116. Edward Wright: Tyacke, “Chartmaking in England,” 1743–45.
117. Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer: Schilder and van Egmond, “Maritime Cartography in the Low Countries,” 1393–97.
118. Willem Blaeu: Ibid., 1398–1401, 1422–26.
119. Alexander Dalrymple: Ritchie, Admiralty Chart, 18–19.
120. Joseph F. W. Des Barres: Morgan, “Des Barres.”
18. “Annihilation of Space and Time”
1. “attempt to facilitate”: Fitch to Congress, Aug. 19, 1785, in Flexner, Steamboats Come True, 79.
2. “water craft, which might be urged”: New Jersey state legislature, Mar. 18, 1786, in Flexner, Steamboats Come True, 94.
3. “The Mississippi, as I before wrote you”: Fulton to Joel Barlow, Apr. 19, 1812, in Sutcliffe, Robert Fulton and the Clermont, 221.
4. sternwheels were not widely adopted: Hunter, Steamboats on the Western Rivers, 167–75.
5. in 1840 New Orleans: Carter, Lower Mississippi, 221.
6. average time: Mak and Walton, “Steamboats and the Great Productivity Surge,” 630; Hunter, Steamboats on the Western Rivers, 22–25.
7. “great raft”: Hunter, Steamboats on the Western Rivers, 196–99.
8. “At this point commences”: Morris to John Parish, Dec. 20, 1800, in Rubin, “Innovating Public Improvement,” 26–27.
9. The time needed: Bernstein, Wedding of the Waters, 327.
10. New York became the primary port: Page, “Transportation of Immigrants,” 736.
11. Canada embarked: Desloges and Gelly, Lachine Canal, 21.
12. floating population: MacLeod, “Social Policy and the ‘Floating Population,’ ” 105.
13. Johann Gottfried Tulla’s: Blackbourn, Conquest of Nature, 97–119.
14. “directed into a single bed”: In ibid., 91.
15. “It is our intention”: Jeremiah Thompson et al. to Cropper Benson & Co., and Rathbone Hodgson & Co., in Albion, “Planning the Black Ball Line,” 107.
16. averaged about twentyfive days: Butler, Sailing on Friday, 36.
17. “Arrival of the Sirius Steamer”: New York Herald, in Penrose, 1838 April Fourth 1938, 18.
18. Sirius and Great Western: Sheppard, “Sirius”; Griffiths, Brunel’s Great Western, 32–44.
19. government subsidies: Bacon, Manual of Ship Subsidies, 17–18.
20. “Our cabin is something”: Dickens to Frederick Dickens, Jan. 3, 1842, in Letters, 3:7.
21. “I suggest cost not be considered”: James Ashton Bayard (Delaware), in Butler, Atlantic Kingdom, 101.
22. congressional subsidy: Bacon, Manual of Ship Subsidies, 75–77.
23. “under the inspection”: In Morison, “Old Bruin,” 256.
24. “extravagantly showy”: Ibid., 259.
25. “an air of almost Oriental magnificence”: Abbott, “Ocean Life,” 62.
26. “to take a whole state-room”: In Brinnin, The Sway of the Grand Saloon, 172.
27. The loss of the Arctic: New York Daily Times, Oct. 13, 1854, p. 4.
28. “Ocean tragedies”: In Brown, Women and Children Last, 10.
29. “One in view of their conduct”: New York Daily Times, Oct. 13, 1854, 4.
30. “Of the flower”: Whitman, Leaves of Grass, 345.
31. “If [the Collins Line] had spent”: William T. S. Barry (Mississippi), in Brown, Women and Children Last, 181.
32. “the well known practice”: Franklin to Julien-David Le Roy, “Maritime Observations,” August 1785, in Writings, 381. See Chaplin, First Scientific American, 317–18.
33. “Lifeboats and life-preservers”: Maury, Steam-Lanes Across the Atlantic, 5.
34. Maury recommended: Ibid., 6.
35. “to decide the momentous question”: New York Herald, editorial, Oct. 26, 1889, in Williams, Matthew Fontaine Maury, 267.
36. Sloo Line: Bacon, Manual of Ship Subsidies, 71–72.
37. more than 750 sailing ships: Schultz, Forty-niners ’Round the Horn, 264n3.
38. more than thirteen thousand miles: Ibid., 10.
39. “the Gulph Stream”: Chaplin, First Scientific American, 196–200, 289–91, 304–5, 310–11.
40. transmissibility of reliable information: Huler, Defining the Wind, 109–10.
41. “the very useful work”: Dalrymple (1779), in ibid., 104–5.
42. “to generalize the experience”: Maury to John Quincy Adams, Nov. 14, 1847, in Williams, Matthew Fontaine Maury, 178.
43. ten million dollars per year: Williams, Matthew Fontaine Maury, 190–92.
44. “the search for speed”: The phrase is from Howard I. Chapelle, The Search for Speed Under Sail, 1700–1855 (New York: Norton, 1967).
45. “This magnificent ship”: Duncan McLean, “The New Clipper Ship Stag Hound, of Boston,” Boston Atlas, Dec. 21, 1850, in Howe and Matthews, American Clipper Ships, 2:619.
46. medium clipper or Down Easter: Paine, Down East, 76–78.
47. “the most unsightly”: Graham, “Ascendancy of the Sailing Ship, 1850–1855,” 78.
48. twice the capacity: Ibid., 81.
49. economic advantages: Kaukiainen, “Aspects of Competition Between Steam and Sail,” 114–15.
50. about three hundred junks: Viraphol, Tribute and Profit, 180.
51. 10 percent of the British government’s total revenue: Keay, Honourable Company, 452.
52. laws proscribing opium: Hsü, Rise of Modern China, 168–73.
53. Treaty of Nanking: Ibid., 184–91.
54. westerners next looked to Japan: Sansom, History of Japan, 1615–1867, 232.
55. Vasilii M. Golovnin: Golovnin, Memoirs of a Captivity in Japan.
56. Treaty of Kanagawa: Lee, New History of Korea, 281–82, 288–89.
57. “Knowledge shall be sought”: In Tsunoda et al., Sources of Japanese Tradition, 2:137.
58. Peninisular and Orient Line established: Fox, Britain and Japan, 317.
59. The western expatriate community: Barr, Deer Cry Pavilion, 101; Murphey, Outsiders, 107.
60. Suez Canal: Schonfield, Suez Canal in Peace and War, 41.
61. “cut by French energy”: In Fletcher, “Suez Canal and World Shipping,” 564.
62. “all for the advantage”: Herodotus, Histories, 2.159 (p. 145).
63. “the Suez Maritime Canal”: Convention Respecting the Free Navigation of the Suez Maritime Canal, Article 1.
64. “ ‘Steamers may occupy’ ”: In Jones, Pioneer Shipowners, 119. See Smith et al., “Imitations of God’s Own Works,” 405.
65. reduced coal consumption: Smith et al., “Imitations of God’s Own Works,” 406, 415.
66. without the efficiencies: Fletcher, “Suez Canal and World Shipping,” 560.
67. “Increased speed”: In Paine, Ships of the World, s.v. Turbinia, citing Alex Richardson, The Evolution of the Parsons Steam Turbine (London: Engineering, 1911).
68. submarine cables: Clarke, Voice Across the Sea, 69–89, 96.
69. Great Eastern: Dugan, Great Iron Ship.
70. British merchant marine comprised: Roland, Bolster, and Keyssar, Way of the Ship, 419.
71. value of international trade: Røksund, Jeune Ecole, 9.
72. “Mexicans descend”: Míguez, “Introduction,” xxii. See also Moya, “Spanish Emigration,” 10, 14.
73. Cuba’s population: Moya, “Spanish Emigration,” 15–17.
74. 165,000 laborers to Brazil: Masterson and Funada, “Japanese in Peru and Brazil,” 123–25.
75. 1.3 million Irish emigrated: Hale, Letters on Irish Immigration, 23, 59.
76. more than 20 percent of all passengers died: Page, “Transportation of Immigrants,” 739.
77. “We passed through the steerage”: “Communication from John H. Griscom, M.D., of New York,” in U.S. Senate, Report … on the Sickness and Mortality on Board Emigrant Ships, 54.
78. “2½ [pounds] of bread”: New Passenger Act, 1849, 12 & 13 Vict., c. 33. On the space allowance, note that Byzantine regulations required 1.1 s
quare meters per passenger; the Statues of Marseille, less than 1 square meter; and slave ships, 0.68 meter.
79. figures were halved again: Page, “Transportation of Immigrants,” 740–42.
80. utensils and bedding: Ibid., 738.
81. “very injurious”: In Charlwood, Long Farewell, 122, quoting New South Wales, Legislative Council, Report from the Select Committee of the Legislative Council to Inquire into the Present System of German Immigration into this Colony, Sydney, Aug. 11, 1858.
82. coolie trade: Yun and Laremont, “Chinese Coolies and African Slaves,” 102–3, 110–11.
83. “almost as heart-rending”: Douglass, The New National Era, Aug. 17, 1871.
84. “one vessel lost every eleven hours”: “Why Are So Many Ships Lost?” New York Daily Times, May 23, 1854.
85. could be jailed: Jones, Plimsoll Sensation, 12–13.
86. hideous loss of life: National Maritime Museum learning team, “Ships, Seafarers and Life at Sea—Load Lines.”
87. “Lloyd’s rule”: Jones, Plimsoll Sensation, 266.
88. without regard to the safety: Ibid., 14.
89. “They do not want”: Lord Eslington, Feb. 2, 1876, in ibid., 232.
90. “Accidents, too”: In Maxtone-Graham, Only Way to Cross, 2.
91. Hapag the largest shipping line: Bonsor, North Atlantic Seaway, 1:368, 378.
92. Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse: Ibid., 1:354.
93. International Mercantile Marine: Navin and Sears, “A Study in Merger.”
94. “unimprovable”: “nicht verbesserungsfählig”: in Maxtone-Graham, Only Way to Cross, 273; “unmistakably and distressingly pear-shaped”: ibid. See also Maxtone-Graham, “Normandie.”
95. “Doodle San will leave Japan”: Edwards, The Globe-Trotter at Kamakura, in Barr, Deer Cry Pavilion, 171. Joto means “the best.”
96. “a yacht in every sense”: Williams, “Extent of Transport Services’ Integration,” 138.
97. between fourteen and twenty million passengers: Cruise Baltic Status Report, 9.
98. “designed especially to secure”: “Steam Excursion Boats,” 2; “the only airings”: ibid.
99. horrific accidents: Kemp, “The COLREGS and the Princess Alice”; O’Donnell, Ship Ablaze; and Hilton, Eastland: Legacy of the Titanic.
100. Cruising and racing: Paine, Ships of the World, s.v. Mary, Meteor, and Shamrock V; Ross, “Where Are They Now? The Kaiser’s Yacht.”
101. “the most difficult”: Brett, Notes on Yachts, 1–2.
102. “the greatest piece”: “International Geographical Congress of 1895,” 292.
103. screw corvette Challenger: Buchanan et al., Report of the … Exploring Voyage of the H.M.S. Challenger.
104. whales: Sperm whales and others of the suborder Odontoceti have teeth; baleen whales are in the taxonomical suborder Mysticeti.
105. Thomas Roys’s: Bockstoce, “From Davis Strait to Bering Strait,” 529–30.
106. “desiring to secure the prosperity”: International Whaling Commission, “Whale Sanctuaries.”
107. tanker Zoroaster: Frear, “History of Tankers,” 135; Watson, “Bulk Cargo Carriers,” 63.
108. “910,221 gallons”: New York Maritime Register, Aug. 11, 1886, 3.
109. Fliegauf: Frear, “History of Tankers,” 136.
110. eighty million tons of marine coal: Fletcher, “From Coal to Oil,” 2–3.
111. diesel-powered motorships: Ibid., 10–11.
19. Naval Power in Steam and Steel
1. “castles of steel”: Churchill, World Crisis, 1:212.
2. lost in action: Hepper, British Warship Losses, 211–13; Brown, Warship Losses, 229, 236.
3. cost 40 percent more: Brodie, Sea Power in the Machine Age, 118n27.
4. retrofit sailing ships with engines: Lambert, Battleships in Transition, 38–40, 58–59, 111.
5. Nemesis: Brown, “Nemesis,” 283–85; Guadeloupe: Brown, “Paddle Frigate Guadeloupe,” 221–22.
6. “ancient rule of the Sultan”: Esmer, “Straits,” 293.
7. floating batteries: Lambert, Battleships in Transition, 51; Lambert, Warrior, 11.
8. “perpetually interdicted”: In Esmer, “Straits,” 293.
9. “She looks like a black snake”: This phrase has been attributed variously to Lord Palmerston, Napoleon III, and the French naval attaché, among others. HMS Warrior is today a museum ship in Portsmouth, England.
10. United States merchant marine: Roland, Bolster, and Keyssar, Way of the Ship, 419.
11. “If any person”: In Gordan, “Trial of the Officers.”
12. “Anybody dealing with a man”: In ibid. See Lowe, “Confederate Naval Strategy.”
13. “1. Privateering is, and remains abolished”: Declaration of Paris, Apr. 16, 1856, in Lambert, Crimean War, 333.
14. Lincoln declared a blockade: Symonds, Lincoln and His Admirals, 39–49, 59–62.
15. blockade-runners: Wise, Lifeline of the Confederacy, 221.
16. country’s largest export ports: Surdam, Northern Naval Superiority, 11.
17. commerce raiders: Gibson and Donovan, Abandoned Ocean, 66–78; Dalzell, Flight from the Flag, 238–40, 246.
18. “I regard the possession”: Mallory to chairman of the House Committee on Naval Affairs, in Still, Iron Afloat, 10.
19. John Ericsson’s Monitor: Symonds, Lincoln and His Generals, 132–42.
20. “enveloping them all”: Scott to Lincoln, May 2, 1861, U.S. War Department, War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, vol. 51/1, p. 339.
21. “can be elevated”: Mahan, Influence of Sea Power, 2.
22. “It is not the taking”: Ibid., 138.
23. “unsettled political conditions”: Mahan, “United States Looking Outward,” 818, 820.
24. “strategy of the weak”: Røksund, Jeune Ecole.
25. total war: Ibid., 24–51, 98–100.
26. Advocates of the Jeune Ecole: Ibid., 60–62.
27. “out of our ports”: Mahan, Influence of Sea Power, 87.
28. Maritime Customs Service: Hsü, Rise of Modern China, 271–74.
29. “self-strengthening movement”: Ibid., 278–91; Paine, Sino-Japanese War, 32.
30. briefly occupying Taiwan: Hsü, Rise of Modern China, 314–17.
31. remove Chinese influence: Paine, Sino-Japanese War, 32–34, 38, 52.
32. Japanese cruisers sank: Ibid., 132–33; Japanese troops, 157.
33. Yalu River: Paine, Sino-Japanese War, 179–85.
34. Russian diplomatic successes: Ibid., 69–71.
35. “The hostile actions”: Sergei Iul’evich Witte, Apr. 11, 1895, in Paine, Sino-Japanese War, 104.
36. “Russia does hope”: Nishi Tokujiro, May 8, 1905, in Paine, Sino-Japanese War, 321.
37. cede the Liaodong Peninsula: Paine, Sino-Japanese War, 308.
38. Trans-Siberian Railway: Ibid., 68; Work on the railway began in 1891.
39. “interested in a peculiar degree”: Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902, Article 1.
40. attack against Port Arthur: Evans and Peattie, Kaigun, 97.
41. coaling facilities: Warner and Warner, Tide at Sunrise, 403–4, 415–25; Cecil, “Coal for the Fleet That Had to Die.”
42. battle of Tsushima: Warner and Warner, Tide at Sunrise, 481–520; Evans and Peattie, Kaigun, 116–24.
43. Treaty of Portsmouth: Warner and Warner, Tide at Sunrise, 530–74.
44. “public opinion”: In Rickover, How the Battleship Maine Was Destroyed, 127–28.
45. “we have much more likelihood”: Mahan to Roosevelt, May 1 and 6, 1897, in Spector, “Triumph of Professional Ideology,” 179.
46. The gunnery was appalling: Beach, United States Navy, 394.
47. “The fashion in building ships”: Gladstone (1882), in Angevine, “Rise and Fall of the Office of Naval Intelligence,” 296.
48. “a definite standard”: Lord Charles Beresford, in Sondhaus, Naval Warfare, 161.
49. Alfred von Tirpitz: Kelly, Tirpitz.
; 50. “for Germany”: In Craig, Germany, 309.
51. “risk fleet”: Kelly, Tirpitz, 185–86, 195–202; Halpern, Naval History of World War I, 2–4; and Kennedy, “Development of German Naval Operations Plans,” 176–77.
52. German Navy League: Kelly, Tirpitz, 166–69; Halpern, Naval History of World War I, 3.
53. German general staff: Kennedy, “Development of German Naval Operations Plans,” 175. See also Kelly, Tirpitz, 266.
54. “Germany’s accelerated [shipbuilding] program”: Naval War College report (1904), in Hagan, This People’s Navy, 237.
55. Panama Canal: Ameringer, “Panama Canal Lobby.”
56. battle of Jutland: Halpern, Naval History of World War I, 310–29; Kelly, Tirpitz, 412–15.
57. surface raiders: Halpern, Naval History of World War I, 70–83, 370–75.
58. “locomotive torpedo”: Fryer and Brown, “Robert Whitehead”; Briggs, “Innovation and the Mid-Victorian Royal Navy,” 447–55.
59. Thorsten Nordenfelt: Maber, “Nordenfelt Submarines.”
60. “we are going to recommence”: In Røksund, Jeune Ecole, 193.
61. “The forerunner of all modern submarines”: Compton-Hall, Submarine Boats, 96–97.
62. “I went down in it”: Roosevelt to Brander Matthews, July 20, 1907, in Roosevelt, Works, 23.514.
63. “In view of”: Tirpitz memorandum, Jan. 24, 1915, in Halpern, Naval History of World War I, 47.
64. merchant ship losses: Davis and Engerman, Naval Blockades in Peace and War, 169.
65. “A blockade must not extend”: Declaration Concerning the Laws of Naval War (1909), Articles 1–2.
66. pinned down at Gallipoli: Halpern, Naval History of World War I, 117. The first sea lord was, and remains, the chief of naval operations; the first lord of the admiralty was a cabinet post.
67. “we can not send”: in Halpern, Naval History of World War I, 359.
68. “an entire success”: Naval Staff, Home Waters—Part VIII, in Halpern, Naval History of World War I, 361.
69. four hundred submarine chasers: Hagan, This People’s Navy, 255.
70. “to the lowest point”: Wilson, “Fourteen Points,” para. 2 and 4.
71. mutually suspicious: Hagan, This People’s Navy, 238–39; Evans and Peattie, Kaigun, 151, 187–89; and Miller, War Plan Orange, 76.
72. “Japan has no rival”: Baker, Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement, 3:301.
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