by Ira Shapiro
344 He had built expertise on defense issues: Drew, Senator, pp. 23–30; Interview with Hoyt Purvis, February 4, 2010.
345 Culver had given serious thought to retiring: Interview with John Culver, April 15, 2010.
345 “He knew he could lose”: Interview with John Podesta, August 19, 2010.
345 Culver decided to run as the liberal he was: Robert G. Kaiser, “Wind from the Right Chills Vulnerable Senate Democrats,” Washington Post, April 10, 1979; Podesta interview.
345 Culver and Grassley squared off in a major debate: Culver interview.
345 “With Watergate,” he wrote: Herman E. Talmadge with Mark Royden Winchell, Talmadge: A Political Legacy, a Politician’s Life (Atlanta: Peachtree Publishers, 1987), p. 265.
345 a grief-stricken Talmadge turned heavily to drink: Ibid., pp. 317–318.
345 The Senate Ethics Committee recommended: Ibid., p. 337.
346 Miller was the only serious threat: Ibid., pp. 344–346.
346 The Republicans sensed Talmadge’s over-confidence: Ibid., p. 352.
346 The film footage led to a devastating television ad: Scates, Warren G. Magnuson , p. 317.
346 “I’m not saying Maggie hasn’t done some good”: Quoted in ibid., p. 316.
346 “the candidate of nostalgia”: Ibid.
346 D’Amato beat him decisively: Javits and Steinberg, Javits, p. 503.
346 Many of his friends and admirers feared: Ibid., p. 505.
346 The Times called on Javits: Ibid.
346 Reagan had come out of the Republican convention: David Broder, “Republicans Dream of Watershed Year,” Washington Post, July 13, 1980; Wilentz, Age of Reagan, p. 120.
347 Carter benefited from some of the same unease: Martin Schram and David S. Broder, “Reagan’s Gears Locked as Carter Pulls Even,” Washington Post, October 17, 1980; Wilentz, Age of Reagan, p. 123.
347 fearing Reagan’s skill on television: Wilentz, Age of Reagan, p. 123.
347 He tried to humanize himself: Ibid., pp. 123–124.
347 Reagan deflected Carter’s sallies with ease: Ibid., p. 124.
348 Nelson turned to Kevin Gottlieb: Christofferson, Man from Clear Lake, p. 341.
349 In his diary, he wrote: Carter, White House Diary, p. 479.
349 I had decided to take the day off: This section is a personal recollection of election day and night 1980.
353 House Speaker Tip O’Neill described it: Wilentz, Age of Reagan, p. 125.
353 One labor leader commented: Helen Dewar, “GOP, with 53 Seats, Claims the Senate,” Washington Post, November 6, 1980.
353 Robert Byrd expressed regret at the defeat: Ibid.
353 “a major advance in the absorption”: Wilentz, Age of Reagan, p. 125.
353 “If the New Right leaders think”: Dewar, “GOP, with 53 Seats, Claims the Senate.”
353 David Broder captured the moment: David S. Broder, “A Sharp Right Turn: Republicans and Democrats Alike See New Era in ’80 Returns,” Washington Post, November 6, 1980.
CHAPTER 20: THE LAME-DUCK SESSION
355 a dozen of them had been dispatched: Bill Prochnau, “Senate Figures, Once Powerful, Ponder Future,” Washington Post, November 15, 1980. This section is supplemented by personal recollection of the lame-duck period.
355 top Senate Democratic aide said: Ibid.
355 Jackson’s aggressive staff: Interview with Ken Ackerman, November 16, 2010.
356 Senator Glenn’s subcommittee staff director: Ibid.
356 McGovern gave the impression of being the calmest: Prochnau, “Senate Figures, Once Powerful.”
356 Bayh, licking his wounds: Ibid.
356 “It’s somebody else’s ballgame now”: Ibid.
356 the lame-duck session proved to be remarkably productive: Carter, White House Diary, pp. 488, 490, 493.
356 asked President Carter to nominate Stephen Breyer: Clymer, Edward M. Kennedy, pp. 324–325.
356 a great relationship with Emory Sneeden: Ibid.
357 Bayh got a call from Long: Gene Quinn, “Exclusive Interview: Senator Birch Bayh on Bayh-Dole at 30,” http://ipwatchdog.com/2010/11/07/exclusive-interview-senator-birch-bayh-on-bayh-dole/id=13198/ November 7, 2010.
357 “perhaps the most inspired piece of legislation”: “Innovation’s Golden Goose,” Economist Technology Quarterly, December 14, 2002.
357 “We’re at the mercy of the Senate”: Joanne Omang, “Shift on Hill May Help Alaska Lands Bill,” Washington Post, November 8, 1980.
358 “This bill is the best that can be done”: Ibid.
358 Mo Udall said that “no president”: “Carter Signs Law for Protection of Alaska Lands,” Associated Press, December 3, 1980.
358 spent countless hours poring over maps of Alaska: Carter, Keeping Faith, p. 582.
358 The Washington Post editorial page called it: “The Alaska Lands Battle Ends,” Washington Post, November 17, 1980.
359 Nelson made the fastest and best transition: Christofferson, Man from Clear Lake, p. 344.
360 remembered Javits lobbying him repeatedly: Interview with Ken Duberstein, November 10, 2010.
360 What could he say to get Domenici’s support: Ibid.
EPILOGUE
361 beautifully captured the essence of the Senate: Congressional Record—Senate, November 30, 2010, pp. 58277–58280.
362 John Sears, the respected Republican consultant: Carl Hulse, “For Republicans, an ’80 Déjà vu?,” New York Times, August 28, 2010.
362 slotting some of the weakest of the new partisans: Interview with John Rother, August 11, 2010.
363 “In the Senate of the ’80’s”: Alan Ehrenhalt, “In the Senate of the ’80’s, Team Spirit Has Given Way to the Rule of Individuals,” Congressional Quarterly, September 4, 1982.
363 “seems to stand for a Senate that has disappeared”: Ibid.
363 “the Senate seemed to be a less congenial place”: Tower, Consequences, p. 84.
364 Dole changed his approach in 1981: Interview with Sheila Burke, October 13, 2010; the discussion of Dole is also based on my personal observations while working in the Senate.
364 she told him she was a Democrat from California: Burke interview.
365 never happier than when he was moving: Ibid.
365 led the most visible investigation: William S. Cohen and George J. Mitchell, Men of Zeal: A Candid Inside Story of the Iran-Contra Hearings (New York: Viking, 1988).
365 “Congress regained its voice in the 1987–1988 session”: Byrd, Senate Addresses , vol. 2, p. 606, quoting New York Times, October 24, 1988.
366 hated the place from the moment he arrived: Trent Lott, Herding Cats: A Life in Politics (New York: Regan Books, 2005), pp. 112–118.
366 “We were conservative, we were hungry”: Ibid., p. 118.
367 Rudman, a respected former prosecutor: Tower, Consequences, pp. 350–352.
367 Dole accused the Democrats of using the nomination: Ibid., 352–357.
367 Cohen still expresses outrage at the treatment: Interview with Senator William Cohen, September 27, 2010.
367 “Dole didn’t really dislike Clinton”: Sidney Blumental, The Clinton Wars (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003),p. 159.
367 Rudman left first: Warren Rudman, Combat: Twelve Years in the US Senate (New York: Random House, 1996), pp. 242–243.
368 “It was as though someone had pushed a mute button”: Danforth, Faith and Politics, p. 143.
368 finally told Dole that he would resign: Interview with Keith Kennedy, November 11, 2010.
368 Connie Mack of Florida, a former House member: Interview with Senator Bob Packwood, July 19, 2010.
369 “The panel was nicknamed ‘The Council of Trent’”: Lott, Herding Cats, p. 125.
369 One thoughtful academic study: Sean M. Theriault and David W. Rohde, “The Gingrich Senators and Party Polarization in the U.S. Senate,” http://journals.cambridge.org/action//displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8360400&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S002238
1611000752.
369 Collins was amazed to find: Interview with Senator Susan Collins, July 19, 2010.
369 “The Senate changed when the battered children”: Interview with Senator Alan Simpson, February 2, 2010.
370 “a takeover of the Republican Party by the Christian Right”: Danforth, Faith and Politics, p. 7.
370 Danforth expressed particular contempt for Frist’s role: Ibid., p. 76.
371 From all reports, the seventeen women senators: Dan Weil, “Women Senators Pick Politeness over Politics,” Newsmax.com, February 4, 2011.
372 struck by the paradox: Interview with Senator Carl Levin, August 6, 2010.
372 “the two lasting achievements of this Senate”: George Packer, “The Empty Chamber,” New Yorker, August 9, 2010.
373 blasting the “supine Senate”: Robert C. Byrd, Losing America: Confronting a Reckless and Arrogant Presidency (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), p. 79.
373 “Ronald Reagan would have a very difficult”: quoted in Dana Milbank, “Reagan’s New Party,” Washington Post, July 20, 2011.
374 came out convinced he should support it: Manu Raju, “START Appears Set for Final Approval,” http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1210/46669.html, December 21, 2010.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SENATORS’ MEMOIRS AND BIOGRAPHIES
Ashby, LeRoy, and Rod Gramer. Fighting the Odds: The Life of Senator Frank Church (Pullman, Washington: Washington State University Press, 1994).
Annis, J. Lee, Jr. Howard Baker: Conciliator in an Age of Crisis, 2nd ed. (Knoxville: Howard Baker Center for Public Policy, University of Tennessee, 2007).
Bass, Jack, and Marilyn W. Thompson. Strom: The Complicated Personal and Political Life of Strom Thurmond (New York: PublicAffairs, 2005).
Bayh, Birch. One Heartbeat Away: Presidential Disability and Succession (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1968).
Biden, Joe. Promises to Keep: On Life and Politics (New York: Random House, 2007).
Biles, Roger. Crusading Liberal: Paul H. Douglas of Illinois (DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2002).
Bradley, Bill. Time Present, Time Past: A Memoir (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996).
Byrd, Robert C. Child of the Appalachian Coal Fields (Morgantown, West Virginia: West Virginia University Press, 2005).
———. Losing America: Confronting a Reckless and Arrogant Presidency (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004).
———. The Senate, 1789–1989: Addresses on the History of the United States Senate, Vol. 2 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991).
Campbell, Karl E. Senator Sam Ervin: Last of the Founding Fathers (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007).
Caro, Robert A. The Years of Lyndon Johnson: Master of the Senate (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002).
Christofferson, Bill. The Man from Clear Lake: Earth Day Founder Senator Gaylord Nelson (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004).
Clymer, Adam. Edward M. Kennedy: A Biography (New York: William Morrow, 1999).
Cohen, William S. Roll Call: One Year in the United States Senate (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1981).
Cohen, William S., and George J. Mitchell. Men of Zeal: A Candid Inside Story of the Iran-Contra Hearings (New York: Viking, 1988).
Cox, Patrick. Ralph W. Yarborough: The People’s Senator (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001).
Danforth, John. Faith and Politics: How the “Moral Values” Debate Divides America and How to Move Forward Together (New York: Viking, 2006).
Daschle, Tom, with Michael D’Orso. Like No Other Time: The Two Years That Changed America (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2003).
DeConcini, Dennis, and Jack L. August Jr. Senator Dennis DeConcini: From the Center of the Aisle (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2006).
Douglas, Paul H. In the Fullness of Time: The Memoirs of Paul H. Douglas (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971).
Drukman, Mason. Wayne Morse: A Political Biography (Portland: Oregon Historical Society Press, 1997).
Eagleton, Thomas F. War and Presidential Power: A Chronicle of Congressional Surrender (New York: Liveright, 1974).
Ervin, Sam J., Jr. Preserving the Constitution: The Autobiography of Senator Sam M. Ervin, Jr. (Charlottesville, Virginia: Michie Company, 1984).
Fite, Gilbert C. Richard Russell, Jr., Senator from Georgia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991).
Gillon, Steven M. The Democrats’ Dilemma: Walter F. Mondale and the Liberal Legacy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992).
Harris, Fred R. Alarms and Hopes: A Personal Journey, A Personal View (New York: Harper & Row, 1968).
Hart, Gary. The Thunder and the Sunshine: Four Seasons in a Burnished Life (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 2010).
Hatch, Orrin. Square Peg: Confessions of a Citizen Senator (New York: Basic Books, 2002).
Helms, Jesse. Here’s Where I Stand: A Memoir (New York: Random House, 2005).
Hodgson, Godfrey. The Gentleman from New York: Daniel Patrick Moynihan: A Biography (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000).
Hollings, Ernest F. “Fritz,” with Kirk Victor. Making Government Work (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2008).
Hulsey, Byron C. Everett Dirksen and His Presidents: How a Senate Giant Shaped American Politics (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000).
Humphrey, Hubert H. The Education of a Public Man: My Life and Politics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991).
———. War on Poverty (Toronto, Canada: McGraw-Hill, 1964).
Javits, Jacob K., with Rafael Steinberg. Javits: The Autobiography of a Public Man (Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin, 1981).
Johnson, Haynes, and Bernard M. Gwertzman. Fulbright the Dissenter (London: Hutchinson, 1969).
Kaufman, Robert G. Henry M. Jackson: A Life in Politics (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000).
Kennedy, Edward M. True Compass: A Memoir (New York: Twelve, 2009).
Kirchmeier, Mark. Packwood: The Public and Private Life from Acclaim to Outrage (New York: Harper Collins West, 1995).
Laxalt, Paul. Nevada’s Paul Laxalt: A Memoir (Reno, Nevada: Jack Bacon, 2000).
Lewis, Finlay. Mondale: Portrait of an American Politician (New York: Harper & Row, 1980).
Link, William A. Righteous Warrior: Jesse Helms and the Rise of Modern Conservatism (New York: St. Martin’s, 2008).
Lippman, Theo, Jr., and Donald C. Hansen. Muskie (New York: W.W. Norton, 1971).
Longley, Kyle. Senator Albert Gore, Sr.: Tennessee Maverick (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004).
Lott, Trent. Herding Cats: A Life in Politics (New York: Regan Books, 2005).
Mann, Robert. Legacy to Power: Senator Russell Long of Louisiana (Lincoln, NE: Authors Guild Backinprint.com Edition, 1992).
McGovern, George S. Grassroots: The Autobiography of George McGovern (New York: Random House, 1977).
Mondale, Walter F., with David Hage. The Good Fight: A Life in Liberal Politics (New York: Scribner, 2010).
Oberdorfer, Don. Senator Mansfield: The Extraordinary Life of a Great American Statesman and Diplomat (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 2003).
O’Brien, Michael. Philip Hart: The Conscience of the Senate (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1995).
Prochnau, William W., and Richard W. Larsen. A Certain Democrat: Senator Henry Jackson, a Political Biography (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1972).
Ribicoff, Abraham. America Can Make It! (New York: Atheneum, 1972).
Sandbrook, Dominic. Eugene McCarthy and the Rise and Fall of Postwar American Liberalism (New York: Anchor Books, 2005).
Scates, Shelby. Warren G. Magnuson and the Shaping of Twentieth-Century America (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997).
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. Robert Kennedy and His Times (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978).
Schulman, Robert. John Sherman Cooper: The Global Kentuckian (Lexington: University Press of Kentu
cky, 1976).
Solberg, Carl. Hubert Humphrey: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1984).
Talmadge, Herman E., with Mark Royden Winchell. Talmadge: A Political Legacy, a Politician’s Life (Atlanta: Peachtree Publishers, 1987).
Thompson, Fred D. At That Point in Time: The Inside Story of the Senate Watergate Committee (New York: Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., 1975).
Tower, John G. Consequences: A Personal and Political Memoir (Boston: Little, Brown, 1991).
Valeo, Francis R. Mike Mansfield, Majority Leader: A Different Kind of Senate, 1961–1976 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1999).
Vetterli, Richard. Orrin Hatch: Challenging the Washington Establishment (Chicago: Regnery Gateway, 1982).
Weicker, Lowell P., Jr., with Barry Sussman. Maverick: A Life in Politics (Boston: Little, Brown, 1995).
Witcover, Jules. Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption (New York: William Morrow, 2010).
Woods, Randall Bennett. Fulbright: A Biography (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
ABOUT THE SENATE
Asbell, Bernard. The Senate Nobody Knows (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1978).
Baker, Ross K. Friend and Foe in the U.S. Senate (New York: Free Press, 1980).
Clymer, Adam. Drawing the Line at the Big Ditch: The Panama Canal Treaties and the Rise of the Right (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2008).
Drew, Elizabeth. Senator (New York: A Touchstone Book, 1979).
Drury, Allen. A Senate Journal, 1943–1945 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963).
Foley, Michael. The New Senate: Liberal Influence on a Conservative Institution, 1959–1972 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1980).
Gitenstein, Mark. Matters of Principle: An Insider’s Account of America’s Rejection of Robert Bork’s Nomination to the Supreme Court (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992).
Gould, Lewis L. The Most Exclusive Club: The History of the Modern United States Senate (New York: Basic Books, 2005).
Hamilton, James. The Power to Probe: A Study of Congressional Investigations (New York: Random House, 1976).
Johnson, Loch K. A Season of Inquiry: The Senate Intelligence Investigation (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1985).