4. Henry Morgenthau Jr., “The Morgenthau Diaries, II, The Struggle for a Program,” Colliers, October 4, 1947, 20–21, 45–47, quotation on 21.
5. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Politics of Upheaval (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 379.
6. Raymond Moley’s “Journal, 1936–1940,” 3, in Box 1, Raymond Moley Collection, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford, California.
7. Ibid., 5.
8. Ibid., 7.
9. Leuchtenberg, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 33.
10. Rexford Tugwell, The Democratic Roosevelt (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1957), 220–21.
11. James R. McGovern, And a Time for Hope: Americans in the Great Depression (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000), xi.
12. Raymond Moley, After Seven Years (New York: Harper, 1939), 155.
13. Davidson et al., Nation of Nations, 929; Faragher et al., Out of Many, 451–52; Burner et al., American Portrait, 629–30.
14. Samuel Rosenman, ed., The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt (New York: Random House, 1938–50), 5:19–21.
15. Willson Whitman, Bread and Circuses: A Study of Federal Theater (New York: Oxford, 1937); Grant Code, “Dance Theater of the WPA: A Record of National Accomplishment,” Dance Observer, November 1939, 280–81, 290; “Footlights, Federal Style,” Harper’s, 123 (1936), 626; Mabel Ulrich, “Salvaging Culture for the WPA,” Harper’s, 78 (1939); “Work of the Federal Writers’ Project of the WPA,” Publishers Weekly, 135 (1939), 1130–35; Time, 31 (January 3, 1938), 55–56; Robert Binkley, “The Cultural Program of the W.P.A.,” Harvard Educational Review, 9 (March 1939), 156–74; Willard Hogan, “The WPA Research and Records Program,” Harvard Educational Review, 13 (1943), 52–62.
16. John T. Flynn, The Roosevelt Myth (New York: Devin-Adair Company, 1956), 46.
17. Harvey Klehr and Earl Haynes, The American Communist Movement: Storming Heaven Itself (New York: Twayne, 1992).
18. Goldfield, American Journey, 830.
19. Marc Weiss, Rise of the Community Builders: The American Real Estate Industry and Urban Land Planning (New York: Columbia, 1987).
20. Michael J. Webber, New Deal Fat Cats: Business, Labor, and Campaign Finance in the 1936 Presidential Election (New York: Fordham University Press, 2000), 15.
21. Leuchtenberg, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 152.
22. Eugene Gerhart, America’s Advocate: Robert H. Jackson (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1958), 125–27; Ickes, Diary, 2:282–83.
23. New York Times, October 24, 1935.
24. Leuchtenberg, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 273; Robert and Helen Lynd, Middletown in Transition (New York: Harcourt, 1937), 489.
25. J. E. Kaufmann and W. H. Kaufmann, The Sleeping Giant: American Armed Forces Between the Wars (Westport, CT: Praeger Press, 1996), 12.
26. Paul Johnson, Modern Times: A History of the World from the Twenties to the Nineties, rev. ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 97.
27. Arthur D. Morse, While Six Million Died: A Chronicle of American Apathy (New York: Ace, 1968), 38.
28. Ibid.
29. Mark Mazower, Dark Continent: Europe’s Twentieth Century (New York: Knopf, 1999), 27.
30. Harold Ickes, The Secret Diary of Harold Ickes, 3 vols. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1954), 2:274.
31. Julius W. Pratt, The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy, vol. XII, Cordell Hull, 1933–44, vol. I (New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1964), 311.
32. Guenther Lewy, The Cause That Failed: Communism in American Political Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 179.
33. Joseph E. Davies, “What We Didn’t Know About Russia,” Reader’s Digest, 40 (March 1942), 45–50, which was taken from his Mission to Moscow (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1941) and is quoted in Filene, American Views of Soviet Russia, 145.
34. Davies, “What We Didn’t Know,” 145.
35. Henry Morgenthau Jr., “The Morgenthau Diaries, IV: The Story of Lend Lease,” Colliers, October 18, 1947, 16–17, 71–74.
36. New York Times, April 29, 1939; Norman Baynes, The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, 2 vols. (London: Oxford, 1942), 2:1605–56.
37. Johnson, Modern Times, 370–71.
38. James F. Dunnigan and Albert A. Nofi, Dirty Little Secrets of World War II: Military Information No One Told You About the Greatest, Most Terrible War in History (New York: Quill/William Morrow, 1994), 46–47; John Ruggiero, Neville Chamberlain and British Rearmament: Pride, Prejudice, and Politics (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999).
39. FDR quoted in Morgenthau, “Morgenthau Diaries, IV,” 72.
40. Wayne S. Cole, Roosevelt and the Isolationists, 1932–45 (Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1983).
41. Tindall and Shi, America, 2:1311.
42. Thomas E. Mahl, Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States (Washington, D.C.: Brassey’s, 1998), 44.
43. Ibid., 74.
44. Ibid., 77.
45. J. Garry Clifford, “Grenville Clark and the Origins of Selective Service,” Review of Politics 35 (January 1973), 33.
46. Arthur Herman, Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America’s Most Hated Senator (New York: Free Press, 2000), 73.
47. Vandenberg, quoted in Cole, Roosevelt and the Isolationists, 328.
48. Walter L. Hixson, Charles Lindbergh: Lone Eagle (New York: HarperCollins, 1996), 105.
49. Mazower, Dark Continent, 141.
50. Leuchtenberg, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 312.
Chapter 17. Democracy’s Finest Hour, 1941–45
1. L. Mosely, Hirohito: Emperor of Japan (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1966), 207; Nagano, speaking to Prime Minister Konoe Fumimaro, on September 27, 1940, quoted in Edwin T. Layton, with Roger Pineau and John Costello, And I Was There: Pearl Harbor and Midway—Breaking the Secrets (New York: Morrow, 1985), 72.
2. Mosely, Hirohito, 208.
3. Courtney Browne, Tojo: The Last Banzai (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967), 116.
4. Ibid., 110.
5. H. P. Willmott, with Tohmatsu Haruo and W. Spencer Johnson, Pearl Harbor (London: Cassell & Co., 2001), 47.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., 40.
8. Robert B. Stinnett, Day of Deception: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor (New York: Free Press, 2000), 19.
9. James F. Dunnigan and Albert Nofi, Dirty Little Secrets of World War II: Military Information No One Told You About the Greatest, Most Terrible War in History (New York: Quill, 1994), 288.
10. John F. Bratzel and Leslie B. Rout Jr., “Pearl Harbor, Microdots, and J. Edgar Hoover,” American Historical Review, December 1982, 1346–47.
11. Gordon Prange, with Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon, Pearl Harbor: The Verdict of History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986), 308.
12. Gerhard Weinberg, Germany, Hitler, and World War II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1955).
13. Patrick J. Buchanan, A Republic, Not an Empire (Washington: Regnery, 1999).
14. Paul Johnson, Modern Times: A History of the World, from the Twenties to the Nineties (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 410.
15. J. E. Kaufmann and W. H. Kaufmann, The Sleeping Giant: American Armed Forces Between the Wars (Westport, CT: Praeger Press, 1996), 174.
16. Hanson, Carnage and Culture, 366.
17. Frank Matthias, The GI Generation: A Memoir (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2000).
18. Dunnigan and Nofi, Dirty Little Secrets, 26.
19. Mark Harrison, ed., The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), fig. 1.6, 15–16.
20. David M. Glanz and Jonathan M. House, The Battle of Kursk (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 1999), 39.
21. Ibid., 37.
22. Ibid., 37–38.
23. Dunnigan and Nofi, Dirty Little Secrets, 162–63.
24. Roper Poll done for Fortune magazine, 1941, cited in The American Enterprise, January/ February 2003, 60.
> 25. Gallup Polls done in 1945, 1943, cited in The American Enterprise, 62.
26. Davidson, et al., Nation of Nations, 956.
27. Burton Folsom, “What’s Wrong with the Progressive Income Tax?” Viewpoint on the Public Issues, May 3, 1999.
28. Davidson, et al., Nation of Nations, 958.
29. Larry Schweikart, The Entrepreneurial Adventure: A History of Business in the United States (Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt, 2000), 545.
30. Wayne S. Cole, Roosevelt and the Isolationists, 1932–45 (Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1983), 14, 26, 99.
31. Johnson, Modern Times, 407–08.
32. Ronald W. Clark, Einstein: The Life and Times (New York: Avon, 1999), chap. 20, passim; Albert Einstein, Out of My Later Years (Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press, 1956).
33. Clark, Einstein, 682–83.
34. Quoted in Johnson, Modern Times, 408.
35. See Michael Beschloss, The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler’s Germany, 1941–1945 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002).
36. Ironically, as Ladislas Farago discovered, the Germans actually had obtained a Norden bombsight earlier through spies, but then forgot about it. See The Game of the Foxes: The Untold Story of German Espionage in the United States and Great Britain During World War II (New York: D. McKay, 1972 [1971]).
37. William Green, Famous Bombers of the Second World War (Garden City, NY: Hanover House, 1959), 24–36.
38. Mark Clodfelter, The Limits of Air Power: The American Bombing of North Vietnam (New York: Free Press, 1989), 9; Everest E. Riccioni, “Strategic Bombing: Always a Myth,” U.S Naval Institute Proceedings, November 1996, 49–53; Melden E. Smith Jr., “The Strategic Bombing Debate: The Second World War and Vietnam,” Journal of Contemporary History, 12 (1977), 175–91.
39. Cornelius Ryan, The Longest Day (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1959).
40. Dunnigan and Nofi, Dirty Little Secrets, 284.
41. Roger Daniels, Concentration Camps, USA: Japanese Americans and World War II (Malabar, Florida: Kruger Publishing Co., 1981).
42. Jordan and Litwack, United States, 708.
43. Ibid.
44. Ted Lawson, Thirty Seconds over Tokyo, ed. Robert Considine (New York: Random House, 1943).
45. Tindall and Shi, America, 2:1347.
46. Leckie, Wars of America, 797.
47. Tindall and Shi, America, 2:1349.
48. Ibid., 2:1350; Stephen E. Ambrose, D-Day, June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994).
49. Ambrose, D-Day, 190.
50. Ibid., 583.
51. Leckie, Wars of America, 804.
52. Stephen E. Ambrose, Band of Brothers (New York: Pocketbooks, 1992), 233.
53. Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History, 2 vols. (New York: Putnam’s, 1950), I:387–423; Johnson, History of the American People, 790.
54. Terry Anderson, The United States, Great Britain, and the Cold War, 1944–1947 (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1981), 4.
55. Andrew, Sword and the Shield, 133.
56. Victor Davis Hanson, The Soul of Battle: From Ancient Times to Present Day, How Three Great Liberators Vanquished Tyranny (New York: Free Press, 1999), 275.
57. Johnson, Modern Times, 414.
58. Ron Rosenbaum, Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil (New York: Random House, 1998), 211.
59. Roger Manvell and Heinrich Fraenkel, Heinrich Himmler (New York: Putnam, 1965), 118–19.
60. Arthur D. Morse, While Six Million Died: A Chronicle of Apathy (New York: Ace, 1968), 14.
61. Ibid., 25.
62. Johnson, Modern Times, 420.
63. David S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941–1945 (New York: Pantheon, 1984) and his Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis, 1938–1941 (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1968).
64. Morse, While Six Million Died, 48.
65. Wyman, Abandonment of the Jews, x.
66. Ibid., xi.
67. Alfred Steinberg, The Man from Missouri: The Life and Times of Harry S. Truman (New York: Putnam, 1952), 301.
68. James Forrestal, The Forrestal Diaries, ed. Walter Millis with the collaboration of E. S. Duffield (New York: Viking, 1951), 344, 346, 348.
69. Richard B. Frank, Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire (New York: Penguin Books, 1999), 131.
70. Frank, Downfall, 132.
71. Akira Iriye, Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941–1945 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981).
72. Robert Leckie, Strong Men Armed: The United States Marines Against Japan (New York: Random House, 1962), 189.
73. Alan Axelrod, America’s Wars (New York: John Wiley, 2002), 411.
74. Leckie, Wars of America, 775.
75. Victor Davis Hanson, Ripples of Battle: How Wars of the Past Still Determine How We Fight, How We Live, and How We Think (New York: Doubleday, 2003), 19–60.
76. Sadao Asada, “The Shock of the Atomic Bomb and Japan’s Decision to Surrender—a Reconsideration,” Pacific Historical Review, 67 (November 1998), 477–512.
77. Ibid., 511.
78. Frank, Downfall, 161.
79. Ibid., 261.
80. Jordan and Litwack, United States, 724.
81. John Toland, The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire (New York: Bantam, 1970), 862fn.
82. Ambrose, Band of Brothers, 387.
83. Robert A. Pape, “Why Japan Surrendered,” International Security, Fall 1993, 154–201.
84. Barton J. Bernstein, “A Postwar Myth: 500,000 U.S. Lives Saved,” Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, 42, June/July 1986, 38–40, referring to JWPC 369/1 “Details of the Campaign against Japan,” June 15, 1945, ABC File 384, RG 319, National Archives.
85. Robert James Maddox, “The ‘Postwar Creation’ Myth,” Continuity, 24 (Fall 2000), 11–29.
86. Edward J. Dreas, MacArthur’s Ultra: Codebreaking and the War Against Japan (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 1992), 222.
87. Frank, Downfall, 29.
88. Asada, “The Shock of the Atomic Bomb,” passim.
89. John Toland, The Rising Sun (New York: Bantam, 1970), 894–95.
90. Johnson, Modern Times, 426.
91. Frank, Downfall, 296.
92. William Verity, interview with the author, quoted for inclusion in Marriage of Steel: The Life and Times of William and Peggy Verity (Indianapolis, IN: Pearson Custom Publishing, 2000).
93. Paul Boyer, By the Bomb’s Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age (New York: Pantheon, 1985), 23.
94. Merle Miller, Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman (New York: Berkeley, 1974), 248; Peter Goodchild, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Shatterer of Worlds (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981), 180.
95. Boyer, By the Bomb’s Early Light, 193.
96. Edward F. L. Russell, The Knights of Bushido: The Shocking History of Japanese War Atrocities (New York: Berkeley, 1959 [1958]).
Chapter 18. America’s “Happy Days,” 1946–59
1. Arthur Herman, Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America’s Most Hated Senator (New York: Free Press, 1990), 39.
2. U.S. News & World Report, November 15, 1946, 34.
3. Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 111.
4. Joseph W. Martin, My First Fifty Years in Politics, as told to Robert J. Donovan (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960), 190.
5. Salvador de Madriaga, The Anatomy of the Cold War (Belfast, Ireland: M. Boyd, 1955); Gunter Lewy, The Cause That Failed: Communism in American Political Life (New York: Oxford, 1990).
6. Richard J. Walton, Henry Wallace, Harry Truman, and the Cold War (New York: Viking, 1976), 63–64.
7. Ibid; Robert James Maddox, From War to Cold War (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989)
.
8. Andrew and Mitrokhin, Sword and the Shield, 114.
9. Robert Higgs, analysis online at http://www. independent. org/tii/content/pubs/review/ TIR14higgs. html.
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