8. M-O A, TC 1/9/B; Brenda Vale, Prefabs (1995), p 171; Pilot Papers (Nov 1946), pp 28–38.
9. The New Yorker, 1 Sept 1945; Bowmer, fol 1090; Heap, 31 Dec 1945.
10. M-O A, FR 2291; Langford, 3 Nov 1945; St John, 8 Nov 1945; King, 9 Nov 1945; Aidan Crawley, Leap Before You Look (1988), p 213; Streat, p 325.
11. Haines, 15 Jan 1946; Hinton, pp 132–4; M-O A, TC 67/6/A; Raynham, 13–15 Mar 1946, 2 Apr 1946.
12. Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Austerity in Britain (Oxford, 2000), pp 125–6; The New Yorker, 9 Mar 1946; Speed, 7/10–11/26 Apr 1946.
13. Sylvia Townsend Warner, Letters (1982), p 91; Peter Stead, ‘Barry Since 1939’, in Donald Moore (ed), Barry (Barry Island, 1985), p 450; Quentin Crisp, The Naked Civil Servant (Fontana edn, 1977), p 173.
14. John Hilton Bureau Papers (Special Collections, University of Sussex), Box 3, Administrative Files, 28 Sept 1945; The New Yorker, 17 Nov 1945; Rupert Croft-Cooke, The Dogs of Peace (1973), p 22; Hodgson, 29 Apr 1946; M-O A, D 5353, 5 Sept 1945; Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Austerity, chap 4 (incl pp 161, 172); The New Yorker, 5 Jan 1946.
15. Bill Naughton, ‘The Spiv’, Pilot Papers (Jan 1946), pp 99–108; Hodson, Way, p 159; Turner and Rennell, Daddy, p 46.
16. Loftus, 23 Oct 1945; Hodson, Way, p 206; Brown, 1/15, 16 Dec 1945; David Hughes, ‘The Spivs’, in Michael Sissons and Philip French (eds), Age of Austerity (Oxford, 1986), p 85; New Yorker, 6 Apr 1946; Turner and Rennell, Daddy, p 157.
17. Hodson, Way, pp 119–20; Reg Green, National Heroes (1997), p 144; New Yorker, 27 Jul 1946; David Rayvern Allen, E. W. Swanton: A Celebration (2000), p 87; Michael Marshall, Gentlemen and Players (1987), pp 140–41; Wisden Cricketers’ Almanack, 1947 (1947), pp 193, 412; Lesley A. Hall, Sex, Gender and Social Change in Britain since 1880 (Basingstoke, 2000), p 147; Nick Tiratsoo, Reconstruction, Affluence and Labour Politics (1990), p 50; M-O A, TC 58/1/I.
18. Speed, 6 Aug 1946; M-O A, TC 49/2/C; Joyce & Ginnie: The Letters of Joyce Grenfell and Virginia Graham (1997), p 143; Raynham, 8 Jun 1946; M-O A, TC 49/2/C.
19. Asa Briggs, The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Volume IV (Oxford, 1979), pp 197–8, 716, 201.
20. Coventry Evening Telegraph, 29 Jun 1946; Hinton, p 135; Haines, 19/20 Jul 1946; Golden, 22 Jul 1946; Speed, 26 Jul 1946; M-O A, TC 67/6/D. Golden,
21. Speed, 7/13 Jun 1946; Langford, 19 Aug 1946.
22Private Enterprise (1947), pp 188–9; David Pryce-Jones, ‘Towards the Cocktail Party’, in Sissons and French, Austerity, p 203.
23. Sunday Pictorial, 7/21 Jul 1946; James Hinton, ‘Self-help and Socialism’, History Workshop (Spring 1988), pp 100–26; Pilot Papers (Nov 1946), pp 16–17, 21; Evening Standard, 13 Sept 1946.
24. BBC WA, Woman’s Hour, 7 Nov 1946; Briggs, p 56; Haines, 12 Nov 1946; BBC WA, R9/9/10 – LR/6869.
25. Fay Weldon, Auto da Fay (2002), pp 154–5; M-O A, FR 2429A; Hodgson, 24 Nov 1946; Speed, 10 Oct 1946; Langford, 8 Dec 1946; Haines, 19 Dec 1946.
26. Speed, 5 Dec 1946; St John, 15 Dec 1946; Hodson, Way, p 299; Mass-Observation, Puzzled People (1947), pp 21–2, 42, 51–2, 65, 77, 83–4, 120, 122.
27. Ferdynand Zweig, Labour, Life and Poverty (1949), pp 7, 58–64, 127–30, 134–6, 146–7, 152, 154–6, 175.
5 Constructively Revolutionary
1. Spectator, 20 Sept 2003 (Raymond Carr); Fabian, G 49/10.
2. Chaplin, 7/3/1, 21 Feb 1946, 12 Jun 1946; Durham Chronicle, 21 Feb 1947.
3. Daly, 302/5/8, 302/4/1, 6 Jan 1946, 302/3/1, 23 Feb 1947; Guardian, 24 Aug 1979.
3. 4. Heap, 8 Sept 1945; Ben Pimlott, Hugh Dalton (1985), p 434; Like It Was: The
4. Diaries of Malcolm Muggeridge (1981), p 204; Mervyn Jones, Michael Foot (1994), p 141; Kenneth O. Morgan, Callaghan (Oxford, 1997), p 60; New Statesman, 2 Nov 1946.
5. Brown, 1/15, 14 Feb 1946; Brian Brivati, introduction to Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin (2002), p xiii; Peter Weiler, ‘Britain and the First Cold War’, Twentieth Century British History, 9/1 (1998), pp 127–38; The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, Volume IV (1968), p 222; Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin, Foreign Secretary, 1945–1951 (Oxford, 1983), p 221; Chips: The Diaries of Sir Henry Channon (1967), pp 411–12; The New Yorker, 20 October 1945; Tatler, 5 Dec 1945.
6. Langford, 24 May 1946; Margaret Gowing, Britain and Atomic Energy, 1945–1952: Volume I (1974), p 184; Peter Hennessy, Whitehall (Pimlico edn, 2001), p 713.
7. Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, Volume Three (2000), p 470; Bernard Donoughue and G. W. Jones, Herbert Morrison (1973), p 353; Richard Toye, ‘“The Gentlemen in Whitehall” Reconsidered’, Labour History Review (Aug 2002), pp 197–9.
8. Alec Cairncross, Years of Recovery (1985), p 303; Kenneth O. Morgan, Labour in Power, 1945–1951 (Oxford, 1984), pp 130, 135; Glen O’Hara, ‘British Economic and Social Planning, 1959–1970’ (PhD, University of London, 2002), pp 4–5.
9. Donoughue and Jones, Herbert Morrison, p 354; Stephen Brooke, ‘Problems of “Socialist Planning”’, Historical Journal, 34/3 (1991), p 692; Richard Toye, ‘Gosplanners versus Thermostatters’, Contemporary British History (Winter 2000), p 93.
10. J. D. Tomlinson, ‘The Iron Quadrilateral’, Journal of British Studies (Jan 1995), p 100; Elizabeth Durbin, New Jerusalems (1985), p 74; Jim Tomlinson, ‘Attlee’s Inheritance and the Financial System’, Financial History Review (1994), p 145; Nicholas Davenport, Memoirs of a City Radical (1974), pp 72, 149.
11. Martin Francis, ‘Economics and Ethics’, Twentieth Century British History, 6/2 (1995), pp 240–41; James Lansdale Hodson, The Way Things Are (1947), p 135; Hansard, 6 May 1946, cols 604–5.
12. The Times, 28 Oct 1946; Manny Shinwell, Lead With The Left (1981), p 136; Geoffrey Goodman, ‘The Role of Industrial Correspondents’, in Alan Campbell et al (eds), British Trade Unions and Industrial Politics, Volume One (Aldershot, 1999), p 27; Hodson, Way, p 174; Tom Driberg, ‘Swaff’ (1974), p 223; Michael Young, Labour’s Plan for Plenty (1947), p 80.
6 Farewell Squalor
1. The Times, 30 May 1946; Financial Times, 23 Apr 1946; Correlli Barnett, The Audit of War (Pan edn, 1996), p 276; Jim Tomlinson, ‘Welfare and the Economy’, Twentieth Century British History, 6/2 (1995), p 219; Tomlinson, ‘Why So Austere?’, Journal of Social Policy (Jan 1998), p 64.
2. Barnett, Audit, p 304; Julian Le Grand, Motivation, Agency and Public Policy (Oxford, 2003), p 7.
3. Charles Webster, ‘Birth of a Dream’, in Geoffrey Goodman (ed), The State of the Nation (1997), p 120.
4. Rudolf Klein, The New Politics of the NHS (1995), pp 26, 17, 20; David Widgery, The National Health (1988), p 25; Bruce Cardew, ‘The Family Doctor’, in James Farndale (ed), Trends in the National Health Service (Oxford, 1964), p 157; Wellcome Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine, Archives, GP/7/A.6; Rodney Lowe, The Welfare State in Britain since 1945 (Basingstoke, 1999), p 176; John Campbell, Nye Bevan (1997), p 179; Michael Foot, Aneurin Bevan, Volume 2 (1973), p 155.
5. Nicholas Timmins, The Five Giants (2001), pp 135–6; Joan C. Brown, ‘Poverty in Post-war Britain’, in James Obelkevich and Peter Catterall (eds), Understanding Post-war British Society (1994), p 117; Alan Deacon and Jonathan Bradshaw, Reserved for the Poor (Oxford, 1983), p 47.
6. Tomlinson, ‘Austere’, pp 67–73; David Vincent, Poor Citizens (Harlow, 1991), pp 128–9.
7. Andrew Saint, Towards a Social Architecture (1987), p 239; Betty D. Vernon, Ellen Wilkinson (1982), p 217; Gary McCulloch and Liz Sobell, ‘Towards a Social History of the Secondary Modern Schools’, History of Education (Sept 1994), p 279; Michael Young, Labour’s Plan for Plenty (1947), p 117; P. J. Kemeny, ‘Dualism in Secondary Technical Education’, British Journal of Sociology (Mar 1970), p 86; D. W. Dean, ‘Planning for a Post-war Generation’, History of Education (Jun 1986), p 107; Barnett, Audit, p 302.
8. Brian Simon, Education and the Social Order, 1940–1990 (1991), pp 104–6; Alan Kerckhoff et al, Going Comprehensive in England and Wales (1996), pp 18–19; Vernon, Ell
en Wilkinson, pp 6–7; Howard Glennerster, British Social Policy since 1945 (Oxford, 1995), p 62; Martin Francis, ‘“Not Reformed Capitalism, But . . . Democratic Socialism”’, in Harriet Jones and Michael Kandiah (eds), The Myth of Consensus (Basingstoke, 1996), p 43; Ross McKibbin, Classes and Cultures (Oxford, 1998), p 234.
9. John Colville, The Fringes of Power, Volume Two (Sceptre edn, 1987), p 262; The Times, 29 Jun 1946; Dean, ‘Planning’, p 114; McKibbin, Classes, p 246.
10. Fred Grundy and Richard M. Titmuss, Report on Luton (Luton, 1945), p 66; Alison Ravetz, ‘Housing the People’, in Jim Fyrth (ed), Labour’s Promised Land? (1995), pp 161–2; Sunday Pictorial, 21 Jul 1946.
11. Brian Lund, Housing Problems and Housing Policy (Harlow, 1996), p 41; Timmins, Five Giants, p 145; Steven Fielding et al, ‘England Arise!’ (Manchester, 1995), pp 103–4.
12. Bertram Hutchinson, Willesden and the New Towns (1947), pts III, VII; The Times, 7 Mar 1946; Patrick Dunleavy, The Politics of Mass Housing in Britain, 1945–1975 (Oxford, 1981), p 229.
13. Nigel Warburton, Ernö Goldfinger (2004), pp 126–9; Osborn, p 102; Coventry Standard, 31 Aug 1946; J. M. Richards, The Castles on the Ground (1946), p 13; Richards, Memoirs of an Unjust Fella (1980), p 188; John Betjeman, Coming Home (1997), pp 198–9.
14. Garry Philipson, Aycliffe and Peterlee New Towns (Cambridge, 1988), p 28; James Landsdale Hodson, The Way Things Are (1947), pp 282–3.
15. Andrew Homer, ‘Creating New Communities’, Contemporary British History (Spring 2000), pp 65–70; Meryl Aldridge, The British New Towns (1979), p 33; Colin Ward, New Town, Home Town (Stevenage, 1980), pp 10–11; Bob Mullan, Stevenage Ltd (1980), p 42.
16. M-O A, FR 2375; Harold Orlans, Stevenage (1952), pp 63–7; Jack Balchin, First New Town (Stevenage, 1980), pp 10–11; Mullan, Stevenage Ltd p 42.
17. Elain Harwood, ‘The Road to Subtopia’, in Andrew Saint (ed), London Suburbs (1999), p 133; Saint, Social Architecture, p 58. See also Andrew Blowers, ‘London’s Out-county Estates’, Town and Country Planning (Sept 1973), pp 409–14.
18. Simon Berry and Hamish Whyte (eds), Glasgow Observed (Edinburgh, 1987), p 234; N. R. Fyfe, ‘Contested Visions of a Modern City’, Environment and Planning A, 28/(1996), p 393; Miles Glendinning, ‘“Public Building”’, Planning History, 14/(1992), p 15.
19. Nick Tiratsoo et al, Urban Reconstruction in Britain and Japan, 1945–55 (Luton, 2002), pp 40–41; John J. Parkinson-Bailey, Manchester (Manchester, 2000), p 189; Percy Johnson-Marshall, Rebuilding Cities (Edinburgh, 1966), p 294; Alison Ravetz, Remaking Cities (1980), p 24; Peter Mandler, ‘New Towns for Old’, in Becky Conekin et al (eds), Moments of Modernity (1999), p 214; Peter J. Larkham, ‘The Place of Urban Conservation in the UK Reconstruction Plans of 1942–1952’, Planning Perspectives (Jul 2003), pp 295–324.
20. Larkham, ‘Place’, p 303; David Kynaston, The City of London, Volume IV (2001), p 128; Junichi Hasegawa, Replanning the Blitzed City Centre (Buckingham, 1992), p 120.
21. Coventry Evening Telegraph, 10/13/19 Oct 1945; Phil Hubbard et al, ‘Contesting the Modern City’, Planning Perspectives (Oct 2003), p 388.
22. Tiratsoo et al, Urban Reconstruction, p 11; Ravetz, Remaking, pp 39, 66; Arnold Whittick, F.J.O. (1987), p 91; J. B. Cullingworth, Town and Country Planning in England and Wales (1964), p 269; Headlam, pp 505–6; The Times, 1 Jul 1948.
23. Edmund Dell, A Strange Eventful History (1999), p 74; Alun Howkins, The Death of Rural England (2003), p 147; Scott Newton and Dilwyn Porter, Modernisation Frustrated (1988), p 117; Financial Times, 16 Feb 1991 (Andrew St George); Independent, 23 Oct 1999 (Duff Hart-Davis).
7 Glad to Sit at Home
1. Streat, p 310; Anthony Howard, ‘“We Are The Masters Now”’, in Michael Sissons and Philip French (eds), Age of Austerity (Oxford, 1986), p 16; James Lees-Milne, Caves of Ice (Faber edn, 1984), pp 38, 46; Independent, 16 Dec 1991; David Kynaston, The City of London, Volume IV (2001), pp 8–9, 19, 24; Ralph Miliband, Parliamentary Socialism (1972), p 291.
2. James Lansdale Hodson, The Way Things Are (1947), p 309; Martin Daunton, Just Taxes (Cambridge, 2002), p 221; Kenneth O. Morgan, Labour in Power, 1945–1951 (Oxford, 1984), p 185.
3. The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, Volume II (1968), p 99; The Complete Works of George Orwell, Volume 16 (1998), p 425; The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, Volume IV (1968), pp 220–21; Kenneth O. Morgan, The People’s Peace (Oxford, 1990), p 108; Osborn, p 108; John Littlewood, North Hants Golf Club Centenary History, 1904–2004 (Droitwich, 2004), p 65.
4. David Cannadine, In Churchill’s Shadow (2002), p 236; Lees-Milne, Caves, p 94; J. B. Priestley, Letter to a Returning Serviceman (1945), p 31; Steven Fielding et al, ‘England Arise!’ (Manchester, 1995), pp 137–8.
5. Fielding et al, ‘England Arise!’, pp 139, 152–4; Richard Weight, Patriots (2002), pp 185, 190.
6. Radio Times, 27 Sept 1946; Fielding et al, ‘England Arise!’, p 147; Radio Times, 27 Sept 1946; BBC WA, R9/9/11 – LR/47/1778, 6 Nov 1947; BBC WA, R9/9/11 – LR/47/161, 3 Feb 1947; BBC WA, R9/9/12 – LR/48/596, 16 Apr 1948; Listener, 30 Jan 1947; Asa Briggs, The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Volume IV (Oxford, 1979), p 82.
7. Priestley, Letter, p 30; Raphael Samuel, ‘The Lost World of British Communism’, New Left Review (Nov/Dec 1985), p 8; Osborn, p 133; Fielding et al, ‘England Arise!’, chap 5.
8. Bertram Hutchinson, Willesden and the New Towns (1947), pt IV; Planning, 15 Aug 1947, p 72; M-O A, TC 53/2/A; Listener, 23 Oct 1947.
9. Dilwyn Porter, ‘The Attlee Years Reassessed’, Contemporary European History, 4/(1994), p 98; Sagittarius, Let Cowards Flinch (1947), p 24; Speed, 14 Oct 1946.
8 Christ It’s Bleeding Cold
1. Hodgson, 1 Jan 1947; William Ashworth, The History of the British Coal Industry, Volume 5 (Oxford, 1986), pp 6, 3; Bill Jones et al, ‘“Going from Darkness to the Light”’, Llafur, 7/1 (1996), pp 103–8; Durham Chronicle, 10 Jan 1947; Coal Magazine (Jan 1949), p 7.
2. Ferdynand Zweig, Men in the Pits (1948), pp 10, 15, 108–11, 142–3.
3. Jones et al, ‘“Going”’, pp 100, 104; Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, ‘South Wales Miners’ Attitudes towards Nationalisation’, Llafur, 6/(1994), pp 73–4, 76; Peter Ackers and Jonathan Payne, ‘Before the Storm’, Social History (May 2002), pp 193–4.
4. W. R. Garside, The Durham Miners, 1919–1960 (1971), p 395; Mark Tookey, ‘Three’s a Crowd?’, Twentieth Century British History, 12/(2001), pp 500, 504– 5, 495; Gaitskell, pp 28–30; Alex J. Robertson, The Bleak Midwinter (Manchester, 1987), p 73.
5. Heap, 22 Jan 1947; Speed, 24–5/28–30 Jan 1947; SWCC (South Wales Coalfield Collection at Archives, University of Wales Swansea), Oakdale Navigation Lodge minutes, MNA/NUM/L/59/A23; James Lees-Milne, Caves of Ice (Faber edn, 1984), p 131.
6. London Magazine (Aug 1956), pp 45–7; John Lehmann, The Ample Proposition (1966), pp 30, 70.
7. Lewis, 3 Feb 1947; King, 3/5 Feb 1947; James Lansdale Hodson, The Way Things Are (1947), pp 313, 316; King, 7 Feb 1947; Financial Times, 8 Feb 1947; Ferguson, 9 Feb 1947; Hodgson, 9 Feb 1947; Lees-Milne, Caves, p 134.
8. Robertson, Bleak Midwinter, pp 18, 21, 95–6; Jones et al, ‘“Going”’, pp 101, 108; SWCC, Penalta Lodge records, MNA/NUM/L/63/D50; Zweig, Pits, pp 17–18. .
9. The Letters of Kingsley Amis (2000), p 116; David Kynaston, The City of London, Volume IV (2001), p 18; Speed, 10/18 Feb 1947; Haines, 13 Feb 1947; Langford, 14/16/22 Feb 1947; Heap, 19 Feb 1947; Lewis, 14/19 Feb 1947.
10. M-O A, TC 68/5/B; Robertson, Bleak Midwinter, p 116.
11. Roy Hattersley, A Yorkshire Boyhood (1983), p 135; Bill Wyman, Stone Alone (1990), p 47; John Coldstream, Dirk Bogarde (2004), pp 162–7; Artemis Cooper, Writing at the Kitchen Table (1999), pp 131–2.
12. Robertson, Bleak Midwinter, pp 117–18; Hodgson, 3 Mar 1947; Langford, 10 Mar 1947.
13. Ford, 18 Mar 1947; Susan Cooper, ‘Snoek Piquante’, in Michael Sissons and Philip French (eds)
, Age of Austerity (Oxford, 1986), p 37; Robertson, Bleak Midwinter, pp 122–5; Steven Fielding et al, ‘England Arise!’ (Manchester, 1995), pp 161–2; MO A, TC 25/17/F; Times, 19 Mar 1947.
14. Robertson, Bleak Midwinter, p 158; Pearson Phillips, ‘The New Look’, in Sissons and French, Age of Austerity, p 127.
15. Zweig, Pits, pp 11, 155–60; Roy Mason, Paying the Price (1999), p 42.
16. See the stimulating, persuasive analysis in Ackers and Payne, ‘Before the Storm’, pp 184–209.
17. M-O A, FR 3007.
9 Our Prestige at Stake
1. M-O A, TC 3/3/C; Mary Abbott, Family Affairs (2003), p 111; News Chronicle, 15 Apr 1948.
2. Hodgson, 10 Mar 1947; M-O A, TC 1/9/F; Janice Winship, ‘Nation Before Family’, in Formations of Nations and People (1984), pp 197–8.
Austerity Britain Page 79