eastern expansion, 9.1, 9.2
seafaring in, itr.1, 9.1
ships of
trade of, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1
western expansion, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 16.1
Scandinavian Seven Years’ War
Scheveningen, battle of
Schliemann, Heinrich
Scilly Islands, 14.1, 17.1
Scipio Aemilianus
Scipio Africanus, Publius Cornelius, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3n
Scotland, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 12.1, 15.1, nts.1n
trade of, 15.1, 16.1
Scott, Walter
Scott, Winfield
scurvy, 14.1, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4
Scylax of Caryanda
Scylla
Scythians, 4.1, 4.2
seafaring, attitudes toward
Byzantine
Chinese, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 13.1, 13.2
Greek, 4.1, 6.1, 8.1
Hindu
Indian
Italian, 8.1, 12.1
Portuguese
Roman, 5.1, 5.2
Sealand Dynasty
sea loan, 8.1, 12.1
Sea People, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 9.1, 12.1
Seatrain Lines
Seawise Giant, 20.1, 20.2
Sebastian, King
Seeadler
Sefer Reis
Seignelay
Seine River, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5
Selden, John, 16.1, 16.2
Seleucids, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2
Seleucus I, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Seljuqs, 10.1, 12.1, 13.1, 15.1
and Byzantines, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
see also Turks
senate (Rome), 5.1, 5.2
Seneca, 5.1, 6.1
Senegal
Senegal River
Seonbuseo
Seoul, 7.1, 15.1, 19.1
sepsis
Seram
Serçe Limani wreck, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Serrão, Francisco, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1
Sertorius
Sevastopol, 17.1, 19.1
Seven Cities, Island of the
Seven Years’ War, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5
Severn River
Seville, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1
as port, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 12.1, 15.1
sewn boats, 1.1, 4.1
in Asia, 7.1, 11.1
(dis)advantages of, 2.1, 10.1, 13.1, nts.1n
in Indian Ocean, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2, nts.1n
materials used in, 1.1, 6.1
Sextus Pompey
shachuan
Shackleton, Ernest Henry
Shah Jahan
Shakespeare
Shandong Peninsula, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 13.1, 19.1
Korean merchants on, 11.1, nts.1n
Shanga
Shanghai, 7.1, 18.1, 18.2
Shannon, HMS,
Shanxi Province, 7.1, 11.1
Shapur I
Shapur II
Shardana
Shatt al-Arab, 3.1, 6.1, 10.1, 10.2, nts.1n
Sheba, Queen of, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2
Shetland Islands, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, nts.1n
shibosi, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1, 13.2
Shihr, 6.1, 10.1, 13.1, 13.2
Shihuangdi, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Shiites
Shi Lu
Shimabara rebellion
Shiman, Fan
Shimonoseki, Treaty of, 13.1, 19.1
shipboard conditions, 8.1, 13.1, 17.1
in coffin ships
crew, 14.1, 18.1
food and drink, 8.1, 17.1, 18.1
slaves and coolies, 18.1, 17.1
space, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1, 18.1
see also scurvy
shipbuilding, 1.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1
African, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 14.1, 17.1
ancient Egyptian, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1
in ancient Greece, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5
Bronze Age, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, nts.1n
East Asian, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 16.1
Indian Ocean trade and, 6.1, 6.2, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 11.1, 13.1
medieval, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 14.1
19th-century, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3
Roman, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5
16th–18th-century, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3
Viking, 9.1, 9.2
in world wars, 19.1, 19.2
shipbuilding wood, 4.1, 4.2, 8.1
acacia, 2.1, 2.2, 8.1, nts.1n
cedar, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 7.1
coconut, 6.1, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1
fir, 4.1, 5.1, 13.1
oak, 4.1, 9.1, 9.2, 16.1, 19.1
pine, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 8.1, 13.1, 16.1, 19.1
teak, 10.1, 10.2
ship money
ship of state, 2.1, 2.2, nts.1n
“Ship or the Wishes, The” (Lucian of Samosata),
ship-soke
“Shipwrecked Sailor, The,” 2.1, 6.1
shipwrecks, 6.1, 7.1, 10.1, 11.1, 19.1
officialdom and, 8.1, 11.1, 11.2, 18.1
Shiraz, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3
Shivaji
Shreve, Henry
Shu, kingdom of
Shu Han, state of
shuin
Siberia, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 17.1, 20.1
Russians in, itr.1, 15.1, 17.1
Sicilian Vespers, War of the, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
Sicily, 3.1, 4.1, 9.1, 1.1, 13.1, 19.1
Byzantines and, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 9.1
Carthage and, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
grain trade, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 15.1
Greeks and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1
Muslim rule in, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Rome and, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Sicily, Norman Kingdom of, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
Sicily, Strait of
Siddis
Sidon, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 12.1
silk road, 6.1, 9.1, 10.1, 12.1, 13.1
China and, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2
silk road of the sea
Silla, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1, 11.2, 18.1n
silver, 7.1, 9.1, 12.1, 14.1
American, itr.1, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3
ancient trade in, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1
Chinese and, 7.1, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1
coins, 3.1, 6.1, 10.1n, 13.1, 16.1n
exported to Asia, 6.1, 7.1, 15.1, 16.1, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1
looted from ships, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3
in medieval trade, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1, 13.1
Sims, William S.
Sinai Peninsula, 1.1, 2.1, 6.1
Sinan (Shinan) wreck
Sinbad the Sailor
Sind, 10.1, 10.2, 15.1
Singapore, 7.1, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1
port of, 17.1, 18.1, 20.1, 20.2
Sinmu Wang
Sino-Japanese War, 19.1, 19.2
Sinop, 5.1, 12.1, 15.1, 15.2, 19.1
Siraf, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 11.1, 13.1
Sirius, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3
Six-Day War
Sixteen Prefectures
Skagerrak, 9.1, 15.1
Skåne, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1
Skuldelev ships
slave trade, 10.1, 10.2, 17.1, 18.1, 20.1
in Americas, 16.1, 17.1, 18.1, 19.1
in antiquity, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1
described, 8.1, 9.1, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3
East African, 1.1, 2.1, 6.1, 10.1, 16.1
European, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1, 12.2
Mediterranean, 4.1, 6.1, 8.1, 15.1, nts.1n
Northeast Asian, 11.1, 11.2
pre-Columbian, 1.1, 14.1
transatlantic, itr.1, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1, 17.1, nts.1n
value of, 6.1n, 8.1, 10.1, nts.1n
West African, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 16.1
Slavs, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
Slocum, Joshua
Sloo Line
Sluys, battle of, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
Smith, Holland M.
S
mith, John
Smith, William
Smith, William W.
Sneferu, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1
societas maris
Society Islands, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
socii navales
Socotra, 6.1, 10.1, 10.2, 15.1
Sofala, 10.1, 13.1
Sogdiana
Sohar
Sokullu Mehmed Pasha
SOLAS, 20.1, 20.2
Solomon
Solomon Islands, 1.1, 1.2
Somalia, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2, 10.1, 13.1, 20.1
Somnath
sonar, 17.1, 19.1, 19.2, 20.1
Song Dynasties, itr.1, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1, 13.2
Northern, 11.1n, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 13.1
Southern, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2
Song Gaozong
Song History
Song Taizu
Sopatrus, 6.1, 6.2
Sostratus
Sound tolls
South Africa, 1.1, 14.1, 14.2, 17.1, 18.1, nts.1n
South America, 2.1, 14.1, 19.1, 19.2
pre-Columbian, 1.1, 1.2
Europe and, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2
Southampton, 12.1, 12.2
South Carolina, 16.1, 19.1
South China Sea, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 11.1
crossing of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 10.1, 10.2
Southeast Asia, 1.1, 6.1, 10.1, 13.1, 16.1
Africa and, 6.1, nts.1n
Austronesian speakers in, 1.1, 7.1, 7.2
Buddhism in, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 13.1
China and, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1
Chinese merchants in, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 13.1, 18.1
Chinese settlers in, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1, 17.1
Europeans in, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, nts.1n
exports, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 10.1, 16.1
foreigners in, itr.1, 11.1, 13.1, 15.1, 15.2, nts.1n
geography of, 1.1, 6.1, 7.1
India and, 6.1, 10.1, 10.2
Indian Ocean and, 6.1, 6.2, 10.1, 10.2
Islam in, 10.1, 13.1, 15.1
Japanese in, 16.1, 19.1
money in, 13.1, 15.1n
Oceania settled from
ships of, 1.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1–itr.1
state formation in, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1
trade missions from, 7.1, 7.2, 13.1
trade networks of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 10.1, 13.1, 15.1
Southern Cross, 14.1, nts.1n
Southern Han kingdom
Southern Ming
Southern Song Dynasty, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2
South Georgia
South Magnetic Pole
South Sandwich Islands
Sovereign of the Seas, 16.1, 16.2, 18.1
Soviet Union, 19.1, 19.2, 20.1
Spain, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 14.1
Americas and, itr.1, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 16.1, 16.2, 18.1
in antiquity, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1
Carthage and, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1
duties in, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 16.1
exploration by, itr.1, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 17.1
Muslims in, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1, 13.1
Netherlands and, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 16.1
in Philippines, 14.1, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1, 19.1
Portugal and, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1
Reconquista of, 12.1, 12.2, 15.1
Romans in, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Vikings in, 9.1, 9.2
Spanish navy, 15.1, 16.1, 17.1, 19.1
Dutch Revolt and, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2
Spanish Armada, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 17.1
Spanish Netherlands, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2
Spanish Succession, War of the, 8.1, 12.1, 17.1
Sparta, Spartans, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 18.1
spar torpedo
Spice Islands, 6.1, 6.2, 10.1, 13.1, 15.1
Dutch in, 16.1, 16.2
Portuguese and, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1
spices, 12.1, 12.2, 14.1, 14.2
at Alexandria, 13.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3
in antiquity, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2
Chinese and, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1
Dutch and, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 17.1
European demand for, itr.1, 6.1, 9.1, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1
in Indian Ocean, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 15.1
Portuguese and, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4
Venetians and, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 16.1
Spieghel der Zeevaerdt (Waghenaer),
Spinola, Nicolozzo
sposalizio
spur, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1
Sri Lanka, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 13.1, 15.1
Buddhism in, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 11.1
Chola invasions of, 6.1, 10.1
as destination, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 13.1, 18.1
exports, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 10.1, 10.2, 16.1
long-distance voyaging and, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 10.1
Muslims in, 10.1, 15.1
shipbuilding in
traders in, 6.1, 11.1, 13.1
Zheng He in
Srivijaya, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.1, 13.1
trade of, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1
Stag Hound
Stalin, Joseph
Stamford Bridge, battle of
Staraya Ladoga, 9.1, 9.2, nts.1n
Starigard, 9.1, 12.1
Stark, Harold N.
States-General, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3
steam(ships), 1.1, 6.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1
costs of, 18.1, 18.2
development of, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1, 20.1
and navies, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 20.1
and navigation laws, 3.1, 18.1
on oceans, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4
on rivers, itr.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3
Steamboat
Steamboat Inspection Service, U.S.
Steam-Lanes Across the Atlantic (Maury),
Steelyard
Stettinus, Edward R.
Stockholm
Stora Kravelen
Store Belt
Strabo, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2
Stralsund, Treaty of
Strange Things of the South (Wan),
strategos
Strozzi, Philippe
submarines, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 20.1
in World War I, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3
in World War II, 19.1, 19.2
Sudan, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1
Suez, itr.1, 6.1, 10.1, 13.1, 17.1, 18.1
naval bases at, 15.1, 15.2
Suez, Gulf of, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1
Suez, Isthmus of, 6.1, 15.1
Suez Canal Convention
Suffren, Bailli de, Pierre André
Sufi
Suhar, 10.1, 10.2, 16.1
Sui Dynasty, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1
Sui Gaozu, 7.1, 7.2
Sui Yangdi, 7.1, 7.2
Sujin Tenno
Sukhataradvipa
Sulawesi, 13.1, 16.1, 17.1
Suleiman the Magnificent, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3
Sulla, 5.1, 5.2
Sultan ibn Saif I
S¸uluç Mehmed Pasha
Sumatra, 7.1, 10.1, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1, 17.1
Chinese trade and, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3
geography of
Srivijaya and, 10.1, nts.1n
trade of, 7.1, 11.1, 13.1, 15.1, 16.1, 17.1
Sumer, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 7.1
sumptuary laws, 2.1, 6.1, 13.1
Sunda, 1.1, 10.1
Sundaland
Sunnis
Sun Quan Liu
sunstone
Suppiluliumas II
Sur
Surabaya, 10.1, 13.1
Surat, 10.1, 15.1, 16.1
Suriname, 16.1, 16.2
Survival of the Bark Canoe (McPhee),
Susa, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1
Sussex, 9.1, 9.2
Sutkagen Dor
Sutter’s Mill
Sutton Hoo, 9.1, 9.2
Suvarnabhumi, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Suvarnadvipa, 6.1, 6.2
Svein III, 9.1, 9.2
Svein Forkbeard, 9.1,
9.2
Sviatoi Gavril
Svold, battle of, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
Swahili, 6.1, 10.1
Swaley
Sweden, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 16.1, 17.1, 18.1
Denmark and, 9.1, 12.1, 15.1
emigration from, 16.1, 16.2n
navy of, 15.1, 17.1
in Viking age, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
Switzerland, 9.1, 18.1
syahbandar
Sydney, itr.1, 17.1, 17.2
Sygnman Rhee
Syracuse, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 8.1, 9.1
Syracusia
Syr Darya
Syria, 4.1, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4
in antiquity, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2
Byzantines in, 8.1, 8.2
Islam in, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1
overland trade of, 2.1, 6.1, 10.1
Syro-Canaanites, 2.1, 2.2
Szczecin
Tacitus, 9.1, 9.2
Taejo, King
Tagus River
Tahiti, 1.1, 1.2, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3
taifas, 8.1, 12.1
Tai languages
Taíno culture
Taiping Rebellion
Taira clan
Taitao Peninsula
Taiwan, 1.1, 1.2, 7.1, 16.1, 19.1, 19.2
Taizu, 13.1, 13.2
Tajir, Sulayman al-, 10.1, 10.2
Takezaki Suenaga
Taktika (Leo VI),
Takuapa, 10.1, 10.2n, nts.1n
Talas River, battle of the, 10.1, 11.1
Tales of the Heike, The
Tambralinga, 10.1, 10.2
Tamil literature
Tamil Nadu, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 10.1, 13.1
Tamralipti, 6.1, 10.1
Tana, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
Tang Cargo
Tang Dynasty, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3
canals of, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2
Central Asia and, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3
Japan and, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3
Korea and, 11.1, 11.2
piracy in, 11.1, 11.2
ships of, 7.1, 11.1
trade in, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4
Tang Gaozong, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3
Tang Gaozu, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1, 11.2
Tang Taizong, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3
Tang Wuzong, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3
Tang Xizong
Tang Xuanzong, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3
Tangier, 4.1, 8.1, 12.1, 13.1, 14.1
Tanis
tankers, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2, 20.1, 20.2, 20.3
Tanzania, 6.1, 7.1, 10.1
Taormina, Sicily
Taphians
Tapti River
tar, 1.1, 3.1, 8.1, 15.1, 17.1
Taraka, 10.1, 10.2
Taranto, 4.1, 5.1, 19.1
Taranto, Gulf of
Tarentum, 5.1, 5.2
tarette
Tariq ibn Ziyad, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1
Tarragona, 8.1, 9.1
Tarshish
Tarsus, 8.1, 8.2
Tashkent
Tasman, Abel Jansen
Tasmania, 1.1, 1.2, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1
Tatars
taxation, itr.1, itr.2, 5.1, 7.1, 16.1
in Asia, 7.1, 10.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 15.1
Byzantine, 8.1, 8.2
Chinese, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1
in Europe, 9.1, 12.1, 14.1, 15.1
see also duties and tariffs
Taylor, David
tea trade, 11.1, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1
The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World Page 110