celibacy of, 144, 145–46, 167
as common name, 97–98, 109, 117
family of, 33, 42, 46–47, 52, 53, 107, 109, 111, 121–23, 143, 166–74, 185, 208, 229, 234
first followers of, 1, 6, 37, 53, 69, 76, 110, 120, 122, 124–25, 127–28, 132, 137, 170, 171, 172–73, 181, 196, 204, 208, 209, 210; see also Jewish Christians
Jewish references to, 142
lifetime of, 3–4, 73, 142–43, 169, 204–7, 216, 236
and Mary Magdalene, 45–46, 52, 122–23, 124, 129–57, 207
nicknames given by, 140–41
ossuary inscriptions of, 94, 97–102
parables of, 73–74
on resurrection, 191–92, 209
resurrection by, 190
sayings of, 1, 75, 77
and sign of Jonah, 69, 75–77, 80, 82, 85, 203
and Simon of Cyrene, 13, 14
see also resurrection
“Jesus Aloth” ossuary, 99–100, 101, 101
Jesus Christ Superstar, 152
Jesus Dynasty, The (Tabor), 33, 42, 46, 129
Jesus Family Tomb, The, 33, 221
“Jesus Jesus” ossuary, 100–101
“Jesus son of Joseph” ossuary (Garden tomb), 28, 29–30, 32, 44, 52, 98, 101, 105, 106, 107–9, 108, 109, 112, 123, 193–94, 197–98, 199–201
“Jesus son of Joseph” ossuary (Rockefeller Museum), 30, 32, 218
“Jesus son of Joseph” tomb, see Garden tomb
“Jesus Woe” ossuary, 99
Jewish art, 79–80, 85
Jewish Christians, 195–96
archaeological evidence related to, 4, 94, 95, 99, 102–3, 127–28, 156, 172
lost gospel of, 75
see also Christians, early; Jesus, first followers of
Jewish law:
about burials, 36, 124, 126, 133, 198
about holy texts, 50
on marriage, 145, 146
prohibiting graven images, 11, 66, 69, 85–86
about tombs, 3, 17
Jews:
ancient burial practices of, 8–9, 16, 183
celibacy among, 143–45
early Christians’ relations with, 141–42, 195
Jonah’s significance to, 78–80, 85, 86
and resurrection, 188, 189, 191, 196
Roman tombs of, 7
see also Orthodox Jews
Joanna, 132, 229, 230
Joash tablet, 232
Job:
3:11–19, 189
14:10–12, 190
John, Gospel of:
1:46, 107
6:42, 107
7:3–5, 208
11, 149
11:1–3, 149
11:43–44, 190
12:1–8, 148–49
12:7–8, 149
12:32, 93
19:38–42, 119
19:41, 33
19:41–42, 36, 134
20:1–18, 136, 207
20:2, 133, 134
20:11–18, 153
20:13, 134
20:15, 134
20:16–17, 134
20:24–25, 195
20:26–29, 206
21:9–14, 195
Mary Magdalene in, 133–35, 148–49, 156, 157, 207
resurrection in, 135, 136, 153, 195, 206, 209
John (apostle), 114, 170, 185
John (son of Zebedee), 141, 229
“John the Baptist” cave, 39
John the Baptizer, 35, 125, 144
Jonah:
1:17, 77
2:2, 5–6; 78
2:5, 84
Jonah and the fish, 81, 82, 84
early Christian significance of, 69, 70, 78–82, 83, 85, 94
story of, 77–78, 84–85
see also sign of Jonah
Joseph (brother of Jesus), 42, 46–47, 110, 116, 121, 122, 208
Joseph (father of Jesus), 121, 122, 169, 185
Joseph (husband of Mary), 110
Joseph of Arimathea, 89, 119–20, 124, 126, 128, 184, 193, 195
in New Testament gospels, 2, 35–36, 90, 110, 119, 132, 134, 219, 228
Josephus, 124, 139, 140, 143, 144, 173, 186, 188
“Joses” ossuary, 28, 46–47, 106, 107, 110–12, 111, 116, 123
“Judah” ossuary, 101
“Judah son of Jesus” ossuary, 28, 98, 106, 107, 123, 125, 130, 140, 185–86, 186
Judas (brother of Jesus), 42, 110, 121, 122
Judas Iscariot, 149
Judas Maccabee, 185
Judas the Galilean, 185–86
Justin Martyr, 82
Kalman, Matthew, 232
Kazantzakis, Nikos, 152
Kidron Valley:
James’ tomb in, 174–75, 178
monumental tombs in, 178–79
Simon of Cyrene’s tomb in, 12–13
1 Kings, 17:17–22, 190
2 Kings:
2:1–18, 137
2:32–37, 190
13:21, 190
Klassen, Walter, 59, 61, 63, 64–65, 65, 68, 69, 70, 88
Kloner, Amos, 17, 18, 19, 19, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 32, 40, 43, 48, 54, 68, 87, 88, 105–6, 120, 125, 165, 166, 197, 198, 199, 216, 217, 220, 221, 228
Knohl, Israel, 220
kokhim, 8
Lakehead University, Paleo-DNA Laboratory at, 44, 200
Last Day, 189
Last Temptation of Christ, The, 152
Lazarus, 139, 149, 190, 226
Lemaire, André, 159, 161
Leviathan, 85
Leviticus, 11:9–12, 85
Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity, 97
Lloyd Webber, Andrew, 152
Lost Tomb of Jesus, The, 33, 52, 112, 220
Luke, Gospel of, 74, 75, 170, 196
2:41–52, 143
3:23, 107
3:23–31, 123
4:22, 107
4:22–23, 208
7:11–17, 190
7:36–50, 150
8:1–3, 124, 140
8:2, 150
8:2–3, 132
9:54, 141
9:59, 9
11:15, 75
11:29, 76
13:22, 151
16:15, 141
20:27–36, 209
20:34–40, 192
23:51, 127
24:11, 135, 152
24:39, 195
24:39–43, 206
24:49, 55; 207
Mary Magdalene in, 132, 138, 140, 150–51, 207
resurrection in, 134–35, 152, 194–95, 206, 209
Lutgen, Jerry, 117, 118
McCarter, P. Kyle, 161
Maoz, Ouriel, 23
Maoz, Rivka, 23–24, 26–27
“Mariamene Mara” ossuary, 28, 45–46, 47, 52, 67, 96, 97, 106, 107, 112–16, 122, 123, 125, 130, 131, 140, 156, 157, 185, 199–201, 227
“Mariamene” ossuary, 96–97
“Maria” ossuary, 28, 107, 112, 123, 130, 185
Mark, Gospel of, 73, 75
1:1, 206
1:19, 167
1:30–31, 143
3:13–19, 185
3:17, 141
3:17–18, 167
3:22, 75
4:10–12, 74
5:41–43, 190
6:1–3, 208
6:3, 42, 46, 111, 166
6:29, 35, 125
8:12, 76
10:35–41, 141
14:3–9, 148, 149
15:21, 13, 14
15:40, 141, 167
15:40–41, 132
15:42–47, 119, 120
15:43, 126
15:43–47, 35
15:47, 132
16:1, 36, 122
16:1–7, 133
16:8, 152
16:9–20, 206
Mary Magdalene in, 131–32, 148, 149, 156, 207
resurrection in, 133, 134, 152, 194, 195, 205–6
Mar Saba monastery, 34
Martha, 139, 149, 151, 157, 221, 226
Mary (mother of Jesus), 115, 121, 122, 131, 132, 139, 141, 185, 208, 230
&
nbsp; virginity of, 167–68, 169, 234
Mary (sister of Jesus), 121, 122, 131, 229
Mary Magdalene, 113, 114, 115, 116
and apostles, 138, 139, 152–56
Jesus’ relationship to, 45–46, 52, 122–23, 124, 129–57, 207
Middle Ages worship of, 152
name of, 139–42
in New Testament, 130, 131–38, 139, 148–51, 156, 207, 208
as resurrection witness, 130, 134, 135, 136–37, 138, 152–53, 156, 207
status of, 116, 131, 139, 148–52
see also “Mariamene Mara” ossuary
Mary of Bethany, 139, 149, 150, 151, 157, 226
Matheson, Carney, 44
Matthew (apostle), 154
Matthew, Gospel of, 74, 75, 196, 219
1:25, 168
12:23–24, 75
12:40, 76
13:55, 42, 46, 107, 111, 166, 185
16:4, 76
16:18, 141
26:57–67, 15
27:52, 190
27:60, 219, 228
28:9–10, 135, 152
28:11–15, 195
28:16–20, 135, 206
28:18–19, 194
resurrection in, 134, 135, 152, 194, 195, 206
“Matthew” ossuary, 28, 107, 123
messianic movements, 125
Mevorach, David, 95–96
Migdal (Magdala), 139–40
Mishnah, 79, 223
Mount of Offense tomb, 100–102, 217
Mount Scopus ossuary, 90–91
Murphy-O’Connor, Jerome, 220
Muslims, and resurrection, 188–89
Naveh, Joseph, 30
nephesh, 69
Nero, 140
New Testament, 1
gospel chronology of, 73, 74–75, 76, 77, 194, 196
Greek texts of, 111
James brother of Jesus in, 166, 170–71, 208, 209
Jesus’ death in, 35–36, 37, 119
Jesus’ name in, 107, 108, 116
and Jesus’ possible marriage, 129–30, 142–47
Joseph of Arimathea in, 2, 35–36, 90, 110, 119, 132, 134, 219, 228
“Josephs” in, 110
lost gospels of, 130, 153–56, 172, 205; see also Q, Gospel of
Mary Magdalene in, 130, 131–38, 139, 148–51, 156, 207, 208
Mary mother of Jesus in, 185, 208
Mary’s virginity in, 168
oldest copies of, 4, 77, 229
ossuaries related to, 12
resurrection in, 133, 134–35, 136, 152, 153, 190, 192, 193, 194–95, 205–6, 209, 222, 235
theological basis of, 205–6
women in, 130, 132, 135, 138, 143, 149, 209
see also specific books
New Yorker, 162
Nicodemus, 134
Noah, 81
North Carolina, University of, at Charlotte, 56
Old Testament, see Hebrew Bible
Origen, 188, 230
Orthodox Jews:
Patio tomb exploration permission from, 3
reburial of tomb remains by, 25–26, 198, 199
ossuaries, 214
biochemical signatures of, 175–76
bone fragments in, 26, 44
of Caiaphas family, 15–16, 15, 108
common names on, 30, 43, 45–47, 52, 53, 67, 97–98, 105–19, 164, 225, 226, 227
crosses on, 100–102
decoration on, 6, 11, 15, 66–67, 68, 69, 83, 84, 86, 94–96, 99
epigrams on, 11–12, 70, 90–92, 99
excavation procedures for, 25–26
family bones in, 89
fish images on, 94–97
honorifics on, 115–16, 227
identifiable, 12–16
inscribed, 10, 11, 15, 16, 65, 94, 96–102, 107–8, 109, 115, 116, 117, 163, 204, 215, 223, 224
“Jesus” inscriptions on, 94, 97–102, 109, 118–19
localized use of, 11
names within circles on, 96
purpose of, 8–9
of Simon of Cyrene’s family, 13–14, 14, 215
stolen, 9–10, 9
see also specific ossuaries
parables, 73–74
Passover, 216
Patio tomb, 1, 20, 33, 34, 36–37, 182
access to, 2, 5, 47, 54, 55–56, 59, 60, 61–62, 62, 64–65
bones in, 62, 89, 89, 183, 197
contents of, 6, 6, 17–20, 19, 48, 56, 62, 65–70, 183
excavation permission for, 3, 5, 54–59, 58, 61
Greek inscription in, 70, 90–94, 91, 181, 183, 184, 203
niche one of, 63, 66, 88
niche three of, 68–70, 83, 83
niche two of, 66–68
1981 discovery of, 1, 5, 16, 17–21, 19, 68
ossuaries in, 6, 6, 11–12, 17, 18, 18, 19, 20, 56, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66–70, 88–89, 127, 183, 185, 197, 197
ossuary 1 of, 66
ossuary 2 of, 66, 66
ossuary 3 of, 67, 67, 115
ossuary 4 of, 67–68
ossuary 5 of, 68, 69–70, 83, 83, 88, 90–94
ossuary 6 (Jonah ossuary) of, 68–69, 83–90, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 181–82, 184, 203, 204
radar ground scans of, 57, 59
rediscovery of, 47–49
robotic arm used in, 5, 47, 55–56, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64–65, 65, 88
significance of, 1, 77, 79, 94–103, 106, 124, 125–28, 181, 210
size of, 17
vent pipes of, 17, 20, 41, 47, 54, 55, 217
Paul, 81, 119, 135, 137, 138, 143, 145, 146, 147, 166, 170, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 206, 208–9, 230, 231
Paul, Acts of, 82
Peace Forest, Caiaphas family tomb in, 15
Pellegrino, Charles, 45
1 Peter, 3:21, 81
Peter, 133, 141, 143, 151, 153, 154, 155, 170, 190, 207
Pfann, Stephen J., 220
Pharisees, 143, 186, 191
Philippians, 2:9, 93
Philo of Alexandria, 143, 144, 188
Pistis Sophia, 153, 155
Plato, 187
Pliny the Elder, 143, 144
Polycarp, 114
Pontius Pilate, 35, 119, 195
archaeological evidence related to, 4
Powers, Tom, 13
Price, Jonathan, 95, 96, 227
Priscilla catacombs, 80, 82
Protestants, 210
Psalms:
6:5, 189
9:14, 93
88:3–12, 189
115:17, 189
Pseudepigrapha, 78
Pseudo-Clementine Recognitions, 173
Q, Gospel of, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 85, 196, 222
Rachel, 34
Rahmani, Levi, 30, 32, 94, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 118, 165, 174, 215
Religious Affairs Ministry, 198
resurrection:
and apostolic authority, 137–38
and baptism, 82
differing views of, 2, 53, 124, 188–93, 209–10
in early Christian art, 7, 80, 81
evidence of faith in, 1, 6, 7, 37, 70, 94, 95, 103, 124, 128, 181, 184, 193–96, 203, 210
gospel accounts of, 133, 134–35, 136, 152, 153, 194–95, 205–6, 209, 222, 235
Greek view of, 93
Mary Magdalene’s witness to, 130, 134, 135, 136–37, 138, 152–53, 156, 207
and “sign of Jonah,” 76–77, 78–79, 80, 81, 82, 85, 93–94, 184, 203
words used for, 70, 100
Revelation:
20:11–15, 191
21:1, 193
21:3, 193
Rice, Tim, 152
Rockefeller Museum, 12, 18, 24, 25, 26, 30, 96, 98, 99, 179, 197, 198, 217, 218
Roman Catholic Church, 210
and Mary Magdalene, 152
and Mary’s virginity, 234
Romans:
6:4, 82
8:21, 192
Rome:
catacomb tombs in, 4, 7, 80–82, 85, 94; see also Priscilla catacombs; San Sebastiano catacombs
1st Jewish
revolt against, 139–40
Israel’s occupation by, 185
Jerusalem’s destruction by, 10–11, 62, 120, 121, 184
Rosenfeld, Amnon, 175, 176
Royal Ontario Museum, 42, 161, 174
Sadducees, 143, 186, 191, 209
Salome (sister of Jesus), 121, 122, 132, 229
1 Samuel, 28:8–15, 190
Sanhedrin, 35
San Sebastiano catacombs, 80, 81
Schaberg, Jane, 135, 136–37, 153
Schmidl, David, 61, 64
Scorsese, Martin, 152
Second Apocalypse of James, 173
Semahot, 12.9, 9
Shanks, Hershel, 42, 43, 159, 160, 161, 163
Sheol, 78, 189–90, 191
Shohat, Ephraim, 21, 49
sign of Jonah, 73–103
Jesus’ references to, 69, 75–77, 80, 82, 85
on Patio tomb ossuary, 69, 83–90, 84, 86, 93–94
as resurrection metaphor, 76–77, 78–79, 80, 81, 82, 85, 93–94, 184, 203
on Yeshua “fish” ossuary, 96
see also Jonah and the fish
Simon (brother of Jesus), 42, 110, 121, 122, 208
Simon (the leper), 148, 150
Simon (the Zealot), 141
Simon of Cyrene:
ossuary of, 13–14, 14, 215
tomb of, 12–13, 215
60 Minutes, 162
Snyder, Graydon, 80
Society of Biblical Literature, 161
Socrates, 187
Solel Boneh construction company, 17
Sophia of Jesus Christ, 153
Sukenik, Eleazar, 12, 30, 98, 99, 100, 109, 218
Sunday Times, 32
Surah, 2:79, 189
Susanna, 132
Tabor, James D., 33, 39, 40, 41, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 56, 57, 59, 61, 62, 66, 70, 92, 111, 113, 129, 161, 165, 166, 218, 219, 221
Talmud, 79, 141, 230
“Talpiot Tomb, The: What Are the Odds?” (Lutgen), 117
Tarant, Bill, 61, 64, 70
Ten Commandments, 69
Tertullian, 146, 151, 210
Tetragrammaton, 66
Thesaurus Linguae Graecae, 113
Thirteen Principles of Maimonides, 188
Thomas, Gospel of, 74
Time, 232
1 Timothy:
2:11–13, 138
2:15, 138
“tomb of the Shroud,” 42, 44, 219
tomb robbers, 9–10, 9
tombs:
construction around, 10
family, 121, 182
Greek, 11–12
Israeli regulations concerning, 3, 7, 10, 54
in Jerusalem, 1, 7–12, 9, 12–16, 17, 25, 42, 51, 102, 118, 125, 175–76, 184, 214
Jewish law concerning, 3, 17
pagan artifacts in, 15, 16
of prominent individuals, 15, 16, 125
see also burial; Garden tomb; ossuaries; Patio tomb
Torah, 85, 144
True Doctrine (Celsus), 135–36
ultra-Orthodox Jews, 1981 Patio tomb excavation protests by, 18, 20, 47, 54, 56, 57, 59, 88
Valentinus, 155
Vatican, 32
Vespasian, 139
Witherington, Ben, III, 160, 163
women:
in early Christianity, 135–36, 146–47, 153, 167–68
The Jesus Discovery Page 24