26. “Use Golden Rule in Play: Roosevelt to Boy Scouts,” Washington Post, August 8, 1911, p. 5.
27. Morison, The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, Vol. VII, p. 95.
28. Theodore Roosevelt to Gifford Pinchot, June 28, 1910.
29. Adolphus Washington Greely, Handbook of Alaska: Its Resources, Products, and Attractions (New York: Scribner, 1909), p. 62.
30. Philadelphia Inquirer, April 17, 1867.
31. John Muir, Our National Parks (Boston, MA, and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1901), p. 11.
32. John Muir, quoted in Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997), p. 48.
33. Peter A. Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy: Technology, Conservation, and the Frontier (Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press, 1991), p. 28.
34. Theodore Roosevelt to Theodore Roosevelt Jr., August 23, 1910.
35. Paul Brooks, The Pursuit of Wilderness (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), p. 60.
36. Theodore Roosevelt to Theodore Roosevelt Jr., September 21, 1910.
37. Theodore Roosevelt to Willis Stanley Blatchley, December 9, 1910.
38. Char Miller, Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism (Washington, DC: Island, 2001), p. 357.
39. Theodore Roosevelt to Abraham Walter Lafferty, December 20, 1910.
40. David Harmon, Francis P. McManamon, and Dwight T. Pitcaithley (eds.), The Antiquities Act: A Century of American Archaeology, Historic Preservation, and Nature Conservation (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2006), p. 289.
41. “Sitka National Historical Park” (Sitka, AK: National Park Service Archive).
42. Theodore Roosevelt to Edmund Heller, February 10, 1911, in Morison, The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, Vol. VII, p. 230.
43. William J. Long, “The Bull Moose,” Independent, July 11, 1912, pp. 85–87.
44. Bruce Woods, Alaska’s National Wildlife Refuges (Anchorage: Alaska Geographic Society, 2003), p. 16.
45. William T. Hornaday, Wild Life Conservation in Theory and Practice: Lectures Delivered Before the Forest School of Yale University (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1914), p. 89.
46. Walter B. Borneman, Alaska: Saga of a Bold Land (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), p. 241.
47. Miller, Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism, p. 206.
48. Martin Nelson McGeary, Gifford Pinchot: Forester-Politician (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960), p. 208.
49. Ernest Gruening, The State of Alaska: A Definitive History of America’s Northernmost Frontier (New York: Random House, 1954), pp. 130–135.
50. Gifford Pinchot to W. H. Downing, August 6, 1931, in McGeary, Gifford Pinchot, p. 449.
51. Cleveland Press, October 25, 1911, ibid., p. 209.
52. Theodore Roosevelt to Henry Fairfield Osborn, May 8, 1911, in Morison, The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, Vol. VII, p. 264.
53. Theodore Roosevelt to William Kent, September 19, 1911, ibid., p. 343.
54. “The Roosevelt Letters,” in Charles James Longman (ed.), The Days of My Life: An Autobiography by Sir. H. Rider Haggard (London and New York: Longmans, Green, 1926), p. 182.
55. Theodore Roosevelt to Henry Rider Haggard, August 22, 1911, in Morison, The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, Vol. VII, p. 329.
56. Charles Sheldon, The Wilderness of the Upper Yukon: A Hunter’s Explorations for Wild Sheep in the Sub-Arctic Mountains (New York: Scribner, 1911).
57. Theodore Roosevelt to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, January 27, 1916, in Morison, The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, Vol. VII, p. 43.
58. Francis Hobart Herrick, Audubon the Naturalist: A History of His Life and Time (New York: D. Appleton, 1917).
59. Theodore Roosevelt to Francis Hobart Herrick, January 15, 1912, in Morison, The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, Vol. VII, p. 478.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.
62. Robert Griggs, “After the Eruption of Katmai, Alaska: The Story of the Effect on Cultivated and Native Vegetation,” Natural History, Vol. 20 (1920), p. 390.
63. Robert F. Griggs, “The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes: National Geographic Society Explorations in the Katmai District of Alaska,” National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 31 (January–June 1917), p. 64.
64. Katmai National Park and Preserve, “History” (Katmai, AK: National Park Service Archive).
65. George Wuerthner, Beautiful America’s Alaska (Portland, OR: Beautiful America, 1995), p. 66.
66. R. Craig Sautter and Edward M. Burke, Inside the Wigwam: Chicago Presidential Conventions, 1860–1996 (Chicago, IL: Wild Onion, 1996), p. 121.
67. Kent Garber, “Teddy Roosevelt, on the Bull Moose Party Ticket, Battles Incumbent William Howard Taft,” U.S. News and World Report, January 17, 2008.
68. Quoted in Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 238.
69. Quoted in Sidney M. Milkis, Theodore Roosevelt, the Progressive Party, and the Transformation of American Democracy (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2009), p. 164.
70. Richard Cooley, Politics and Conservation: The Decline of the Alaska Salmon (New York: Harper and Row, 1963), pp. 96–98.
71. Edmund Morris, Colonel Roosevelt (New York: Random House, 2010), p. 234.
72. Daniel Ruddy, Theodore Roosevelt’s History of the United States: In His Own Words (New York: HarperCollins, 2010), p. xv.
73. Milkis, Theodore Roosevelt, the Progressive Party, and the Transformation of American Democracy, p. 215.
74. Theodore Roosevelt, The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, Vol. XIX (New York: Scribner, 1926), p. 42.
75. T. H. Watkins, Righteous Pilgrim: The Life and Times of Harold L. Ickes, 1874–1952 (New York: Holt, 1990), pp. 9–62.
76. NBC News Address, March 3, 1934, Speeches and Writings, Container 272, Secretary of the Interior File, Harold L. Ickes Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
77. Watkins, Righteous Pilgrim, p. 135.
78. Theodore Roosevelt to Kermit Roosevelt, September 27, 1912, Theodore Roosevelt Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
79. Patricia O’Toole, When Trumpets Call: Theodore Roosevelt After the White House (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006) p. 218; H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romance (New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 721.
80. Gifford Pinchot to Theodore Roosevelt, October 25, 1912, McGeary, Gifford Pinchot, p. 231.
81. Theodore Roosevelt to Gifford Pinchot, October 29, 1912, ibid.
82. James Chace, 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft, and Debs—The Election That Changed the Country (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004), p. 237.
83. Harold L. Ickes, Autobiography of a Curmudgeon (New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1943), p. 164.
84. Theodore Roosevelt to Kermit Roosevelt, November 5, 1912, Theodore Roosevelt Papers, Box 3, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
1. Kris Capps, A Wildlife Guide: Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska (Santa Barbara, CA: ARA Leisure Services, 1994), p. 6.
2. Tom Walker, McKinley Station: The People of the Pioneer Park That Became Denali (Missoula, MT: Pictoral Histories, 2009), p. ix.
3. Charles Sheldon, The Wilderness of the North Pacific Coast Islands: A Hunter’s Experiences While Searching for Wapiti, Bears, and Caribou on the Larger Coast Islands of British Columbia and Alaska (New York: Scribner, 1912), p. 3.
4. R. O. Polziehn, J. Hamr, F. F. Mallory, and C. Strobeck, “Phylogenetic Status of North American Wapiti (Cervus elaphus) Subspecies,” Canadian Journal of Zoology, Vol. 76 (1998), pp. 998–1010.
5. Maria Pasitschniak-Arts, “Ursus arctos,” Mammalian Species Report, American Society of Mammalogists (April 23, 1993).
6. Thomas McNamee, The Grizzly Bear (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984), p. 248.
7. Sheldon, The Wilderness of the North Pacific Coast Islands, p. 178.
8. Roderick Frazier Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, 4th ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), p. 285.
9. Neil B. Carmony and David E. Brown (eds
.), The Wilderness of the Southwest: Charles Sheldon’s Quest for Desert Bighorn Sheep and Adventures with the Havasupai and Seri Indians (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1979), pp. xiv–xv.
10. Ibid., p. xxiii.
11. Ibid., p. 204.
12. Theodore Roosevelt, “The American Hunter-Naturalist,” Outlook (December 9, 1911), pp. 854–856.
13. Douglas Brinkley, The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America (New York: HarperCollins, 2009), pp. 585–630.
14. James B. Trefethen, An American Crusade for Wildlife (New York: Winchester, 1975), p. 192.
15. Theodore Roosevelt to Charles Sheldon, March 13, 1917, Charles Sheldon Papers, University of Alaska-Fairbanks.
16. Theodore Roosevelt to Charles Sheldon, May 5, 1910, Box 3, Folder 10, Roosevelt Correspondence, 1910–1917, University of Alaska-Fairbanks.
17. Jenks Cameron, The Bureau of Biological Survey (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1929), p. 121.
18. Catherine Cassidy and Gary Titus, Alaska’s No. 1 Guide: The History and Journals of Andrew Berg 1869–1939 (Soldotna, AK: Spruce Tree, 2003), p. 314.
19. Charles Sheldon, The Wilderness of the Upper Yukon: A Hunter’s Explorations for Wild Sheep in Sub-Arctic Mountains (New York: Scribner, 1911), p. 4.
20. James Gore King, Attending Alaska’s Birds: A Wildlife Pilot’s Story (Victoria, BC: Trafford, 2008), p. 166.
21. Margaret E. Murie, Two in the Far North (Anchorage: Alaska Northwest, 1962), p. 274.
22. D. S. Hik, S. J. Hannon, and K. Martin, “Northern Harrier Predation on Willow Ptarmigan,” Wilson Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 (1986), pp. 597–600.
23. William O. Douglas, My Wilderness: The Pacific West (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1960), pp. 11–12.
24. Sheldon, The Wilderness of the North Pacific Coast Islands, p. 104.
25. Charles Sheldon, “List of Birds Observed in the Upper Toklat River Near Mount McKinley, Alaska, 1907–1908,” Auk, Vol. 26, No. 1 (January 1909).
26. Ira N. Gabrielson and Frederick L. Lincoln, Birds of Alaska (Harrisburg, PA: Stockpole, 1959), p. 114.
27. Tom Murphy, The Comfort of Autumn: The Seasons of Yellowstone (Livingston, MT: Crystal Creek, 2005), p. 100.
28. Sheldon, The Wilderness of the North Pacific Coast Islands, p. 294.
29. Hudson Stuck, Ten Thousand Miles with a Dog Sled (New York: Scribner, 1914).
30. Bill Sherwonit, Andromeda Romano-Lax, and Ellen Bielawski, Travelers’ Tales Alaska (San Francisco, CA: Traveler’s Tales, 2003), p. 14.
31. Hudson Stuck, The Ascent of Denali (New York: Scribner, 1918), p. xi.
32. C. Hart Merriam, “Introduction,” in Charles Sheldon, The Wilderness of Denali: Explorations of a Hunter-Naturalist in Northern Alaska (New York: Scribner, 1930).
33. C. Hart Merriam, “Preliminary Synopsis of the American Bears,” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, Vol. 10 (1896), pp. 65–83. For more of Merriam’s work on bears, see C. Hart Merriam, The Mammals of the Adirondack Region, Northeastern New York (New York: Henry Holt, 1886).
34. Sheldon, The Wilderness of the North Pacific Coast Islands, p. 48.
35. E. R. Hall, The Mammals of North America, 2nd ed. (New York: Wiley, 1981).
36. Charles Sheldon to Dr. C. Hart Merriam, February 20, 1911, Boone and Crockett Club Archives, Missoula, MT.
37. Theodore Roosevelt to Charles Sheldon, January 29, 1917, Sheldon Papers, University of Alaska-Fairbanks.
38. Charles Sheldon, Alaska Diary, March 27–29, 1908, in The Wilderness of Denali (New York: Scribner, 1960).
39. Henry P. “Harry” Karstens, Diary, January 12, 1908, Karstens Papers, University of Alaska-Fairbanks.
40. Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, p. 286.
41. Sheldon, The Wilderness of Denali, p. 405.
42. Ibid., pp. 15–16.
43. James B. Trefethen, Crusade for Wildlife (New York: Stackpole, 1961), p. 179; John Isle, Our National Park Policy: A Critical History (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1961), p. 226.
44. Capps, A Wildlife Guide, p. 8.
45. Harry Ritter, Alaska’s History: The People, Land, and Events of the North Country (Anchorage: Alaska Northwest, 1993), pp. 74–75.
46. Madison Grant, “Establishment of Mount McKinley National Park,” in William G. Sheldon (ed.), “A History of the Boone and Crockett Club” (unpublished).
47. Quoted in Peter A. Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy: Technology, Conservation, and the Frontier (Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press, 1991), p. 33.
48. Richard Slotkin, The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier, 1776–1890 (New York: Atheneum, 1985), p. 20.
49. Sheldon, The Wilderness of the North Pacific Coast Islands, pp. 217–218.
50. Belmore Browne, The Conquest of Mount McKinley (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1956).
51. Charles Sheldon to E. W. Nelson, October 10, 1915, Boone and Crockett Club Archives, Missoula, MT.
52. Reports of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1918, Vol. 1 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1919).
53. Frank Norris, Crown Jewel of the North: An Administrative History of Denali National Park and Preserve (Anchorage: Alaska Regional Office–National Park Service), p. 37.
54. Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, p. 286.
55. Norris, Crown Jewel of the North, pp. 37–39.
56. Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (Lanham, MD: Taylor Trade, 2010), pp. 104–105.
57. Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, p. 154.
58. Stewart Edward White, The Forest (New York: Phillips, 1903), p. 5.
59. “Park for Camp Fire Club,” New York Times, July 22, 1917.
60. Author interview with Leonard Vallender, July 5, 2010.
61. Linnie Marsh Wolfe (ed.), John of the Mountains: The Unpublished Journals of John Muir (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1979), p. 399.
62. T. S. Palmer to Frederick K. Vreeland, March 21, 1912; Vreeland to Palmer, March 22, 1912, Frederick Vreeland Papers, Box 5, General Correspondence, 1902–1931, Entry 138, Record Group 22, Native Archives, Washington, DC.
63. Frederick K. Vreeland, testimony before the Subcommittee on Public Lands of the Committee on Public Lands for the establishment of Mount McKinley National Park, House of Representatives, Washington, DC, May 4, 1916.
64. Wilfred Osgood, A Biological Reconnaissance of the Base of the Alaska Peninsula, North America Fauna, No. 24 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1904), pp. 25–26.
65. “Visit Alaska: Interest of Outdoor Life,” Anchorage, August 1, 1912.
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