by David Crane
Cold must be the heart … Ibid., quoted, p. 95
I am here to speak to you … CWGC Add1/1/21, 10 November 1930
The one real … Ibid.
Yes, here is heard … CWGC Add1/1/141, 10 November 1927
tired of this gush … E. T. Linenthal, Sacred Ground: Americans and Their Battlefields, Chicago, 1991, quoted, p. 97
It was like trying … Longworth, p. 159
one day ‘of any holiness’ … K. S. Inglis, J. Brazier, Sacred Places: War Memorials in the Australian Landscape, Melbourne, 1998, quoted, p. 4
[footnote] If they had any shame … Ibid., quoted, p. 268
He was called Legion … Immortal Heritage, p. 20
At the head of the grave … Blythe, quoted, p. 13
I attended a large … B. Janes, The Unknown Warrior and the Cavell Van, Tenterden, nd, quoted, p. 19
‘11.17’ reads the ship’s log … National Archives Adm53/869766
The train thundered through the dark … B. Janes, The Unknown Warrior and the Cavell Van, Tenterden, nd, quoted, p. 24
Admirals Meux … Blythe, p. 10
The reckless destruction … Ibid.
some horror in Church circles … Stamp, p. 42
Very Rev. Sir … Blythe, quoted, p. 12
On a gravestone … Ibid.
The symbolic significance … Longworth, quoted, p. 174
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
Archives
The main source for this book is the archive of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) at Maidenhead. The other major archives used are the National Archives at Kew, and the Milner Papers in the Bodleian Library, Oxford
Primary and Secondary Sources
Aslet, C., War Memorial: The Story of One Village’s Sacrifice from 1914 to 2003, London, 2012
Baker, H., Architecture and Personalities, London, 1944
Beveridge, Lord, Power and Influence, London, 1953
Birkenhead, Lord, Rudyard Kipling, New York, 1978
Blomfield, R., Memoirs of an Architect, London, 1932
Blunden, E., Undertones of War, London, 1928
Blythe, R., The Age of Illusion, London, 1963
Brittain, V., Testament of Youth, London, 1933
Carrington, C., Rudyard Kipling: His Life and Work, London, 1955
Earle, L., Turn Over the Page, London, 1935
Fussell, P., The Great War and Modern Memory, Oxford, 1975
Garfield, J., The Fallen, Stroud, 2008
Gibson, E., and Ward, J. K., Courage Remembered: The Story Behind the Construction and Maintenance of the Commonwealth’s Military Cemeteries and Memorials of the Wars of 1914–1918 and 1939–1945, London, 1989
Gladstone, Viscount, W. G. C. Gladstone: A Memoir, London, 1918
Gollin, A. M., Proconsul in Politics: A Study of Lord Milner in Opposition and in Power, London, 1964
Holmes, R., Tommy: The British Soldier on the Western Front 1914–1918, London, 2004
—Shots from the Front: The British Soldier 1914–1918, London, 2008
Hurst, S., The Silent Cities, London, 1929
Hussey, C., The Life of Sir Edwin Lutyens, London, 1950
Inglis, K. S., and Brazier, J., Sacred Places: War Memorials in the Australian Landscape, Melbourne, 1998
Janes, B., The Unknown Warrior and the Cavell Van, Tenterden, no date
Karol, E., Charles Holden Architect 1875–1960, Donington, 2007
Kenyon, F., War Graves: How the Cemeteries Abroad Will Be Designed, HMSO, London, 1918
Linenthal, E. T., Sacred Ground: Americans and Their Battlefields, Chicago, 1991
Longworth, P., The Unending Vigil, London, 1967
Macready, N., Annals of an Active Life, London, 1924
Masefield, J., The Old Front Line, London, 1917
Nimocks, W., Milner’s Young Men: The ‘Kindergarten’ in Edwardian Imperial Affairs, London, 1970
Percy, C., and Ridley, J., eds., The Letters of Edwin Lutyens to his Wife Lady Emily, London, 1985
Quinlan, M., British War Memorials, Hertford, 2005.
Remarque, E. M., All Quiet on the Western Front, translated by B. Murdoch, London, 1996
Sassoon, S., The Complete Memoirs of George Sherston, London, 1937
Stamp, G., The Memorial to the Missing of the Somme, London, 2007
Stevenson, D., 1914–1918: The History of the First World War, London, 2004
—With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918, London, 2011
Strachan, H., The First World War, London, 2003
Summers, J., Remembered: The History of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, London, 2007
Vaughan, E., Some Desperate Glory, London, 1917
Ware, F., Educational Reform, London, 1900
—Educational Foundations of Trade and Industry, London, 1901
—The Worker and His Country, London, 1912
—The Immortal Heritage: An Account of the Work and Policy of the Imperial War Graves Commission during Twenty Years, 1917–1937, London, 1937
Wilson, K. M., A Study in the History and Politics of the Morning Post 1905–1926, Lampeter, 1990
Winter, D., Death’s Men, London, 1978
Winter, J., Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History, Cambridge, 1996
INDEX
The page numbers in this index relate to the printed version of this book; they do not match the pages of your ebook. You can use your ebook reader’s search tool to find a specific word or passage.
1st Cameronians 200
1st Canadian Division 63n
3rd Flotilla, Royal Navy 250
6th Chasseurs of Lille 250
10th Battalion, Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders 185
Admiralty 195–8
Aisne 42, 54, 249
Aitken, Charles 103
Albert 88, 122, 249
Albuera 3
All Souls, Oxford 3
Allen, Sir James 100, 210–11
Alma 2
American Civil War cemeteries 239–40
Amery, Leo 102, 233, 241
Amiens 136
Anglo-Belgian agreement (1919) 191
Anglo-French Mixed Committee 243
Anzac Day 234 and note, 244
ANZACs 140, 193
Armenian Massacres 61
Armentières 248, 257
Armistice Day 9–10, 124, 202, 216, 234, 237, 245, 251
Arras 122, 249
Arts and Crafts Movement 108, 121, 143
Ashmead-Bartlett, Ellis 152–3
Aslet, Clive 205n
Asquith, H. H. 18, 101, 152, 156, 161
Asquith, Raymond 162–3 and note
Aubers Ridge 61
Auden, W. H. 225, 246
Australia, Australians 28, 81, 90n, 95, 99, 140, 190, 192, 210, 234n, 244–5 and notes
Baker, Sir Herbert
agrees to memorial compromise 144
architectural buildings in South Africa 105, 107
belief in British Imperialism 228
Cross of Lorraine 114
Delville Wood 220, 222–3
memorials built for IWGC 121
Neuve-Chapelle 220–2
relationship with Lutyens 105, 106–8, 116
South Africa House 116
tours French cemeteries 103, 108–9, 110
Tyne Cot 169, 211, 218–20
Balfour, Arthur 115, 150n
Bapaume 122
Barrie, James 111, 115, 127
Bathurst, Lilias Borthwick, Lady 25, 26, 178
battlefield visits 5, 103, 108, 109–10, 130, 190
Battles Nomenclature Committee 186
Bayonne 2
Bazalgette, Sir Joseph 198
Beatty, Admiral 252
Beaumont-Hamel 81, 95, 98, 193, 247
Beechey, Sir William 51
Bell, Gertrude 38, 99
Bethune Cemetery 41, 42, 54
Beveridge, William 23
Biarritz 2
&
nbsp; Bickersteth, Rev Julian 134
Black Watch 248, 257
Blankenberg, Reginald 150n
Blomfield, Reginald
character and description 116, 139
comment on the cemeteries 121, 144
Cross of Sacrifice 155, 169, 172, 182, 187, 223 and note
and debate concerning memorials 115, 150n
design of experimental cemeteries 168–9, 171–2, 232
involvement with IWGC 120, 121, 139
Lutyens’s comment on 116–17
Menin Gate memorial 205–11, 212, 217
Blunden, Edmund 90–2, 131, 246, 257
Undertones of War 212, 215
Blythe, Ronald 252, 253
Boer War 20, 49, 51, 214
Bolsheviks 135
Botha, Mrs Louis 222
Boulogne 39, 122, 250, 251
Brand, Robert 102
B.R.C.S. (Base Recovery Communication Systems) 42
British Army 3
changing attitude towards 6–8
commemoration of individual unit exploits 190
in the Crimea 9
effect of First World War on 45–6, 57–8
and graves of executed men 88–9
opening attack at Passchendaele 213
Pals’ battalions 48
policing role 51–2
politics of 4
recruitment to 4–5
suspicion of 4
territorial battalions 47–8
British Empire 81–9, 137, 165, 178, 193, 202, 203, 205n, 222, 234 and note, 236, 239, 240, 242, 243, 244, 256
British Expeditionary Force (BEF) 30, 49, 57, 68, 137
Brittain, Edward 132
Brittain, Vera 61, 62, 132
Broadley (volunteer searcher) 43, 45, 74
Brussels 2, 191
Waterloo Monument 3n
Buchan, John 20, 102, 115
Buchanan, Gray 46
Burdett-Coutts, Angela 152
Burdett-Coutts, William (formerly William Ashmead-Bartlett) 151–8, 181, 203
Burn, Colonel 162, 163–4
Buttes New British Cemetery 211, 223
Byng, General Sir Julian 252
Byron, Lord George 5, 7
Byron, Robert 106
Calais Southern Cemetery 172
Cameron Highlanders 46
Canada, Canadians 28, 81, 82, 89, 99, 190, 192, 205n, 247
Caporetto 102
Cavell, Edith 251
Cecil, Lady Florence 149, 198
Cecil, Lieutenant G. E. 164n
Cecil, Lord Robert 38, 41, 42, 72, 151, 153, 164–5
Cecil, Lady Violet 164n, 201
Cerisy-Gailly Military Cemetery 257
Champagne region 135
Chanter, Captain 230–2
Chemin des Dames 135, 194
Chettle, Lieutenant Colonel 192, 209–10
Chicago Tribune 119
Churchill, Winston 99, 155, 156, 164, 169, 174, 190
Clark, Champ 239
Clark, Mancel 205n
Clarke, Kenneth 120
Clayton, P. B. 218
Clemesha, Frederick Chapman 63n
Commonwealth War Graves Commission 60, 86, 96
see also Directorate of Graves Registration and Enquiries; Graves Registration Commission; Imperial War Graves Commission
Comrades of the Great War 151
Connaught Rangers 251
Cooper, Duff 46
Corunna 3n
Council for the Preservation of Rural England 258
Courtrai 39
Cox, General Sir H. V. 150n
Crawford, Lord 116, 191
crematoria 66–7
Crimean War 6, 7–8, 9, 80, 97
Cromer, Lord 19
Curtis, Lionel 20
Curzon, Lord 107, 248
Daily Mail 251
Davidson, Randall, Archbishop of Canterbury 111–12, 113
Dawson, Geoffrey 20, 241
Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) 101
Delcassé incident (1905) 24
Delville Wood 81, 95, 98, 176, 193, 220, 222–3
Dick, Sir William Reid 217
Directorate of Graves Registration and Enquiries (DGR&E) 80–1
army sensibilities 88–9
challenges 89–95
General Routine Orders for 84–5
and the home front 95
imperial status of 83–4
increased workload 95
membership of 81–3
national and cultural sympathies 82, 83–4, 85–7, 89–90
see also Commonwealth War Graves Commission; Graves Registration Commission; Imperial War Graves Commission
Dix, Otto 223n
Dominions
advisory role in IWGC 98, 100, 123
concerned about particularising graves 76
participation in all theatres of war 81
proactive role of 189, 190
reaction to joint imperial monument 210
represented on DGR&E 81, 82, 85
sense of pride and self-reliance 193
use of native plants in cemeteries 89
visiting graves of 235
Ware’s view of 241
wish for separate memorials 186, 211n
Douaumont 257
Doullens Cemeteries 172
Dove, John 218
Durham, Lieutenant Colonel 183
Earle, Sir Lionel 39–40, 45, 88 and note, 94n, 113, 115, 253
East Africa 9, 139
Easter Rising, Dublin (1916) 244n
Eastern Front 95, 135
Eaton, Charlotte 3
Edward, Prince of Wales 81, 83, 96, 97, 99, 149, 198, 215
Egypt 89, 99, 148
Elvas, Portugal 2
Elwood, Mary 175
Etaples 122, 218
Etaples Cemetery 169, 170, 172
Facey, Albert 134
Festubert 61, 122, 133
Florence, Duomo 1–2
Foch, Marshal 63n, 230–1, 250
Forceville Cemetery 171
Forster, E. M. 257
A Passage to India 225–6
Fothergill, Jack 181
French, Field Marshal Sir John 68, 252
Fry, Wilfie 204
Fryatt, Captain C. A. 251
Fulstow, Lincolnshire 204
Gallipoli 81, 82, 89, 98, 132, 134, 139, 140, 152, 181, 193, 199, 244
cemeteries 140, 170, 235, 236, 247
Garstin, Sir William 99
gas attacks 63 and note, 81
George V, King 71, 74, 81, 103, 195, 219, 220, 238–9, 252, 253
German Spring Offensive 93, 122, 190
Germany, Germans 14, 24–5, 30, 31, 33, 34, 39, 40, 43, 44, 46, 74–5, 88, 91, 133, 135–6, 162, 167, 173–4, 213, 218, 223, 230, 240, 241, 242, 243–4
Gettysburg, Battle of 8, 11, 239
Gill, Colonel 249
Gill, MacDonald 150n
Gillespie, Douglas 75
Gillespie, Thomas 75
Giotto di Bondone 228
Gladstone, William Glynne Charles 69–74, 148, 199
Glenesk, Algernon Borthwick, Lord 22, 24, 25
Gommecourt 95
Gordon, Patrick 20
Gosling, Harry 99, 151, 154
Gotto, Captain Basil 247
Gouy-en-Artois Communal Cemetery Extension to Ecoivres 172
Grave Concentration Units 142–3
Graves Registration Commission (GRC) 52–7, 59–60, 73, 80, 131
see also Commonwealth War Graves Commission; Directorate of Graves Registration and Enquiries; Imperial War Graves Commission
Graves Registration Units 84, 85
Graves, Robert 72n
Greece 9
Grenfell, Captain the Hon. Julian 133
Groote Schuure 107
Grünewald, Matthias 223n
Guillemont Cemetery 163n
Haeffner, Lieutenant F. W. 257
Haig, Field Marshal Sir Douglas 12, 48–9, 103, 122, 212, 2
48, 252
Hardy, Thomas, Drummer Hodge 1, 104
Havelock, Major General Sir Henry 6
Hawkwood, Sir John 1–2
Hawthorn Ridge 95
Hertzog, General J. B. M. 222
Hesdin 167
Hill, Arthur 89, 103–4, 130, 217
Hindenburg Line 136, 191
Hitler, Adolf 230, 241, 242
HMS Verdun 250
Holden, Charles 169, 223, 228
Hooge Crater Cemetery 200
Horne, General Sir Henry 252
Hundred Years War 3
Hunter, Lena 182
Hunter, N. D. D. 182
Hussey, Christopher 108
Imperial War Conference (1917) 139
Imperial War Graves Commission (IWGC)
and abortive attempt at compromise on headstone design 150n
appoints Kenyon to decide on treatment and lay-out of cemeteries 117–18, 120–1
building of cemeteries and erection of memorials 167–77, 181–8
and care of the dead 97–8
demarcation between commemoration and military celebration 189
difficulties of collecting information/finding graves 42–4
first official meeting of 120
funding per grave 139, 193
future treatment of war graves 103–5
generosity of French State and people 44, 64, 67
granted a Royal Charter 96–7, 154
inter-war challenges 231–3
membership of 99–100
obsession with equality 201–2
origins and development of 41–50, 81
Parliamentary debates on 151–65
post-war challenges and opposition 139–51
powers and remit of 100–3, 139
problems choosing an architect 105–18, 120–1
and public need for memorials and graves 199–201
and question of finance 138–9
and the Royal Navy 195–8
siting and design of monuments 189–226
and the Unknown Warrior 253–4, 256
Ware’s involvement with 60, 78, 96–102, 117, 136, 191–2, 242
see also Commonwealth War Graves Commission; Directorate of Graves Registration and Enquiries; Graves Registration Commission
India, Indians 81, 82, 106, 107, 108, 123, 140, 190, 220
Indian Mutiny 6, 8
Innes, Ian 46
International Red Cross 50, 52
International War Graves Committee 88
Inverness Copse 200
Ireland 27, 51
Irish Guards 134, 177, 179
Italy 9, 89, 181, 242
Jackson, Admiral Sir Thomas 252
Jagger, Charles 132
James, Henry 116
Jameson Raid 19
Jardine, D. R. 234n
Joffre, General Joseph 68, 231
Johnson, Dr Samuel 4
Joint War Committee 33–4