20. John Burroughs Journal, July 9, 1919, Berg Collection, New York Public Library.
21. Richard Lour, Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature Deficit Disorder (Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin, 2005), pp. 1–11.
22. John Burroughs, The Writings of John Burroughs (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1917), p. 16.
23. Edward Renehan, John Burroughs: An American Naturalist (Hensonville, NY: Black Dome, 1998), p. 313.
24. Jenks Cameron, The Bureau of Biological Survey (New York: Arno, 1974), pp. 118–119.
25. Carolyn Sheldon, “Vermont Jumping Mice of the Genus Zapus,” Journal of Mammalogy, Vol. 19, No. 3 (August 1938), pp. 324–332.
26. Neil B. Carmony and David E. Brown (eds.), The Wilderness of the Southwest: Charles Sheldon’s Quest for Desert Bighorn Sheep and Adventures with the Havasupai and Seri Indians (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1979), pp. xli–xlii.
27. William Sheldon, The Book of the American Woodcock (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1971).
28. Carmony and Brown, The Wilderness of the Southwest, pp. xl–xlii.
29. Charles Sheldon to George Bird Grinnell, February 28, 1920, Boone and Crockett Club Archives, University of Montana, Missoula.
30. Ben Casselman and Guy Chazan, “Disaster Plan Lacking at Deep Rigs,” Wall Street Journal, May 18, 2010, p. 1.
31. Joan M. Antonson and William S. Hanable, Alaska’s Heritage, Unit 4, Human History: 1867–Present (Anchorage: Alaska Historical Center, 1985), pp. 422–423.
32. Irvin Palmer Jr., “The History of Alaska Oil,” Alaska Business Monthly, March 3, 2007.
33. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac (New York: Ballantine, 1970), p. 244.
34. Susan L. Flader and J. Baird Callicott, The River of the Mother of God and Other Essays by Aldo Leopold (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991), p. 52.
35. Ernest Walker, “Circular Letter to Fur Wardens,” April 1921, General Correspondence, Bureau of Biological Survey, Record Group 22, National Archives, Washington, DC.
36. Aldo Leopold, “Threatened Species,” American Forests, Vol. 42, No. 3 (March 1936), pp. 116–119.
37. Stephen Fox, The American Conservation Movement (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985), pp. 244–250.
38. Leopold, “Threatened Species.”
39. Morgan Sherwood, Big Game in Alaska: A History of Wildlife and People (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981), p. 8.
40. Frank Dufresne, Alaska’s Animals and Fishes (Portland, OR: Metropolitan, 1946); Frank Dufresne, My Way Was North: An Alaskan Autobiography (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966); Frank Dufresne, No Room for Bears (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965).
41. Frank Dufresne, “Alaska General Correspondence,” in Alaska Reports, January 1924, General Bureau of the Biological Survey, Record Group 22, National Archives, Washington, DC.
42. Quoted in Sherwood, Big Game in Alaska, p. 55.
43. Dufresne, Alaska’s Animals and Fishes, pp. 296–297.
1. James Garfield Diary, October 4, 1909, James R. Garfield Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
2. Warren G. Harding, Executive Order 3421, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK.
3. Hasia Diner, “Teapot Dome, 1924,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. and Robert Burns (eds.), Congress Investigates: A Documented History, 1792–1974 (New York: Chelsea House, 1975).
4. Thomas Fleming, “History’s Revenge,” New York Times, February 23, 1998.
5. Warren Harding, Executive Order No. 3797-A, February 27, 1923. Also David L. Spencer, Claus-M. Naske, and John Carnahan, National Wildlife Refuges in Alaska: A Historical Perspective (Anchorage, AK: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1979), p. 102.
6. Morgan Sherwood, Big Game in Alaska: A History of Wildlife and People (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981), p. 73. See also Stephen Haycox and Alexandra J. McClanahan, Alaska Scrapbook (Anchorage, AK: CIRI Foundation, 2007), p. 95.
7. Stephen Haycox, Alaska: An American Colony (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002), p. 235.
8. Peter A. Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy: Technology, Conservation, and the Frontier (Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press, 1991), p. 53.
9. June Allen, “What Did Kill Warren G. Harding,” Stories in the News (Ketchikan, AK), July 23, 2003.
10. Actually a misquotation, according to the Calvin Coolidge Memorial Foundation.
11. Bill Mares, Fishing with the Presidents (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 1999), pp. 66–70.
12. Judith St. George, The Mount Rushmore Story, Part 2 (New York: Putnam, 1985), p. 128.
13. T. H. Watkins, Righteous Pilgrim: The Life and Times of Harold L. Ickes, 1874–1952 (Holt, 1992), pp. 318–319.
14. William Skinner Cooper, “The Recent Ecological History of Glacier Bay, Alaska,” Ecology, Vol. 4 (1923), pp. 93–128.
15. Charles Sheldon, The Wilderness of Denali (New York: Scribner, 1930).
16. Quoted in Kendrick A. Clements, Hoover, Conservation, and Consumerism: Engineering the Good Life (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), p. 69.
17. Benjamin Franklin to Sarah Bache, January 26, 1784. Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Washington, DC.
18. Peter Matthiessen, Wildlife in America (New York: Viking, 1959), p. 170.
19. Aldo Leopold to Karl T. Frederick, December 20, 1935, Leopold Papers, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
20. Susan L. Flader and J. Baird Callicott (eds.), The River of the Mother of God and Other Essays by Aldo Leopold (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991), p. 77.
21. Robert Lewis Taylor, “Oh, Hawk of Mercy!” New Yorker, April 17, 1948.
22. Keith L. Bildstein, Migrating Raptors of the World: Their Ecology and Conservation (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006), p. ix.
23. Dyana Z. Furmansky and Rosalie Edge, Hawk of Mercy: The Activist Who Saved Nature from the Conservationists (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2009), p. 130.
24. Ibid., pp. 164–165.
25. Barry Lopez, Arctic Dreams: Imagination and Desire in a Northern Landscape (New York: Vintage, 2001), p. 390.
26. Kim Heacox, Alaska’s Inside Passage (Portland, OR: Graphic Arts Center, 1997), p. 99.
27. Scott R. Ferris, “Introduction,” in Rockwell Kent, Salamina (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2003), p. xiii.
28. Sherwood, Big Game in Alaska, pp. 92–93.
29. Heacox, Alaska’s Inside Passage, p. 99.
30. Sherwood, Big Game in Alaska.
31. Matthiessen, Wildlife in America, p. 170.
1. Roderick Nash, “The Strenuous Life of Bob Marshall,” Forest History (October 1966), p. 19. See also Roger Kaye, Last Great Wilderness (Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2000). Kaye’s extraordinary book has informed this chapter. It explains fully how Marshall promoted the idea of wilderness in the 1930s.
2. Paul Schaefer, “Bob Marshall, Mount Marcy, and—the Wilderness,” Living Wilderness (Summer 1966), pp. 12–16.
3. Charles Reznikoff (ed.), Louis Marshall, Champion of Liberty: Selected Papers and Addresses, Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1957), p. 1174.
4. Morton Rosenstock, Louis Marshall, Defender of Jewish Rights (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University, 1965), p. 19.
5. Edmund Morris, Colonel Roosevelt (New York: Random House, 2010), p. 739.
6. Quoted in James M. Glover, A Wilderness Original: The Life of Bob Marshall (Seattle, WA: Mountaineers, 1986), p. 13.
7. Robert Marshall, “The Problem of the Wilderness,” Scientific Monthly (February 1930), pp. 141–148.
8. Terrence Cole, “Preface,” in Robert Marshall, Arctic Village (Anchorage: University of Alaska Press, 2000), p. xiii. (Reprint.)
9. George Marshall, “Adirondacks to Alaska: A Biographical Sketch of Robert Marshall,” Ad-i-ron-dac (March–June 1951), p. 44.
10. Robert Marshall, “Why I Want to Become a Forester in the Future,�
� April 17, 1918, Robert Marshall Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. (Typescript.)
11. David A. Bernstein, “Bob Marshall: Wilderness Advocate,” Western Studies Jewish Historical Quarterly, Vol. 13 (October 1980), p. 29.
12. Glover, A Wilderness Original, p. 2.
13. “The Alumnae,” in The Harvard Forest 1907–1934 (Cornwall, NY: Cornwall, 1935), p. 8.
14. Author interview, James N. Levitt, director of the Program on Conservation Innovation at Harvard Forest, Harvard University.
15. Robert Marshall, “Mountain Ablaze,” Nature (June–July 1953).
16. Glover, A Wilderness Original, p. 73.
17. Robert Marshall, “Forest Devastation Must Stop,” Nation (August 1929); Robert Marshall, “A Proposed Remedy for Our Forestry Illness,” Journal of Forestry (March 28, 1930).
18. Robert Marshall, Arctic Wilderness (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1956).
19. John M. Kauffmann, Alaska’s Brooks Range (Seattle, WA: Mountaineers, 1992), pp. 16–22.
20. Martin Wilmking and Jens Ibendorf, “An Early Tree-Line Experiment by a Wilderness Advocate: Bob Marshall’s Legacy in the Brooks Range, Alaska,” Arctic, Vol. 57, No. 1 (March 2004), pp. 106–109.
21. Robert Marshall, Alaska Wilderness: Exploring the Central Brooks Range (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1956, 1970, 2005).
22. Glover, A Wilderness Original, p. 122.
23. “A Letter to Foresters,” February 7, 1930, Robert Marshall Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
24. Robert Marshall to Gerry and Lily Kempff, March 3, 1930, in Glover, A Wilderness Original, p. 114.
25. Robert Marshall to family and others, October 16, 1930, Robert Marshall Papers, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry. (Mimeographed letter.)
26. Robert Marshall, Arctic Village (New York: Literary Guild, 1933), pp. 57–58.
27. Marshall, Alaska Wilderness, p. 103.
28. Rick Bass, “Foreword to the Third Edition,” ibid., p. xiii.
29. Roger Kaye, The Last Great Wilderness: The Campaign to Establish the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2006).
30. Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1967), p. 274.
31. Frank Graham Jr., The Adirondack Park: A Political History (New York: Knopf, 1978), pp. 195–196.
32. Glover, A Wilderness Original, pp. 141–145.
33. Dayton Duncan and Ken Burns, The National Parks: America’s Best Idea (New York: Knopf, 2009), p. 281.
34. Robert Marshall to E. Flint, February 21, 1933, Marshall Papers, Franklin Delano Roosevelt Library.
35. Gifford Pinchot to Franklin D. Roosevelt, January 20, 1933; in Glover, A Wilderness Original, p. 150; Edgar B. Nixon (ed.), Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, 1911–1945, Vol. 1 (Hyde Park, NY: General Services Administration, 1957), pp. 129–132.
36. Address at the Laying of the Cornerstone of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York, November 19, 1939, in The Presidential Papers of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Vol. 8, 1939 (New York: Macmillan, 1941), p. 580.
37. John F. Sears, “Grassroots Democracy: F.D.R. and the Land,” in David B. Woolner and Henry L. Henderson (eds.), F.D.R. and the Environment (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), chap. 1, p. 15.
38. U.S. Forest Service, Tongass National Forest, “Forest Facts: Ranger Boats,” http://www.fs.fed.us/r10/tongass/forest _facts/resources/heritage/rangerboats .html, accessed March 13, 2010.
39. Curt Meine, Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988), p. 342.
40. Quoted in Robert Sterling Yard to Aldo Leopold [n.d.], Leopold Papers, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
41. Bruce Woods, Alaska’s National Wildlife Refuges (Anchorage: Alaska Geographic Society, 2003), p. 16.
42. Ira N. Gabrielson to Corey Ford, March 15, 1941, General Correspondence Relating to Wildlife Management—Kenai, 1932–1943, Record Group 22, National Archives.
43. John Leshy, “F.D.R.’s Expansion of Our National Patrimony: A Model for Leadership,” in David B. Woolner and Henry L. Henderson (eds.), F.D.R. and the Environment (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), p. 178.
44. Glover, A Wilderness Original, p. 162.
45. Robert Marshall to Mardy Murie, July 31, 1933, Marshall Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
46. Robert Marshall, The People’s Forests (New York: Smith and Haas, 1933), p. 219.
47. Glover, A Wilderness Original, p. 163.
48. Franklin Reed, “The People’s Forest,” Journal of Forestry, Vol. 32 (January 1934), pp. 104–107. (Review.)
49. Quoted in Richard N. L. Andrews, “Recovering F.D.R.’s Environmental Legacy,” in David B. Woolner and Henry L. Henderson (eds.), F.D.R. and the Environment (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), p. 226.
50. Duncan and Burns, The National Parks, p. 290.
51. T. H. Watkins, “The Terrible Tempered Mr. Ickes,” Audubon (March 1994), pp. 93–111.
52. William Cronon, “Foreword: Why Worry About Roads?” in Paul S. Sutter, Driven Wild: How the Fight Against Automobiles Launched the Modern Wilderness Movement (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002), p. xii.
53. B. Mackaye to H. A. Slattery, October 22, 1934, Robert Marshall Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
54. Ansel Adams, “Give Nature Time,” Commencement Address, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, June 11, 1967.
55. Anthony B. Wolbarst, Solutions for an Environment in Peril (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), p. 79.
56. Meine, Aldo Leopold.
57. Glover, A Wilderness Original, p. 177.
58. “The Wilderness Society,” January 20, 1935, Wilderness Society Archive, Washington, DC. (Founding document.)
59. Stephen Fox, “We Want No Straddlers,” Wilderness, Vol. 48, No. 167 (1984), pp. 5–19.
60. Ibid.
61. Joel H. Hildebrand, “Maintenance of Recreation Values in the High Sierra,” Sierra Club Bulletin, Vol. 23 (1938), pp. 85–96.
62. Dyan Zaslowsky and T. H. Watkins, These American Lands: Parks, Wilderness, and the Public Lands (Washington, D.C.: Island, 1994), p. 292.
63. Robert Marshall, Alaska Wilderness, p. 123.
64. Robert Marshall, “Comments on the Report of Alaska’s Recreational Resources Committee,” Alaska—Its Resources and Development, U.S. Congress, House Doc. 485, 75th Congress, 3rd Session, Appendix B, p. 213.
65. Robert Marshall and Douglas K. Midgett (contributing author), The People’s Forests (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002), pp. 64–65.
1. Verlyn Klinkenborg, “Margaret Murie’s Vision,” New York Times, October 24, 2003.
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