32. Roy, B. and Tarnopolsky, M. Effect of glucose supplement timing on protein metabolism after resistance training. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 82, pp. 1882-1888, 1997.
33. Roy, B. et al. Macronutrient intake and whole body protein metabolism following resistance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol. 32, pp. 1412-1418, 2000.
Chapter 22 Periodization and Block Systems
1. Verkhoshansky, Y. Programming and organization of training. Moscow: Fizkultura i Sport, 1985.
2. Verkhoshansky, Y. Supertraining. 3rd ed. Painesville, Ohio: Vision Press, 1997.
3. Owen Anderson, personal observation.
4. Ryan, A. Anabolic steroids are fool’s gold. Federation Proceedings, Vol. 40, pp. 2682-2688, 1981.
5. Anderson, O. Things your mom forgot to tell you about the periodization of your training. Running Research News, Vol. 13 (6), pp. 1-9, 1997.
6. Vorobyev, A.N. Periodization of sports training. Moscow: Fiscultura I Sport, 1966.
7. Lydiard, A. Running with Lydiard. 2nd ed. G. Gilmour, ed. Aachen, Germany: Meyer & Meyer Sport, 2000.
8. Horwill, F. An Obsession for Running. Carnforth: Colin Davies, 1994.
9. Daniels, J. Daniels’ running formula. 2nd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2005.
Chapter 23 Integrated Strength and Endurance Training Programs
1. Mikkola, J. et al. Concurrent endurance and explosive type strength training improves neuromuscular and anaerobic characteristics in young distance runners. International Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 28 (7), pp. 602-611, 2007.
2. Spurrs, R. et al. The effect of plyometric training on distance running performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 89 (1), pp. 1-7, 2003.
3. Taipale, R. et al. Strength training in endurance runners. International Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 31 (7), pp. 468-476, 2010.
4. Gettman, L. et al. A comparison of combined running and weight training with circuit weight training. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 14 (3), pp. 229-234, 1982.
5. Taşkin H. Effect of circuit training on the sprint-agility and anaerobic endurance. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, Vol. 23 (6), pp. 1803-1810, 2009.
6. Marcinik, E. et al. Effects of strength training on lactate threshold and endurance performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 23 (6), pp. 739-743, 1991.
7. Chtara, M. et al. Effects of intra-session concurrent endurance and strength training sequence on aerobic performance and capacity. British Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 39 (8), pp. 555-560, 2005.
8. Esteve-Lanao, J. et al. Running-specific, periodized strength training attenuates loss of stride length during intense endurance running. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, Vol. 22 (4), pp. 1176-1183, 2008.
9. Endurance conditioning. In Endurance in sport, R.J. Shepherd and P.O. Astrand, eds. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, 1992, pp. 294-295.
10. Ebben, W. The optimal downhill slope for acute overspeed running. International Journal of Sports & Physiological Performance, Vol. 3 (1), pp. 88-93, 2008.
11. Berryman, N. et al. Effect of plyometric vs dynamic weight training on the energy cost of running. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, Vol. 24 (7), pp. 1818-1825, 2010.
12. Hamilton, R. et al. Effect of high-intensity resistance training on performance of competitive distance runners. International Journal of Sports Physiological Performance, Vol. 1 (1), pp. 40-49, 2006.
Chapter 24 Increasing O2max
1. Anderson, O. What should you do when you “build a base”? Do your capillaries count? Running Research News, Vol. 16 (9), pp. 1, 4-7, 2000.
2. Martin, D. and Coe, P. Developing running with periodization of training. In Better training for distance runners. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1997, p. 193.
3. Daniels, J. Daniels’ running formula. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1998, p. 149.
4. Lydiard, A. Running to the top. 2nd ed. G. Gilmour, ed. Aachen, Germany: Meyer and Meyer Sport, 1997.
5. Hermansen, L. and Wachtlova, M. Capillary density of skeletal muscle in well-trained and untrained men. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 30, pp. 860-863, 1971.
6. Laughlin, M.H. and Ripperger, J. Vascular transport capacity of hind-limb muscles of exercise-trained rats. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 62, pp. 438-444, 1987.
7. The parallelism of changes in oxidative metabolism and capillary supply of skeletal-muscle fibers. In Modern neurology, S. Locke, ed. Boston: Little, Brown, 1969, pp. 203-217.
8. Jurimae, T. et al. Running training, physical working capacity, and lipid and lipoprotein relationships in man. Finnish Sports Exercise Medicine, Vol. 3, pp. 104-112, 1984.
9. Gaesser, G. and Rich, R. Effects of high- and low-intensity exercise training on aerobic capacity and blood lipids. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 16 (3), pp. 269-274, 1984.
10. Dudley, G. et al. Influence of exercise intensity and duration on biochemical adaptations in skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 53, pp. 844-850, 1982.
11. Behm, D.G. and Sale, D.G. Velocity specificity of resistance training. Sports Medicine, Vol. 15 (6), pp. 374-388, 1993.
12. Gibala, M. et al. Short-term sprint interval versus traditional endurance training: Similar initial adaptations in human skeletal muscle and exercise performance. Journal of Physiology, Vol. 575 (3), pp. 901-911, 2006.
13. Henriksson, J. and Reitman, J.S. Quantitative measures of enzyme activities in type i and type ii muscle fibres of man after training. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 97, pp. 392-397, 1976.
14. Saltin, B. et al. The nature of the training response; peripheral and central adaptations of one-legged exercise. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 96, pp. 289-305, 1976.
15. Burgomaster, K. et al. Six sessions of sprint interval training increases muscle oxidative potential and cycle endurance capacity in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 98, pp. 1985-1990, 2005.
16. Burgomaster, K. et al. Effect of short-term sprint interval training on human skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism during exercise and time-trial performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 100, pp. 2041-2047, 2006.
17. Eddy, D. et al. The effects of continuous and interval training in women and men. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, Vol. 37, pp. 83-92, 1977.
18. Edge, J. et al. The effects of training intensity on muscle buffer capacity in females. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 96, pp. 97-105, 2006.
19. Weston, A. et al. Skeletal muscle buffering capacity and endurance performance after high-intensity interval training by well-trained cyclists. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, Vol. 75, pp. 7-13, 1997.
Chapter 25 Enhancing Economy
1. Dumke, C.L. Two-hour marathon and running economy. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 110 (1), p. 287, 2011.
2. Messier, S.P. and Cirillo, K.J. Effects of a verbal and visual feedback system on running technique, perceived exertion and running economy in female novice runners. Journal of Sports Sciences, Vol. 7 (2), pp. 113-126, 1989.
3. Hasegawa H., Yamauchi T., and Kraemer W.J. Foot strike patterns of runners at the 15-km point during an elite-level half marathon. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, Vol. 21 (3), pp. 888-893, 2007.
4. Lieberman, D.E., Venkadesan, M., Werbel, W.A., Daoud, A.I., D’Andrea, S., Davis, I.S., Mang’eni, R.O., and Pitsiladis, Y. Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners. Nature, Vol. 463 (7280), pp. 531-535, 2010.
5. Saunders, P.U., Pyne, D.B., Telford, R.D., and Hawley, J.A. Factors affecting running economy in trained distance runners. Sports Medicine, Vol. 34 (7), pp. 465-485, 2004.
6. Daniels, J. and Daniels, N. Running economy of elite male and elite female runners. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 24 (4), pp. 483-489, 1992.
7. Spurrs, R.W., Murphy, A.J., and Watsford, M.L. The effect o
f plyometric training on distance running performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 89 (1), pp. 1-7, 2003.
8. Paavolainen, L., Hakkinen, K., Hamalainen, I., Nummela, A., and Rusko, H. Explosive strength training improves 5-km running time by improving running economy and muscle power. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 86 (5), pp. 1527-1533, 1999.
9. Billat, V.L., Flechet, B., Petit, B., Muriaux, G., and Koralsztein, J.P. Interval training at O2max: Effects on aerobic performance and overtraining markers. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 31 (1), pp. 156-163, 1999.
10. Yamamoto, L.M., Lopez, R.M., Klau, J.F., Casa, D.J., Kraemer, W.J., and Maresh, C.M. The effects of resistance training on endurance distance running performance among highly trained runners: A systematic review. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, Vol. 22 (6), pp. 2036-2044, 2008.
11. Taipale, R.S., Mikkola, J., Nummela, A., Vesterinen, V., Capostagno, B., Walker, S., Gitonga, D., Kraemer, W.J., and Hakkinen, K. Strength training in endurance runners. International Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 31 (7), pp. 468-476, 2010.
12. Guglielmo, L.G., Greco, C.C., and Denadai, B.S. Effects of strength training on running economy. International Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 30 (1), pp. 27-32, 2009.
13. Jung, A.P. The impact of resistance training on distance running performance. Sports Medicine, Vol. 33 (7), pp. 539-552, 2003.
14. Behm, D.G. and Sale, D.G. Velocity specificity of resistance training. Sports Medicine, Vol. 15 (6), pp. 374-388, 1993.
15. Sale, D.G. Neural adaptation to resistance training. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 20 (5) (Suppl.), pp. S135-S145, 1988.
16. Divert, C., Mornieux, G., Freychat, P., Baly, L., Mayer, F., and Belli, A. Barefoot-shod running differences: Shoe or mass effect? International Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 29 (6), pp. 512-518, 2008.
17. Squadrone, R. and Gallozzi, C. Biomechanical and physiological comparison of barefoot and two shod conditions in experienced barefoot runners. Journal of Sports Medicine & Physical Fitness, Vol. 49 (1), pp. 6-13, 2009.
18. Smith, A.L., Gill, D.L., Crews, D.J., Hopewell, R., and Morgan, D.W. Attentional strategy use by experienced distance runners: Physiological and psychological effects. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Vol. 66 (2), pp. 142-150, 1995.
19. Birrer, D. and Morgan, G. Psychological skills training as a way to enhance an athlete’s performance in high-intensity sports. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, Suppl. 2, pp. 78-87, 2010.
20. Houmard, J.A., Scott, B.K., Justice, C.L., and Chenier, T.C. The effects of taper on performance in distance runners. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 26, pp. 624-631, 1994.
21. Houmard, J.A., Costill, D.L., Mitchell, J.B., Park, S.H., Hickner, R.C., and Roemmich, J.N. Reduced training maintains performance in distance runners. International Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 11, pp. 46-52, 1990.
22. Endurance conditioning. In Endurance in sport, R.J. Shephard and P.O. Astrand, eds. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific. 1992, pp. 294-295.
23. Anderson, O. Things were so easy, until vVO2max and then tlimvVO2max had to come along. Running Research News, Vol. 15 (2), pp. 1-5, 1999.
24. Hausswirth, C. and Brisswalter J. Strategies for improving performance in long duration events: Olympic distance triathlon. Sports Medicine, Vol. 38 (11), pp. 881-891, 2008
25. Anderson, O., personal observation.
26. Larson, H.B. Kenyan dominance in distance running. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol, Vol. 136 (1), pp.161-170, 2003.
27. Wilber, R.L. and Pitsiladis, Y.P. Kenyan and Ehtiopian distance runners: what makes them so good? Int J Sports Physiol Perform, Vol. 7 (2), pp, 92-102, 2012.
28. Raichlen, D.A., Armstrong, H., and Lieberman, D.E. Calcaneus length determines running economy: Implications for endurance running performance in modern humans and neandertals. Journal of Human Evolution, Vol. 60 (3), pp. 299-308, 2011.
29. Rusko, H. and Bosco, C.C. Metabolic response of endurance athletes to training with added load. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, Vol. 56 (4), pp. 412-418, 1987.
Chapter 26 Gaining vO2max
1. Anderson, O. Things were so easy, until vVO2max and then tlimvVO2max had to come along. Running Research News, Vol. 15 (2), pp. 1-5, 1999.
2. Billat, V. et al. Interval training at VO2max: Effects on aerobic performance and overtraining markers. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 31 (1), pp. 156-163, 1999.
3. Billat, V. et al. Intermittent runs at the velocity associated with maximal oxygen uptake enables subjects to remain at maximal oxygen uptake for a longer time than intense but submaximal runs. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 81 (3), pp. 188-196, 2000.
4. Anderson, O. Torrid new vVO2max sessions keep you at VO2max—and are easier to carry out. Running Research News, Vol. 16 (7), pp. 1-4, 2000.
5. Smith, T. et al. Optimising high-intensity treadmill training using the running speed at maximal O(2) uptake and the time for which this can be maintained. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 89 (3-4), pp. 337-343, 2003.
Chapter 27 Upgrading Lactate Threshold
1. McDermott, J. and Bonen, A. Endurance training increases skeletal muscle lactate transport. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 147 (3), pp. 323-327, 1993.
2. McCullagh, K. et al. Role of lactate transporter (MCT1) in skeletal muscles. American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 271, (Endocrinology and Metabolism 34), pp. E143-150, 1996.
3. Thomas, C. et al. Monocarboxylate transporters, blood lactate removal after supramaximal exercise, and fatigue indexes in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 98 (3), pp. 804-809, 2005.
4. Thomas, C. Monocarboxylate transporters, blood lactate removal after supramaximal exercise, and fatigue indexes in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 98 (3), pp. 804-809, 2005.
5. Billat, V. et al. The concept of maximal lactate steady state: A bridge between biochemistry, physiology, and sport science. Sports Medicine, Vol. 33 (6), pp. 407-426, 2003.
6. Jack Daniels, personal communication.
7. O'Brien, M.J., et al. Carbohydrate dependence during marathon running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol. 25 (9), pp. 1009-17, Sept. 1993..
8. Sjödin, B. et al. Changes in onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) and muscle enzymes after training at OBLA. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, Vol. 49 (1), pp. 45-57, 1982.
9. Anderson, Owen, Lactate lift-off, Lansing: SSS, 1998.
10. Evertsen, F. et al. Effect of training intensity on muscle lactate transporters and lactate threshold of cross-country skiers. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 173 (2), pp. 195-205, 2001.
11. Acevedo, E.O. and Goldfarb, A.H. Increased training intensity effects on plasma lactate, ventilatory threshold, and endurance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 21 (5), pp. 563-568, 1989.
12. Keith, S.P. et al. Adaptations to training at the individual anaerobic threshold. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 23 (4), Suppl. # 197, 1991.
13. Special workout helps lift lactate threshold toward VO2max. Running Research News, Vol. 7 (4), pp. 1, 4-5, 1991.
14. Dudley, G. et al. Influence of exercise intensity and duration on biochemical adaptations in skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 53 (4), pp. 844-850, 1982.
15. Baker, S. et al. Training-intensity-dependent and tissue-specific increases in lactate uptake and MCT-1 in heart and muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 84 (3), pp. 987-994, 1998.
16. Juel, C. et al. Effect of high-intensity intermittent training on lactate and H+ release from human skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Vol. 286, pp. E245-E251, 2004.
17. Pilegaard, H. et al. Effect of high-intensity exercise training on lactate/H+ transport capacity in human skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Vol. 276, pp. E255-E261
, 1999.
18. Pilegaard, H. et al. Lactate transport studied in sarcolemmal giant vesicles from human muscle biopsies: Relation to training status. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 77 (4), pp. 1858-1862, 1994.
19. Pilegaard, H. et al. Lactate transport studied in sarcolemmal giant vesicles from rats: Effect of training. American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 264, pp. E156-E160, 1993.
20. Billat, V. et al. interval training at VO2max: Effects on aerobic performance and overtraining markers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol. 31(1), pp. 156-163, 1999.
21. Bickham, D. et al. The effects of short-term sprint training on MCT expression in moderately endurance-trained runners. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 96 (6), pp. 636-643, 2006.
22. Petersen, S. et al. The influence of high-velocity circuit resistance training on VO2max and cardiac output. Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences, Vol. 14 (3), pp. 158-63, Sept. 1989. .
23. Weltman, A. et al. Reliability and validity of a continuous incremental treadmill protocol for the determination of lactate threshold, fixed blood lactate concentrations, and VO2 max. International Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 11, pp. 26-32, 1990.
24.Heitkamp, H.-Ch. et al. The reproducibility of the 4 mmol/l lactate threshold in trained and untrained women. International Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 12, pp. 363-368, 1991.
25. Atkinson, G. and Nevill, A. Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (reliability) in variables relevant to Sports Medicine. Sports Medicine, Vol. 26, pp. 217-238, 1998.
26. Grant, S., et al. (2002). Reproducibility of the blood lactate threshold, 4 mmol marker, heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion during incremental treadmill exercise in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 87, pp. 159-166, 2002.
Chapter 28 Increasing Maximal Running Speed
1. Sinnett, A., et al. The relationship between field tests of anaerobic power and 10-km run performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, Vol. 15 (4), pp. 405-12, Nov. 2001.
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