the top 10 per cent was 65.9 per cent. Since then, they have steadily increased their share of the pie. In 2017, the share of the top 1 per cent is 53 per cent.
6 Times of India 2017.
7 Gupta 2000.
8 See Chapter 7 titled ‘Values’.
9 Ibid.
10 Ashforth and Anand 2003.
11 Bourdieu and Wacquant 1992, 13; Graaf 2007, 71.
12 Times of India 2007.
13 DiRienzo et al. 2007.
14 Chatterji 2012, 96.
15 Ibid.
16 Giri 2011.
17 Government of India 2014.
18 Hindustan Times 2017.
19 Pring 2017.
20 Ibid.
21 Manish 2016.
22 Worstall 2016.
23 Financial Express 2016.
24 News World India 2016.
1 World Bank 2016.
2 See Chapter 10 titled ‘Religion’.
3 Albert 1995, 15.
4 Rukmani 2011, 184.
5 Nicolis and Prigogine 1977.
6 ‘Theogony’ is a poem written in ancient Greek, composed by Hesiod in 700 BC, which describes the origins and genealogies of the Greek gods.
7 The end of the Thirty Years’ War, fought throughout Europe from 1618 to 1648 between the Protestants and Catholics, laid the legal foundation for the nation state. The war involved many small German states, the Austrian Empire, Sweden, France and Spain, among other places in Europe. The Catholics were unable to overturn Protestantism, and the treaties that ended the war, called the Peace of Westphalia, decreed that the sovereign ruler of a state had power over all elements of both the nation and the state, including religion.
8 See Chapter 12 titled ‘Money’.
9 The Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951 was moved by the then Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, on 10 May 1951, and enacted by Parliament on 18 June 1951 (Also see Rajan 2005, 21–22).
10 New Yorker 2012.
11 Guha 2016, 34; The Hindu 2011.
12 Yamunan 2015. Later, in July 2016, the Madras High Court ruled against the state intervention.
13 See legal advocate and author Abhinav Chandrachud’s view on the issue (Print 2017). Moreover, in countries such as Australia and Singapore, the movie rating agency is also a government body, but these agencies censor movies far less frequently than in India.
14 The Hindu 2013.
15 Volokh 2017.
16 See Chapter 8 titled ‘Nationalism’.
17 Reporters Without Borders 2017.
18 Guha 2016, 33.
19 Albert ed. 1995, 6.
20 See Chapter 7 titled ‘Values’.
1 Author’s interview with Abhimanyu Nowhar, founder of Kiba Design, 4 July 2017.
2 Coomaraswamy 1939 and 1943.
3 Burton 1883, 44.
4 Bhuyan 2016.
5 Chakrabarti 2016.
6 Lilaowala and Cama 2013.
7 Chakrabarti 2016.
8 Dewey 1934.
9 Goodman 1978.
10 Chatterji 2016.
11 Verick 2014.
1 Sen 1999, 14–15.
2 See Chapter 13 titled ‘Decibels’.
3 The Nehru administration made the amendment to Article 19(1)(a) of Constitution of India against ‘abuse of freedom of speech and expression’ in 1951 (See more on this in Chandrachud 2016).
4 Author’s interview with Karuna Nundy, 14 July 2017.
5 USCIRF 2016. Also see Reuters 2017.
6 USCIRF 2016.
7 Author’s interview with Karuna Nundy, 14 July 2017.
8 Engineer, Dabhade and Nair 2017; Khan 2017.
9 Economic Times 2016.
10 Hindustan Times 2016a.
11 Open Doors USA 2017; World Watch Monitor 2017.
12 The Hindu 2014.
13 BBC News 2015; Indian Express 2015.
14 Scroll 2017.
15 Hindustan Times 2016b.
16 The Hindu 2017.
17 Guardian 2017.
18 Milli Gazette 2017.
19 Under state criminal laws, individuals can face up to ten years in jail or a fine of up to Rs 10,000 for the slaughter or possession of cows or bulls or the consumption of beef (News in Asia 2016).
20 Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code makes sex with a person of the same gender punishable by law. On 2 July 2009, the Delhi High Court held that provision to be unconstitutional with respect to sex between consenting adults. However the Supreme Court of India overturned that ruling on 11 December 2013, stating that the court was instead deferring to Indian legislators to provide the sought-after clarity. At the time of writing this book, the Supreme Court had agreed (on 2 February 2016) to reconsider its judgment, stating it would refer petitions to abolish Section 377 to a five-member constitutional bench, which would conduct a comprehensive hearing on the issue.
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Copyright © Miniya Chatterji 2018
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Indian Instincts Page 30