7. Dan Smith, An Autobiography (Newcastle upon Tyne, 1970), pp 1–33; Proceedings of the Council of the City and County of Newcastle upon Tyne for 1950–1951 (Newcastle upon Tyne, 1951), pp 16–17, 96. In the absence of a biography of Smith, see also the special issue of North East Labour History (1994, Bulletin no 28).
8. Dan Jacobson, ‘Time of Arrival’, in Ian Hamilton (ed), The Penguin Book of Twentieth-Century Essays (1999), p 300; Hodgson, 19 Mar 1950; Raynham, 1 May 1950; Golden, 26 Apr 1950, 16 Jul 1950; Robert J. Wybrow, Britain Speaks Out, 1937–87 (Basingstoke, 1989), p 29.
9. The New Yorker, 29 Apr 1950; Reader’s Digest, Yesterday’s Britain (1998), pp 204– 5; Guardian, 27 Dec 1990 (Raitz interview).
10. Independent, 11 Nov 1989 (Ronay interview); Independent, 9 Sept 2000 (Patten interview); Stuart Hylton, Reading in the 1950s (Stroud, 1997), pp 9, 23.
11. Observer, 18 Jun 1950; Times Literary Supplement, 26 Nov 1999 (Arabella Boxer); Guardian, 24 Apr 2004 (Ian Jack). In general on David, see: Artemis Cooper, Writing at the Kitchen Table (1999).
12. Dictionary of Labour Biography, Volume II (1974), pp 304–11 (entry by Margaret Cole); Raymond Postgate (ed), The Good Food Guide, 1951–1952 (1951), pp 7, 132; Independent, 8 Jul 1989 (Anthony Howard). See also Clarke, Shadow, pp 135–6.
Independent13. Independent, 30 Nov 1999 (Steve Connor).
14. Independent, 30 May 1998 (Eddie Baily interview), 10 Feb 1996 (Neil Franklin obituary by Ivan Ponting). See also: Stephen Wagg, The Football World (Brighton, 1984), p 85; Rogan Taylor and Andrew Ward, Kicking and Screaming (1995), chap 8.
15. Vijay P. Kumar, Cricket Lovely Cricket (New York, 2000), p 124; Mike Phillips and Trevor Phillips, Windrush (1998), pp 101, 103; London Is The Place For Me (CD) (2002).
16. David Rayvern Allen, Arlott (1994), pp 145–53; BBC WA, Any Questions?, 8 Dec 1950; Like It Was: The Diaries of Malcolm Muggeridge (1981), p 401.
17. Jacobson, ‘Time of Arrival’, p 301; John Barron Mays, Growing Up in the City (Liverpool, 1954), p 43; Picture Post, 22 Apr 1950; Michael Banton, The Coloured Quarter (1955), pp 182–9.
18. Steven Tolliday, ‘High Tide and After’, in Bill Lancaster and Tony Mason (eds), Life and Labour in a Twentieth-Century City (Coventry, 1986?), p 207; Richard Holt, Stanmore Golf Club, 1893–1993 (Stanmore, 1993), p 63; The Times, 9 Jul 1990, Independent, 10 Jul 1990 (obituaries of Dick Turpin).
19. Michael Banton, ‘The Influence of Colonial Status upon Black-White Relations in England, 1948–58’, Sociology (Nov 1983), pp 549–55.
20. Kathleen Paul, Whitewashing Britain (Ithaca, 1997), p 132; John Barnes, Ahead of His Age (1979), p 427; D. W. Dean, ‘Coping with Colonial Immigration, the Cold War and Colonial Policy’, Immigrants & Minorities (Nov 1987), pp 324–5; Randall Hansen, ‘The Politics of Citizenship in 1940s Britain’, Twentieth Century British History, 10/(1999), pp 91–3.
21. Guardian, 23 Jul 2005 (Caryl Phillips), 22 Jun 1995 (Maya Jaggi).
22. Roland Quinault, ‘Britain 1950’, History Today (Apr 2001), p 17; Banton, Coloured Quarter, p 190; Donald Hinds, Journey to an Illusion (1966), pp 60–61.
23. Barbara Pym, Some Tame Gazelle (Grafton Books edn, 1981), p 5; Hazel Holt, A Lot to Ask (1990), p 151; New Statesman, 1 Jul 1950; The Dictionary of National Biography: 1971–1980 (Oxford, 1986), p 695 (entry by Philip Larkin); Barbara Pym Papers (Bodleian Library, Oxford), 163/1, fol 10.
24. Cliff Goodwin, To Be A Lady (1995), pp 156–8; The Times, 12 Jun 1998 (Cookson obituary). See also Robert Colls, ‘Cookson, Chaplin and Common’, in K.D.M. Snell (ed), The Regional Novel in Britain and Ireland, 1800–1990 (Cambridge, 1998), pp 164–200.
25. Margaret Drabble, Angus Wilson (1995), pp 167–74.
26. This paragraph is based on: Adam Sisman, A.J.P. Taylor (1994), pp 196–7; Mervyn Jones, Michael Foot (1994), pp 177–8; Asa Briggs, Sound and Vision (Oxford, 1995), pp 548–51; Kathleen Burk, Troublemaker (New Haven, 2000), pp 383–6.
27. Independent, 7 Jun 1999 (Brough obituary); Cliff Goodwin, When the Wind Changed (1999), pp 128–31.
28. Haines, 5 Jul 1950; David Oswell, Television, Childhood and the Home (Oxford, 2002), pp 56, 63, 64; Hilary Kingsley and Geoff Tibballs, Box of Delights (1989), p 13; BBC WA, R9/13/51.
29. E. W. Swanton, Sort of a Cricket Person (1972), p 172; Swanton, As I Said at the Time (1983), p 308; Wisden Cricketers’ Almanack, 1951 (1951), p 276; Stephen Wagg, ‘“Time Gentlemen Please”’, in Adrian Smith and Dilwyn Porter (eds), Amateurs and Professionals – Post-War British Sport (2000), pp 31–59; Rex Warner and Lyle Blair, Ashes to Ashes (1951), pp 29, 101.
30. Picture Post, 15/29 Jul 1950.
31. Independent, 14 May 1996 (Malcolm Hornsby), 26 Oct 1998 (Lord Sainsbury obituary by Robert Butler); Reader’s Digest, Yesterday’s Britain, p 205; Margaret Forster, Hidden Lives (1995), pp 165–9.
32. Independent, 26 Jun 1993 (Colin Welland); Joe Orton Papers (Special Collections, University of Leicester), 1/20/1, 10 Aug 1950; Speed, 19 Aug 1950.
33. John Hilton Bureau Papers (Special Collections, University of Sussex), Box 12: Journal 1949–54, ‘Extracts from Letters’, 31 Aug 1950; Speed, 13 Aug 1950; M-O A, D 5353, 14 Aug 1950.
11 The Heaviest Burden
1. Streat, pp 528–30; Patrick Gordon Walker, Political Diaries, 1932–1971 (1992), p 187. 2. Bernard Donoughue and G. W. Jones, Herbert Morrison (2001), p 456; Mervyn
2. Jones, Michael Foot (1994), p 179; Robert J. Wybrow, Britain Speaks Out, 1937– 87 (Basingstoke, 1989), p 29.
3. Kenneth Harris, Attlee (1982), p 452; Peter Clarke, The Cripps Version (2002), pp 496–7; Neil Rollings, ‘“Poor Mr Butskell”’, Twentieth Century British History, 5/2 (1994), pp 189–95; Glen O’Hara, ‘British Economic and Social Planning, 1959– 1970’ (PhD, University of London, 2002), p 6; Kenneth O. Morgan, Callaghan (Oxford, 1997), pp 106–7.
4. Scott Kelly, ‘Ministers Matter’, Contemporary British History (Winter 2000), pp 39–40; Financial Times, 11 Jul 1950.
5. Brian Brivati, Hugh Gaitskell (1996), p 116; Philip M. Williams, Hugh Gaitskell (1979), p 214.
6. Fabian, G 50/3; Political Quarterly (Jan–Mar 1953), p 103; Matthew Hilton, ‘The Fable of the Sheep’, Past & Present (Aug 2002), pp 234–5; Martin Francis, ‘Economics and Ethics’, Twentieth Century British History, 6/2 (1995), p 240; Asa Briggs, Michael Young (Basingstoke, 2001), p 99.
7. Listener, 8 Jun 1950; Francis, ‘Economics and Ethics’, p 239; Susan Crosland, Tony Crosland (1982), p 54.
8. Robert Shepherd, Iain Macleod (1994), pp 59–61; Robert Walsha, ‘The One Nation Group’, Twentieth Century British History, 11/(2000), pp 193–4; Iain Macleod and Angus Maude (eds), One Nation (1950), pp 18, 90.
9. New Statesman, 22 Apr 1950; A. H. Halsey, No Discouragement (1996), p 218; Alan Deacon, ‘Richard Titmuss’, Journal of Social Policy (Apr 1993), pp 236–7; Hilary Rose, ‘Rereading Titmuss’, Journal of Social Policy (Oct 1981), pp 480–81; Margaret Gowing, ‘Richard Morris Titmuss’, in Proceedings of the British Academy (1975), p 428; David Reisman, Richard Titmuss (Basingstoke, 2001), pp 22–3. See also Ann Oakley, Man and Wife (1996), a remarkable portrait of her parents’ early years.
10. Ben Pimlott, Hugh Dalton (1985), p 580; Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 1945–1951 (Oxford, 1983), p 782; John Campbell, Edward Heath (1993), p 76; Edward Pearce, Denis Healey (2002), p 141; Mamaine Koestler, Living with Koestler (1985), p 159.
11. The New Yorker, 17 Jun 1950; New Statesman, 10 Jun 1950; Alan McKinley et al, ‘Reluctant Europeans?’, Business History (Oct 2000), p 96; Edmund Dell, A Strange Eventful History (1999), p 188.
12. David Kynaston, The Financial Times (1988), p 230; Peter Hennessy, Never Again (1992), p 410; Bullock, Ernest Bevin, p 799; David Marquand, The Progressive Dilemma (1999), p 125.
13. Correlli Barnett, The Verdict of Peace (2001), pp 16, 24, 26; Sean Greenwood, ‘“A War We Don’t Want”’, Contemporary British History (Winter 2003), pp 1–24.
14. Speed, 5 Jul 1950; France
s Partridge, Everything to Lose (1985), p 123; Haines, 30 Jul 1950; Wybrow, Britain Speaks, p 29; Hodgson, 10 Dec 1950; The Letters of Kingsley Amis (2000), p 252.
15. Dianne Kirby, ‘Ecclesiastical McCarthyism’, Contemporary British History (Jun 2005), pp 191–3; James Cameron, Point of Departure (Panther edn, 1985), pp 145– 9; Bill Moore, Cold War in Sheffield (Sheffield, 1990); Steve Parsons, ‘British “McCarthyism” and the Intellectuals’, in Jim Fyrth (ed), Labour’s Promised Land? (1995), p 240; Hugh Wilford, ‘“Unwitting Assets?”’, Twentieth Century British History, 11/1 (2000), p 47; Independent, 18 Jul 1995 (Spender obituary by Peter Porter).
16. Kevin Morgan, Harry Pollitt (Manchester, 1993), p 169; Mervyn Jones, Chances (1987), pp 117–18; Times Literary Supplement, 5 Oct 2001 (John Jones); Lionel Blue, My Affair with Christianity (1998), p 19.
17. Daly, 302/3/2, 31 Oct 1950, 302/5/2, 3–17 Nov 1950.
18. Barnett, Verdict, p 33; Samuel Brittan, Steering the Economy (Penguin edn, 1971),
18p 184; Andrew Shonfield, British Economic Policy since the War (1958), p 56; Barnett, Verdict, p 35; Jim Tomlinson, Democratic Socialism and Economic Policy (Cambridge, 1997), p 234; Peter Burnham, ‘Rearming for the Korean War’, Contemporary Record (Autumn 1995), pp 343–67.
19. John Campbell, Nye Bevan (1997), p 220; The New Yorker, 21 Oct 1950.
20. Williams, Hugh Gaitskell, p 238; Gaitskell, p 216; Ben Pimlott, Harold Wilson (1992), p 157; Like It Was: The Diaries of Malcolm Muggeridge (1981), p 421; Campbell, Bevan, pp 225–6.
21. Gaitskell, pp 233, 237–8; Williams, Hugh Gaitskell, p 248; Campbell, Bevan, p 233; Brivati, Hugh Gaitskell, p 117; Campbell, Bevan, p 233.
22. Daily Express, 1 Jan 1951; Crosland, Crosland, p 52; Jad Adams, Tony Benn (1992), p 74; BBC WA, Any Questions?, 9 Mar 1951; Tony Benn, Years of Hope (1994), p 145.
23. Hodgson, Christmas 1950; Richard Weight, Patriots (2002), p 133; The Macmillan Diaries: The Cabinet Years, 1950–1957 (2003), pp 38–40; The Journal of Sir Randall Philip (Edinburgh, 1998), p 199; The Times, 2 Apr 2004 (Gavin Vernon obituary); The Letters of Hugh MacDiarmid (1984), p 269.
24. Christopher Harvie, Scotland and Nationalism (1998), pp 120–23, 171; Richard J. Finlay, Modern Scotland, 1914–2000 (2004), pp 203–21.
25. Janet Davies, ‘The Welsh Language’, in Trevor Herbert and Gareth Elwyn Jones (eds), Post-War Wales (Cardiff, 1995), p 55; Spectator, 22May 2004 (Hywel Williams).
26. Independent, 18 Sept 1998 (Jones obituary by Meic Stephens). For a somewhat kindlier assessment, see obituary in Daily Telegraph, 15 Sept 1998.
12 A Kind of Measuring-Rod
1. Langford, 4 Sept 1950.
2. This paragraph is based on: Matthew Hilton, Smoking in British Popular Culture,
2. 1800–2000 (Basingstoke, 2000), pp 179–80; Independent, 3 Aug 2000 (Jeremy Laurance); Virginia Berridge, ‘Post-war Smoking Policy in the UK and the Redefinition of Public Health’, Twentieth Century British History, 14/(2003), pp 64– 6; Observer, 24 Apr 2005 (Simon Garfield).
3. Chaplin, 7/3/1, 24 Jul 1950, 23 Nov 1950, 22 Dec 1950; Northern Despatch, 29 Aug 1950; Coal (Oct 1950), pp 10–17; Times Literary Supplement, 13 Oct 1950. For a penetrating assessment of Chaplin at this time, see also Robert Colls, ‘Cookson, Chaplin and Common’, in K.D.M. Snell (ed), The Regional Novel in Britain and Ireland, 1800–1990 (Cambridge, 1998), pp 164–200.
4. Hodgson, 22 Oct 1950; Max Wall, The Fool on the Hill (1975), pp 192–3, 249–50; Graham McCann, Frankie Howerd (2004), p 110.
5. Listener, 16 Nov 1950; Peter Willmott, ‘Integrity in Social Science – The Upshot of a Scandal’, International Social Science Journal, 29/(1977), p 335. In general on Burt’s influence and legacy, see: L. S. Hearnshaw, Cyril Burt (1979); Robin Pedley, The Comprehensive School (Penguin edn, 1969), pp 35–6; John Vaizey, In Breach of Promise (1983), p 117; Brian Simon, Education and the Social Order, 1940–1990 (1991), pp 157–9.
6. The Times, 1 Jul 2000; Tom Courtenay, Dear Tom (2000), pp 76–7; Cliff Richard, Which One’s Cliff? (Coronet edn, 1981), p 31; Independent, 21 Sept 2004 (Clough obituary); Colin Brown, Fighting Talk (1997), pp 34–6.
7. Brian Simon, ‘The Tory Government and Education, 1951–60’, History of Education (Dec 1985), p 295; Courtenay, Dear Tom, p 92; TV Times, 14 Dec 1974; Joan Bakewell, The Centre of the Bed (2003), pp 62, 66–7; Peter Stead, ‘Barry since 1939’, in Donald Moore (ed), Barry (Barry Island, 1985), pp 458–61.
8. Steven Berkoff, Free Association (1996), p 11; Chris Bryant, Glenda Jackson (1999), pp 13, 16; Adrian Turner, Robert Bolt (1998), p 69; Preston, 21 Mar 1951.
9. Sociological Review (Nov 1963), p 380 (Olive Banks); Olive Banks, Parity and Prestige in English Secondary Education (1955), p 216; Nicholas Timmins, The Five Giants (2001), pp 153–4.
10. William Taylor, The Secondary Modern School (1963), pp 12–13; Socialist Commentary (Sept 1951), p 214; Brown, Fighting Talk, p 35.
11. BBC 2, The New Jerusalem: A Place in the Class, 2 Jul 1995; Rhodes Boyson, Speaking My Mind (1995), pp 43–7; Edward Blishen, Roaring Boys (Panther edn, 1966), back cover, pp 20–21; BBC 2, From Butler to Baker, 11 Jan 1994.
12. F. W. Martin, ‘An Inquiry into Parents’ Preferences in Secondary Education’, in D. V. Glass (ed), Social Mobility in Britain (1954), chapt 7.
13. Ibid, p 171; Picture Post, 28 Jan 1950.
14. Bill Wyman, Stone Alone (1990), p 55; Blishen, Roaring Boys, p 15; Simon, Education, p 99.
15. H. T. Himmelweit, ‘Social Status and Secondary Education since the 1944 Act’, in Glass, Social Mobility, pp 141–59.
16. D. W. Dean, ‘Planning for a Postwar Generation’, History of Education (Jun 1986), p 101; Robert G. Burgess, ‘Changing Concepts of Secondary Education’, in Bill Lancaster and Tony Mason (eds), Life and Labour in a Twentieth-Century City (Coventry, 1986?), p 298; Ross McKibbin, Classes and Cultures (Oxford, 1998), p 235.
17. Laurence Thompson, Portrait of England (1952), pp 7, 190–94.
18. V. S. Naipaul, Letters Between a Father and Son (1999), pp 28, 45, 63–5.
19. Phyllis Willmott, Joys and Sorrows (1995), p 128; M-O A, D 5353, 6 Jan 1951; Haines, 13 Jan 1951; Sunday Chronicle, 11 Mar 1951.
20. M-O A, Directives for Mar–Apr 1951, Replies (Women F–N); Haines, 28 Mar 1951; M-O A, Directives for Mar–Apr 1951, Replies (Men); BBC WA, Any Questions? , 29 Sept 1950; Phil Walley, Accrington Stanley Football Club (Stroud, 2001), p 31.
21. BBC WA, R9/74/1, Nov 1950–Feb 1951; Denis Gifford, The Golden Age of Radio (1985), p 295; M-O A, D 5353, 5/19 Mar 1951.
22. BBC WA, R9/74/1, May 1951, Oct 1950; William Smethurst, The Archers (1996), p 12; Asa Briggs, Sound and Vision (Oxford, 1995), p 99; BBC WA, R9/74/1, Feb– Mar 1951, May 1951; Richard Weight, Patriots (2002), p 159.
23. The Times, 23 Jan 1951; John Caughie, Television Drama (Oxford, 2000), p 36; Times Literary Supplement, 1 Oct 1999 (Mick Hume); Briggs, Sound and Vision, pp 416-19.
24. Briggs, Sound and Vision, pp 345, 40; Evening Standard, 19 Jan 1951.
25. Caughie, Television, pp 33–4; Peter Goddard, ‘“Hancock’s Half-Hour”’, in John Corner (ed), Popular Television in Britain (1991), p 76; Mark Lewisohn, Radio Times Guide to TV Comedy (2003), pp 389, 754; Hodgson, 1 Apr 1951; Speed, 24/28 Mar 1951; Brown, 1/16, 2 Apr 1951.
26. Caughie, Television Drama, pp 37–41; BBC WA, R9/4, 12 Feb–11 Mar 1950, R9/19/1, Jun 1950, Feb 1951, Mar 1951, May 1951, Mar 1952.
27. Guardian, 4 Jul 2005; Heap, 18 Jan 1950; Langford, 21 Jan 1950; The New Yorker, 11 Feb 1950; Heap, 3 May 1950; Robert Hewison, In Anger (1986), p 81.
28. Dominic Shellard, ‘1950–54’, in Shellard (ed), British Theatre in the 1950s (Sheffield, 2000), pp 28–40; Richard Huggett, Binkie Beaumont (1989), p 424; Christopher Innes, ‘Terence Rattigan’, in Shellard, British Theatre, pp 53–63; New Statesman, 4 Mar 1950.
29. Heap, 19 Apr 1951; New Statesman, 28 Apr 1951; Huggett, Binkie Beaumont, p 428; Charles Duff, The Lost Summer (1995), p 125.
13 Their
Own Private Domain
1. Langford, 2 Apr 1951; F. T. Burnett and Sheila F. Scott, ‘A Survey of Housing Conditions in the Urban Areas of England and Wales’, Sociological Review (Mar 1962), pp 36–8; F. J. McCulloch, ‘Housing Policy’, Sociological Review (Mar 1961), p 105.
2. Burnett and Scott, ‘Survey’, p 42; K. C. Wiggans, ‘Job and Health in a Shipyard Town’, Sociological Review (1952), Section Five, p 2; New Statesman, 2 Dec 1950.
3. New Statesman, 22 Jul 1950; T. Brennan, Reshaping a City (Glasgow, 1959), pp 20–21; Andrew Gibb, Glasgow (Beckenham, 1983), p 161; Ronald Smith, The Gorbals (Glasgow, 1999), p 15.
4. Alan Holmans, ‘Housing’, in A. H. Halsey (ed), Twentieth-Century British Social Trends (Basingstoke, 2000), p 487; New Statesman, 2 Dec 1950; Miles Horsey, Tenements and Towers (Edinburgh, 1990), p 27.
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