The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World

Page 109

by Paine, Lincoln

Perestrello, Bartolomeo

Periander

periplous

periplus

Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 14.1

Perry, Matthew Calbraith, 18.1, 18.2

Persia, 3.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 12.1, 14.1, 19.1

Alexander and, 5.1, 6.1

China and, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1

exports from, 6.1, 7.1, 10.1, 15.1

Greeks and, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1

India and, 6.1, 10.1, 10.2, 15.1

and Indian Ocean trade, 6.1, 16.1

in Persian Wars, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

see also Achaemenid Empire; Ilkhanate; Iran; Parthian Empire; Safavid Empire; Sasanian Empire

Persian Gulf, 10.1, 20.1, nts.1n

Chinese and, 7.1, 13.1, 13.2

Greeks and, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1

India and, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 13.1, 16.1

mariners from, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4

Mesopotamia and, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1

Ottomans and

Persians and, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

ports of, 6.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3

Portuguese and, 15.1, 16.1

Red Sea and, 8.1, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2

ships of, 10.1, nts.1n

in World War II, 19.1, nts.1n

Persian Wars, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1

Peru, 1.1, 7.1, 18.1, 18.2

Spanish, 15.1, 15.2, 17.1, 17.2

Pessagno, Lanzarote

Pessagno (Peçanha), Manuele

Peter I, the Great, 17.1, 17.2

Peter III, King of Aragon

petroleum, see oil

Pett, Peter, 16.1, 16.2

Phaleron, 4.1, 4.2

Pharos, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4

Pharsalus, battle of, 5.1, nts.1n

Philadelphia, 16.1, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2

Philip II, King of Macedonia

Philip II, King of Spain, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3

Philip III, King of France

Philip III, King of Spain, 16.1, 16.2

Philip IV, King of Spain, 12.1, 16.1

Philip V, King of Macedonia, 5.1, 5.2

Philip of Anjou

Philippi, battle of

Philippines, 1.1, 1.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4

Philippine Sea, battle of the

Philistines

Phillip, Arthur

Phoenicia, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 6.1, 12.1

Phoenicians, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2

Phoenix, battle of

Phormio

Piailug, Mau

Piazzale of the Corporations

Pigafetta, Antonio

Pillars of Hercules

pilots, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 15.1, 17.1

in antiquity, 5.1, 6.1

laws governing, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 17.1

Pinta

Pinzon, Martín Alonso, 14.1, 14.2

Pinzon, Vicente Yáñez

piracy, 8.1, 12.1, 15.1, 15.2, 20.1, 20.2

in antiquity, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

in Asia, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1

in Atlantic, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3

in China, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1, 16.1

combated, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1, 17.2, 19.1, 20.1

in Indian Ocean, 6.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 13.1, 16.1

in Mediterranean, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 15.1

in northern Europe, 12.1, 12.2

in Persian Gulf, 6.1, 10.1, 10.2

in Red Sea, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 13.1

Thucydides on, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1

Piraeus, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, nts.1n

founded, 4.1, 4.2

prosperity of, 4.1, 4.2, 20.1

Piramesse

Pires, Tomé

Piri Reis

Pisa, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5

Pithecoussae, 4.1, 4.2

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, itr.1, 18.1

Pius V

Pizarro, Francisco

Plato, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1

Pleistocene

Plimsoll, Samuel, 18.1, 20.1

Pliny the Elder, 2.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 14.1

Plongeur

Plunger, USS,

Plutarch, 5.1, 5.2, nts.1n

Plymouth, Eng., 15.1, 17.1

Plymouth, Mass.

Poland, 9.1, 12.1, 12.2, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1

polar exploration

Polaris, 14.1, 14.2

Polo, Marco, 10.1n, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 14.1

Polybius, 5.1n, 5.2, 5.3

Polynesia, 1.1, 1.2

Polynesian Voyaging Society, 1.1, nts.1n

polyremes

Pompeii, 3.1, 5.1, 6.1

Pompey, Sextus

Pompey the Great, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

Pontus, 5.1, 5.2, 12.1

pope, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 15.1

and territorial claims, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 16.1

Po River, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1, 12.2, 14.1

Port Arthur (Lüshunkou)

Portobelo, 15.1, 17.1

portolans, 14.1, 14.2

Porto Santo, 14.1, 14.2

Port Royal, Jamaica

Portsmouth, 15.1, nts.1n

Portsmouth, Treaty of, 19.1, 19.2

Port Sudan

Port Suez, 6.1, 18.1, 18.2

Portugal, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 14.1

Africa and, 12.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4

Americas and, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 16.1

China and, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1, 16.2

Dutch and, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2

East Africa and, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 15.2

Estado da India and, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3

exploration and, itr.1, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4

India and, 10.1, 10.2, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2

Japan and, 15.1, 16.1

Ottomans and, 15.1, 15.2

slave trade and, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1

Southeast Asia and, 11.1, 13.1, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3

Spain and, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1

West Africa and, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1

Portuguese navy, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1

Portus Julius, 5.1, 5.2

Potosí, 15.1, 15.2

President Truman

Primary Chronicle

Prince, William

Prince of Wales, HMS,

Princess Alice

Princeton, USS,

Pring, Martin

Pringle, Thomas

Prinzessin Victoria Luise

privateers, 12.1, 16.1, 16.2, 19.1, 20.1

Probus, Marcus Aurelius, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1

Prohibition, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1

Provence, 8.1, 16.1

Prussia, 12.1, 12.2, 17.1

Psammetichus, Pharaoh

Psyttaleia Island

Ptolemy I, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1

Ptolemy II Philadelphus, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2

Ptolemy III, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2

Ptolemy IV Philopator

Ptolemy VII

Ptolemy XIII

Puerto Rico, 1.1, 15.1

Puerto San Julian, 14.1, 15.1

Puhar

Pulakeshin II

Pulo Run

Pung, Prince

Punic Ship

Punic Wars

First, 5.1, 5.2n, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5

Second and Third, 5.1, 5.2

Punt, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2

Puritans, 16.1, 16.2

Puteoli, 5.1, 5.2, nts.1n

Putun Mayan

Pyeongyang, 7.1, 11.1, 15.1

Pygmalion

pyramids, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 19.1

Pyramid Texts

Pyrrhic Wars

Pyrrhus of Epirus

Pytheas, 4.1, 9.1, 9.2

Qadim, Quseir, al-, 6.1, 13.1

Qais, see Kish

qarib

Qatar, 6.1, 10.1, nts.1n

Qin Dynasty, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1, 11.2

Qingdao (Tsingtao), 19.1, 19.2

Qing Dynasty, 11.1, 16
.1, 17.1, 18.1, 19.1

qirad, 8.1, 13.1

quadrireme

Quakers

Quanzhou, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 20.1, nts.1n

Polo describes, 13.1, 13.2

rise of

Quanzhou wreck

Qubilai Khan, 13.1, 13.2

Quebec, Canada, 16.1, 17.1

Queen Charlotte Islands, 1.1, 1.2

Queen Elizabeth, HMS,

Queen Mary

Queenstown, Ireland, 19.1, 19.2

quffa, 3.1, 3.2, 10.1, 10.2

Quiberon, 9.1, 17.1

Quilon

quinqueremes, 5.1, 5.2

Qulzum, 10.1, 10.2, 13.1

Quran, itr.1, 8.1, 8.2, 11.1, 12.1

radar, 17.1, 19.1, 19.2

radeaux

Raden Vijaya

Radisson, Pierre-Esprit

Raedwald

Raffles, Stamford, 17.1, 18.1

Ragusa, 4.1, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2, 15.1

rahmanis

Rajaraja I

Rajendra I

Raleigh, Walter, 15.1, 16.1

Ralswiek

Ramesses II

Ramesses III, 3.1, 3.2

Ramisht

Ras al-Jinz

Rashtrakuta Dynasty

Rasulid Dynasty, 13.1, 13.2

Ravenna, 5.1, 8.1

Recife, 14.1, 15.1

Reconquista, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 15.1

Record of Overseas Countries and People (Wang Dayuan),

Red Cliffs, battle of the

Red (Hong) River, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3

and Yunnan Plateau, 7.1, 7.2

Dong-Son culture, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

Red River (United States)

Red Sea, 1.1, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2, 13.1, 13.2, 17.1

ancient Egypt and, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 3.1, 4.1

canals to, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, nts.1n, nts.2n

Fatimids and, 10.1, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 13.2

Indian trade with, 6.1, 16.1

navigation on, 6.1, 10.1, 10.2

Ottomans and, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3

Persians and, 6.1, 6.2, 10.1

Ptolemies and

Romans and, 6.1, 6.2

ships of, 6.1, 10.1, nts.1n

Register Society

Reichsmarine

reindeer, 1.1, 1.2

Rekhmire

Reliance, SS,

Rennell, George

Rensi

“Report of Wenamun, The,”

Repulse, HMS,

Reric, 9.1, 9.2

Resolute, SS,

Resolution, HMS,

Reuben James, USS,

Reuter, Ludwig von

Rev-Ardashir

Reynald of Châtillon

Reynst, Gerard

Rhaedestus

Rhineland, 12.1, 12.2, 17.1

Rhine River, 9.1, 12.1, 18.1

as border, 5.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2

Danube and, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 18.1

North Sea trade and, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

Rhodes, 4.1, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1, 15.1

Hellenistic, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 8.1, nts.1n

in Roman period, 5.1, 5.2

Rhodes, Knights of, 15.1, 15.2n

Rhodian Sea Law, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2, 13.1

Rhône River, 5.1, 9.1, 9.2, 14.1

Ribe, 9.1, 12.1

Ricci, Matteo

Richard, Duke of Normandy

Richelieu, Cardinal

Rickover, Hyman G.

Riddle of the Sands, The (Childers),

Riedemann, Wilhelm A.

Rig Veda, 6.1, 6.2

Rijksmuseum, 8.1, 16.1

Rinan, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, nts.1n

Rio de Janeiro, 14.1, 20.1

Rio de Oro

riverboats, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1, 15.1

river craft, 2.1, 3.1, 20.1

Asian, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1, 13.1, 17.1

European, 9.1, 9.2, 15.1, 17.1

rivers, itr.1, 1.1, 12.1, 14.1, 17.1, 18.1

in Americas, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 14.1, 17.1

Asian, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

campaigns, 8.1, 9.1, 19.1, 19.2

Chinese, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1, 13.2, 18.1

European, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1, 12.2, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1, 18.1

improvements to, 2.1, 7.1, 10.1, 11.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3

Russian, 4.1, 15.1, 15.2, 17.1

Southeast Asian, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 17.1

Vikings and, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

Roberts, J. M.

Roccaforte

Rochambeau, Comte de

Rodger, Nicholas

Roe, Thomas

Roger of Lauria, 12.1, 12.2

Rollo

Roman Empire, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2

China and, 6.1, 7.1

Eastern, 8.1, 8.2

Egypt and, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 8.1

Indian Ocean and, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 10.1

Mediterranean trade of, 5.1, 5.2

seafaring and, 5.1, 5.2

Western, 8.1, 9.1

Romania, 4.1, 5.1

Romano-Celtic shipbuilding

Romans, itr.1, 4.1, 6.1

and the sea, 5.1, 5.2, 14.1

Romanus Pontifex

Rome, Republic of, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

Carthage and, 5.1, 5.2

Mediterranean trade of, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2

Punic Wars, 5.1, 5.2n, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5

shipbuilding, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, 9.1

takes to sea, 5.1, 5.2

Rooke, George

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 20.1

Roosevelt, Nicholas

Roosevelt, Theodore, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3

Ross, James Clark

Ross, John, 18.1, 18.2

Rouen, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1

rowing, 4.1, 5.1, 8.1, 9.1, 16.1

alla sensile, 12.1, 15.1, nts.1n

a scaloccio, 15.1, nts.1n

on rivers, 2.1, 7.1, 9.1, 11.1

Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew

Royal Charles

Royal Navy, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1, 19.2

in 18th century, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3

influence on Mahan, 3.1, 19.1

in Napoleonic Wars

naval arms race and

in 20th century, 19.1, 19.2

see also Navy Royal

Royal Society, 17.1, 18.1

Roys, Thomas

Rozhestvensky, Zinovi Petrovich

rudder, 9.1, 14.1

centerline, 7.1, 10.1, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1, 17.1

quarter, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 12.1

Rügen Island, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1

rupees, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2

Rupert, Prince

Rurik

Rus, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 15.1

Russell, Edward, 17.1, 17.2

Russia, 4.1, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1, 20.1

eastward expansion of, itr.1, 15.1, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4

European trade of, 12.1, 12.2, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3

Japanese conflict with, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3

navy of, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3

in Viking Age, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

Russian-American Fur Company

“Russian Mesopotamia,”

Russians, 9.1, 12.1, 15.1, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1, 19.2

Russo-Japanese War, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4

Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)

Russo-Turkish War (1787–92)

Ruyter, Michiel de, 16.1, 16.2

Ryswyck, Treaty of

Ryukyu Islands, 10.1, 13.1, 15.1, 16.1, nts.1n

Sabaeans

Safavid Empire, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1

Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) conventions, 20.1, 20.2

Saga of Olaf Tryggvason (Oddr),

Sagres

Saguntum, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1

Sahara Desert

Sahul, 1.1, 1.2

Sahure

Sa Huynh

Said Pasha

sail, fore-and-aft, 1.1, 8.1, 17.1

> Asian, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2

sail, lateen, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1, 15.1

(dis)advantages of, 8.1, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1

sail, lugsail, 7.1, 10.1, 11.1

sail, square, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 15.1, 17.1, 17.2n

Asian, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1

European, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1, 12.2, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 15.2

Mediterranean, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 8.1

Sailendra kingdom

Sailendras

sailing packet, 18.1, 18.2

sailors, 3.1, 10.1, 17.1

in conflict, 4.1, 12.1, 17.1

naval crews, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, 12.1

pay of, 3.1, 8.1, 8.2, 15.1

personal possessions of, 3.1, 5.1, 9.1

training and rating of, 1.1, 6.1, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 17.1

treatment of, 4.1, 13.1, 14.1, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1, 19.1, 20.1

see also seafaring, attitudes toward; shipboard conditions

sails, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 12.1, 16.1

Asian, 6.1, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2

Bronze Age, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

construction of, 6.1, 7.1, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 15.1

in Mediterranean, 8.1, 8.2, 14.1

and oars, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 15.1

origins of, 1.1, 2.1, 9.1

St. James’s Day battle

St. Lawrence, Gulf of, 9.1, 19.1

St. Lawrence River, itr.1, 1.1, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1

St. Peter Port wreck, 9.1, 9.2

St. Petersburg, 15.1, 17.1

St. Petersburg Naval Academy

Saladin Salah al-Din Yusuf, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3

Salamis, Cyprus, battles of, 4.1, 5.1

Salamis, Greece, battle of, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1

Salé, 12.1, 12.2, 14.1

Samar Island, 14.1, 14.2

Samarkand, 9.1, 11.1

Samkha, 6.1, 6.2

Samoa, 1.1, 1.2

Samos, 5.1, 8.1

Sam Poh Kong Temple

Samudra-Pasai, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1

Sandwich, England

San Francisco, itr.1, 15.1, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1, 19.2, 20.1

sangadam

Sanlúcar de Barrameda, 14.1, 14.2

Sanmen Rapids, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3

San Pablo

San Salvador, 14.1, 18.1n

Sanskrit, 6.1, 11.1, 13.1

Santa Catarina, 16.1, 16.2

Santa Cruz, Marquis of, 15.1, 15.2

Santa Cruz Islands, 1.1, 1.2

Santa María, 14.1, 14.2, nts.1n

Santángel, Luis de

Saô Jorge da Mina, 14.1, 14.2

São Miguel, battle of, 15.1, 15.2

Saône River

Sardinia, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1, 12.2

Carthage and, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

Phoenicians and, 4.1, 4.2

Sardis, 4.1, 4.2

Sargasso Sea, 14.1, 14.2, nts.1n

Sargon I, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 6.1, 10.1

Saronic Gulf, 4.1, 4.2

Sasanian Empire, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4

Byzantines and, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2

Sataspes

Satavahana Dynasty, 6.1, 6.2

Savannah, 18.1, 19.1

Sava River

Saxons, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 12.1

Saxony, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1

Saymur

Scandinavia, 9.1, 12.1, 12.2, 16.1, 18.1

Christianity and, 9.1, 9.2

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