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* When Bulgaria joined the European Union on January 1, 2007, one Bulgarian lev (plural: leva) was worth sixty-seven cents. Thus for part 1, an exchange rate of one US dollar to 1.48 Bulgarian leva applies.
* Zhiguli is a Russian nickname for the Lada car.
* From Elena Marushiakova and Veselin Popov, “Bear-Trainers in Bulgaria (Tradition and Contemporary Situation),” in Ethnologia Bulgarica 1 (1998).
* Pelin Tünaydın, “Pawing through the History of Bear Dancing in Europe,” in Frühneuzeit-Info 24 (2013).
* More on this topic can be found in Jerzy Ficowski, The Gypsies in Poland: History and Customs, translated by Eileen Healey (Warsaw: Interpress Publishers, 1989).
* Volker Skierka, Fidel Castro: A Biography, translated by Patrick Camiller (Cambridge: Polity, 2006).
** In 2012 one euro was worth US$0.77. So while there was three hundred euros to be made from a bunker (US$231), Djoni was only earning the equivalent of US$15–23 for each one.
* Operation Vistula was the forced resettlement, carried out in 1947, of some Ukrainian ethnic minorities from southeastern Poland to the so-called Recovered Territories in the west of the country, which had belonged to Germany before the Second World War.
* Wojciech Tochman, Like Eating a Stone, translated by Antonia Lloyd-Jones (New York: Atlas, 2008).
* Emir Suljagić, Postcards from the Grave, translated by Lejla Haverić (London: Saqi, 2005).
* Slavenka Drakulić, They Would Never Hurt a Fly (London: Abacus, 2004).
* At the time, there were about fifty-five Serbian dinars to the US dollar.
* Mladić was arrested on May 26, 2011, after he was found hiding in a remote village. He was extradited to the Hague, where his trial began on May 16, 2012, and still continues.
* At the time (February 2008), one euro was worth US$0.67, so two hundred euros was about US$134. Thirty billion euros was about US$20 billion, and five billion euros about US$3.4 billion
* A farmer characterized by the Communists as having excessive wealth and as a result denounced as an oppressor of less fortunate farmers and subjected to severe penalties.
** Mikheil Saakashvili was president of Georgia from 2004 to 2013.
* In March 2010 the euro was worth US$0.74. One hundred thousand euros were worth US$74,000.
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