83. Stuart Bruchey, The Wealth of the Nation: An Economic History of the United States (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 124.
84. Chandler, Visible Hand, 110–18.
85. Schweikart, Entrepreneurial Adventure, 195–97.
86. Naomi Lamoreaux, The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 1895–1904 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Louis Galambos and Joseph C. Pratt, The Rise of the Corporate Commonwealth: U.S. Business and Public Policy in the Twentieth Century (New York: Basic Books, 1988).
87. Brodsky, Grover Cleveland, 356.
88. Ibid., 363.
89. Ibid., 387.
90. Ibid., 422.
Chapter 13. “Building Best, Building Greatly,” 1896–1912
1. “The Average American,” Current Literature, 31, 1901, 421; George E. Mowry, The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America, 1900–1912 (New York: Harper Torch-books, 1958), 2–3.
2. Scott Derks, The Value of a Dollar: Prices and Incomes in the United States, 1860–1999 (Lakeville, CT: Grey House Publishing, 1999), 74.
3. Ibid., 73.
4. Derks, Working Americans, 57.
5. Ibid., 62.
6. Leon Trotsky, My Life: An Attempt at an Autobiography (New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1930), 274.
7. Seymour Martin Lipset and Gary Marks, It Didn’t Happen Here: Why Socialism Failed in the United States (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), 16–17.
8. Ibid., 82.
9. Mowry, Era of Theodore Roosevelt, 5.
10. Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), 353.
11. Linda Simon, Genuine Reality: A Life of William James (New York: Harcourt, 1998), xvi–xvii.
12. Ibid., xvii.
13. Ibid., 191.
14. Ibid., 232.
15. Ibid., 234.
16. A good summary of James’s views is found at “William James and Pragmatism,” http://expert. cc.purdue.edu/-miller91/
17. See Philip Jenkins, Mystics and Messiahs: Cults and New Religions in American History (New York: Oxford, 2000), 46–69.
18. Thomas Kinkade, The Spirit of America (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1998), 32.
19. Rhonda Thomas Tripp, compilers, The International Thesaurus of Quotations (New York: Thomas Y. Crowll, 1970), 1041.
20. Kinkade, Spirit of America, 109.
21. John. F. Kennedy, from Tripp, Thesaurus, 20.
22. H. Wayne Morgan, William McKinley and His America (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1963), 23.
23. Quoted in Morgan, William McKinley, 185.
24. Ibid., 269.
25. Lewis L. Gould, The Presidency of William McKinley (Lawrence, KS: Regents Press of Kansas, 1980).
26. Ibid., 49.
27. Morgan, William McKinley, 295.
28. Denis Brian, Pulitzer: A Life (New York: John Wiley, 2001).
29. Morgan, William McKinley, 330.
30. Ibid., 356.
31. Ibid.
32. Frank Friedel, The Splendid Little War (New York: Bramhall House, 1959).
33. Leckie, Wars of America, 351.
34. Friedel, Splendid Little War, 22.
35. Leckie, Wars of America, 349.
36. Ibid., 556.
37. Pershing quoted on the San Juan Hill website, http://www.homeofheroes.com/wallofhonor/ spanish_am/11_crowdedhour. html.
38. Leckie, Wars of America, 561.
39. Leon Wolff, Little Brown Brother (London: Longmans, 1961), 231.
40. Tindall and Shi, America, 2:1053.
41. Ibid., 2:1052.
42. Morris, Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, 719.
43. Morgan, William McKinley, 508.
44. Ibid., 521.
45. Brian Thornton, “When a Newspaper Was Accused of Killing a President,” Journalism History, 26, Autumn 2000, 108–16, quotation on 108.
46. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Ballantine, 1979), 21.
47. Ibid., 22.
48. Ibid., 20.
49. Ibid., 314.
50. Ibid., 227.
51. Patrick F. Palermo, Lincoln Steffens (New York: Twayne, 1978), 15.
52. Johnson, History of the American People, 617; Theodore Rooseevelt, Works (New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1923–1926); H. C. Lodge and Theodore Roosevelt, eds., Selections from the Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt, 2 vols. (New York: Da Capo Press, 1925).
53. Theodore Roosevelt, “Citizenship in a Republic,” Speech at the Sorbonne, Paris, April 23, 1910, quoted online at http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/quotes. htm.
54. Mowry, Era of Theodore Roosevelt, 113.
55. Ibid.
56. Schweikart, Entrepreneurial Adventure, 257.
57. George Bittlingmayer, “Antitrust and Business Activity: The First Quarter Century,” Business History Review, Autumn 1996, available online at http://www. business. ku. edu/home/ gbittlingmayer/research/Antitrustbusiness. pdf.
58. Tindall and Shi, America, 2:1086.
59. Ibid., 830.
60. Tindall and Shi, America, 2:1086.
61. Boyer, et al., Enduring Vision, 639.
62. Mowry, Era of Theodore Roosevelt, 132.
63. Ibid., 167.
64. Ibid., 205.
65. Roderick Nash, The Wilderness in the American Mind (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967).
66. Shepard Kretch III, The Ecological Indian: Myth and History (New York: Norton, 1999), 21.
67. Andrew C. Isenberg, Destruction of the Bison, 189; Edmund Contoski, Makers and Takers: How Wealth and Progress are Made and How They Are Taken Away or Prevented (Minneapolis: American Liberty Publishers, 1997).
68. John Shelton Lawrence and Robert Jewett, The Myth of the American Superhero (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2002), 58.
69. Tindall and Shi, America, 2:1065; Boyer, et al., Enduring Vision, 614.
70. The Outlook, editorial, 74, 1903, 961.
71. New York Times, March 25, 1911.
72. Quoted online at http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/joining. html
73. Quoted at http://www. rose_hulman. edu/~delacova/canal/canal_history. htm.
74. Mowry, Era of Theodore Roosevelt, 159.
75. Judy Mohraz, The Separate Problem: Case Studies of Black Education in the North, 1900–1930 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1979).
76. Quoted online at http://www.bowdoin.edu/~sbodurt2/court/cases/plessy. html
77. Robert L. Zangrando, The NAACP Crusade Against Lynching, 1909–1950 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980); Stewart E. Tolnay and E. M. Beck, Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882–1930 (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1995).
78. Gilbert Osofsky, Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1966), 4.
79. Ibid., 14.
80. Johnson, History of the American People, 665.
81. Alexander B. Callow Jr., American Urban History: An Interpretive Reader with Commentaries (New York: Oxford, 1969); James W. Johnson, Black Manhattan (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1930); Roi Ottley and William J. Weatherby, eds., The Negro in New York: An Informal Social History, 1626–1940 (New York: Praeger, 1969).
82. Gilbert Osofsky, “Harlem Tragedy: An Emerging Slum,” in Callow, American Urban History, 240–62.
83. Kathy Russell, Midge Wilson, Ronald Hall, Color Complex: The Politics of Skin Color Among African Americans (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992).
84. Mowry, Era of Theodore Roosevelt, 220.
85. Ibid., 227.
86. Ibid., 239.
87. Ibid., 244–45.
88. Ibid., 230.
89. Ibid., 259.
90. Michael L. Bromley, William Howard Taft and the First Motoring Presidency, 1909–1913 (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2003).
Chapter 14. War, Wilson, and Internationalism, 1912–20
1. Gilbert, History of the Twentieth Century, 185; Norman Angell, The Great Illusion: A Study of the Relation of Military Power
in Nations to Their Economic and Social Advantage, 3rd ed. (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1911).
2. Ibid., 279.
3. Ibid., 51.
4. Ivan S. Bloch, The Future of War in Its Technical, Economic, and Political Relations: Is War Now Impossible? (New York: Doubleday & McClure, 1899).
5. Larry Schweikart, The Entrepreneurial Adventure: A History of Business in the United States (Fort Worth: Harcourt, 2000), 304–8; Folsom, The Empire Builders: How Michigan Entrepreneurs Helped Make America Great, passim; Henry Ford, in Jonathan R. T. Hughes, The Vital Few: The Entrepreneurs and American Economic Progress, exp. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 274–356; Allan Nevins and F. E. Hill, Ford: The Times, the Man, the Company (New York: Scribner’s, 1954); Allan Nevins, Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915–1933 (New York: Scribner’s, 1957) and his Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 1933–1962 (New York: Scribner’s, 1963); Keith Sward, The Legend of Henry Ford (New York: Rinehart, 1948).
6. Folsom, Empire Builders, 142 and 171.
7. Schweikart, Entrepreneurial Adventure, 306.
8. Hughes, Vital Few, 292.
9. Schweikart, Entrepreneurial Adventure, 306.
10. Hughes, Vital Few, 306–23; Harold Livesay, American Made: Men Who Shaped the American Economy (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 159–72; David E. Kyvig and Myron A. Marty, Nearby History: Exploring the Past Around You (Nashville: American Association for State and Local History, 1982), 1–2; W. A. Simonds, Henry Ford (Los Angeles: F. Clymer, 1946).
11. Tom D. Crouch, The Bishop’s Boys: A Life of Wilbur and Orville Wright (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 268.
12. Ibid., 368.
13. Robert R. Owens, Speak to the Rock: The Azusa Street Revival: Its Roots and Its Message (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1998), 53.
14. Rauedenbusch, Christianity and the Social Crisis (New York: Macmillan, 1907) and his Christianity and the Social Order (New York: Macmillan, 1915).
15. Goldfield, et al., American Journey, 673.
16. George Kibbe Turner, “The City of Chicago: A Study in Great Immoralities,” McClure’s Magazine, 30, April 1907, 575–92; Vice Commission of Chicago, The Social Evil in Chicago (Chicago: Vice Commission of Chicago, 1912).
17. Jane Addams, A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil (New York: Macmillan, 1912) and her Twenty Years at Hull-House: With Autobiographical Notes (New York: Macmillan, 1910) and Peace and Bread in Time of War (New York: Macmillan, 1922); John C. Farell, Beloved Lady: A History of Jane Addams’ Ideas on Reform and Peace (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967); James W. Linn, Jane Addams: A Biography (New York: Appleton-Century, 1935).
18. Alan Brinkley, American History: A Survey Since 1865, 2 vols. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999), 2:723.
19. Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex (New York: Random House, 2001).
20. John Morton Blum, Woodrow Wilson and the Politics of Morality (Boston: Little, Brown, 1956); Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson: A Brief Biography (Cleveland: World Publishing, 1963); Edwin A. Weinstein, Woodrow Wilson: A Medical and Psychological Biography (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981).
21. George Grant, Killer Angel (Nashville: Cumberland House, 2001), 38.
22. Woodrow Wilson, The State (Boston: D. C. Heath, 1889), 638–40, 651–52, 656–61.
23. Johnson, History of the American People, 640.
24. Fred Greenbaum, “William Gibbs McAdoo: Business Promoter as Politician” in Men Against Myths: The Progressive Response (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000), 131–52; John J. Broesamle, William Gibbs McAdoo: A Passion for Change, 1863–1917 (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1973).
25. Schweikart, Entrepreneurial Adventure, 279–82 and his Introduction in Larry Schweikart, ed., Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography: Banking and Finance in 1913, xi–xxxi; Lynne Doti and Larry Schweikart, Banking in the American West from Gold Rush to Deregula- tion; Larry Schweikart, “U.S. Commercial Banking: A Historiographical Survey,” Business History Review, Autumn 1991, 606–61.
26. Charles W. Calomiris and Carolos D. Ramirez, “The Role of Financial Relationships in the History of American Corporate Finance,” Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 9, Summer 1996, 32–72.
27. Eugene N. White, Regulation and Reform of the American Banking System, 1900–1929 (Princeton: Princeton University Press 1983); James Livingston, Origins of the Federal Reserve System (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986); Richard H. Timberlake, The Origins of Central Banking in the United States (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978).
28. W. Elliot Brownlee, Federal Taxation in America: A Short History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and the Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1996), and W. Elliot Brownlee, ed., Funding the Modern American State, 1941–1945: The Rise and Fall of the Era of Easy Finance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and the Woodrow Wilson Center, 1996).
29. Stanley Lebergott, The Americans: An Economic Record (New York: W. W. Norton, 1984), 407.
30. Gerald Eggert, “Richard Olney and the Income Tax,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, June 1961, 24–25.
31. Schweikart, Entrepreneurial Adventure, 277.
32. Robert Stanley, Dimensions of Law in the Service of Order: Origins of the Federal Income Tax, 1861–1913 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
33. Robert Higgs, Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
34. George Bittlingmayer, “Antitrust and Business Activity: The First Quarter Century,” Business History Review, 70, Autumn 1996, 363–401.
35. James Langefeld and David Scheffman, “Evolution or Revolution: What Is the Future of Antitrust?” Antitrust Bulletin, 31, Summer 1986, 287–99; Harold Demsetz, “Barriers to Entry,” American Economic Review, 72, March 1982, 47–57; Yale Brozen, “Concentration and Profits: Does Concentration Matter?” Antitrust Bulletin, 19, 1974, 351–99; George Bittlingmayer and Thomas Hazlett, “DOS Kapital: Has Antitrust Action against Microsoft Created Value in the Computer Industry?” Journal of Financial Economics, March 2000, 329–59.
36. Brinkley, American History, 769.
37. McClellan, Historical Moments, 2:201–2.
38. Gilbert, History of the Twentieth Century, I:419.
39. Ibid., I:422.
40. Faragher, Out of Many, 652.
41. Murrin, Liberty, Equality, Power, 788.
42. Leckie, Wars of America, 631.
43. Thomas Kincade, The Spirit of America (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1998), 107.
44. Max Boas and Steve Chain, Big Mac: The Unauthorized Story of McDonald’s (New York: New American Library, 1976), 3.
45. Leckie, Wars of America, 633.
46. Gilbert, History of the Twentieth Century, I:500.
47. Ibid., I:498.
48. Ibid., I:503.
49. Ibid., I:507.
50. Murrin, Liberty, Equality, Power, 794.
51. Gilbert, History of the Twentieth Century, I:531.
52. Paul Hollander, Political Will and Personal Belief: The Decline and Fall of Soviet Communism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), 29.
53. T. Arthur Herman, Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America’s Most Hated Senator (New York: Free Press, 2000), 69.
54. Ibid., 64.
55. Brinkley, American History, 792.
56. Johnson, History of the American People, 648.
57. Dick Morris, Power Plays: Win or Lose—How History’s Great Political Leaders Play the Game (New York: ReganBooks, 2002), 68.
58. Davidson, et al., Nation of Nations, 760.
59. Frederick Allen, Secret Formula (New York: Harper Business, 1994), 28–66.
60. Jack High and Clayton A. Coppin, “Wiley and the Whiskey Industry: Strategic Behavior in the Passage of the Pure Food Act,” Business History Review, 62, Summer 1988, 286–309.
61. James H. Timberlake, Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900–1920 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963
); Norman H. Clark, The Dry Years: Prohibition and Social Change in Washington (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1965); John C. Burnham, “New Perspectives on the Prohibition Experiment of the 1920s,” Journal of Social History, 2, 1968, 51–68, quotation on 51.
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