by Peter Golden
14 Zhuk, Sergei I. Rock and Roll in the Rocket City: The West, Identity and Ideology in Soviet Dniepropetrovsk, 1960–1985. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, reprint ed., 2017. Professor Zhuk generously spent an evening on the phone with me explaining some of the fine points of the underground rock culture in that city.
Cold War Radio
Four Freedoms Radio is the child of my imagination, but anyone familiar with the remarkable accomplishments of Radio Liberty, Radio Free Europe, and Voice of America will recognize the reality that inspired my creation. The following helped me to understand these stations:
1 Critchlow, James. Radio Liberty: An Insider’s Story of Cold War. Charleston, SC: BookSurge Publishing, 2006. Mr. Critchlow, a former executive at Radio Liberty, was kind enough to answer my questions in an interview and via email; the experiences of the station’s employees, the characterization of Munich by the Soviet government as the “Center of Subversion,” and much of the response of local German politicos to the Dachau memorial are drawn from that interview and correspondence; the murder of émigrés by the Soviets is discussed on pages 55–57 of his memoir.
2 Cummings, Richard H. Cold War Radio: The Dangerous History of American Broadcasting in Europe, 1950–1989. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2009.
3 Puddington, Arch. Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2003. The reference to rock and roll by exiles from the Eastern Bloc as “ ‘nigger’ and Jewish music” is quoted on page 137.
4 Sosin, Gene. Sparks of Liberty: An Insider’s Memoir of Radio Liberty. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press, 1999. The receivers recording shortwave broadcasts from across the Soviet Union is cited on page 9, along with the number of studios operating at Radio Liberty. On page 23 of Sparks of Liberty, Sosin describes the use of short on-air sentences so listeners could catch them through the jamming, a description I put in the mouth of my character Taft Mifflin.
German Attitudes Toward the Holocaust
1 Associated Press. “Convent Dedicated on Site of Death Camp at Dachau.” New York Times, November 23, 1964. In my novel, the dedication of the Roman Catholic “Cloister of Atonement” occurs in October 1964; it was actually in November of that year, per this Times article. Details of the dedication are also drawn from the article.
2 Bach, Steven. Leni: The Life and Work of Leni Riefenstahl. New York: Vintage, reprint ed., 2008.
3 Breuer, William B. Operation Dragoon: The Allied Invasion of the South of France. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1987.
4 Cesarani, David. After Eichmann: Collective Memory and the Holocaust since 1961. New York: Routledge, 2014. For the Bundestag vote in 1965 on extending the statute of limitations for prosecuting war criminals, see page 44.
5 CIA Historical Review Program. “Soviet Use of Assassination and Kidnapping,” released on September 22, 1993. cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol19no3/html/v19i3a01p_0001.htm. Retrieved 12/01/2015.
6 Diab, Khaled. “Taking Hitler off the Menu.” The Guardian, October 29, 2008. Hitler’s preference for trout in butter sauce can be found in this article.
7 Dulles, Allen W. The Secret Surrender: The Classic Insider’s Account of the Secret Plot to Surrender Northern Italy During WWII. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2006.
8 Gassert, Philippe, and Alan E. Steinweis, eds. Coping with the Nazi Past: West German Debates on Nazism and Generational Conflict, 1955–1975. New York: Berghahn Books, 2006. The vote on extending the statute of limitations and staff additions to prosecute war criminals are on page 58, in a chapter written by Marc von Miquel: “Explanation, Dissociation, Apologia: The Debate over the Criminal Prosecution of Nazis Crimes in the 1960s.”
9 Grose, Peter. Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996.
10 Harvey, Elizabeth. Women and the Nazi East: Agents and Witnesses of Germanization. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003.
11 Lichtblau, Eric. The Nazis Next Door: How America Became a Safe Haven for Hitler’s Men. New York: Mariner Books, reprint ed., 2015.
12 Lower, Wendy. Hitler’s Furies: German Women in the Nazi Killing Fields. New York: Mariner Books, reprint ed., 2014. Tragically, women did murder children under the Nazis. Furthermore, women also had a role in the overall genocide and plunder and use of slave labor in the Ukraine. However, while my fictional portrait of Hildegard Ter Horst has been informed by Lower’s work, Hildegard and her behavior, motives, and self-justification come from my imagination.
13 Marcuse, Harold. Legacies of Dachau: The Uses and Abuses of a Concentration Camp, 1933–2001. New York: Cambridge University Press, reissue ed., 2008.
14 Novick, Peter. The Holocaust in American Life. New York: Mariner Books, 2000.
15 Ohler, Norman. Translated by Shaun Whiteside. Blitzed: Drugs in Nazi Germany. New York: Mariner Books, reprint ed., 2018.
16 Pendas, Devin O. The Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial, 1963–1965: Genocide, History, and the Limits of the Law. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. In an interview, Professor Pendas reviewed the trial with me and discussed the debate in Germany on whether to extend the statute of limitations for Nazi crimes.
17 Pendas, Devin O. “ ‘I didn’t know what Auschwitz was’: The Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial and the German Press, 1963–1965.” Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities 12 (2000), issue 2, article 4, http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yjlh/vol12/iss2/4. The survey that found 57 percent of Germans opposed any more Nazi trials was taken from this article by Professor Pendas.
18 P.J.C.F. “Concentration Camp Buildings There Can Be Viewed by Persistent Tourist.” New York Times, August 6, 1961. In my novel, during the fall of 1964, Misha visits Dachau and walks through the museum; some of those details were culled from my own visit to the camp; others can be found in this article.
19 Riefenstahl, Leni. Leni Riefenstahl: A Memoir. New York: Picador, reprint ed., 1995.
20 Shane, Scott. “Documents Shed Light on C.I.A.’s Use of Ex-Nazis.” New York Times, June 6, 2006.
21 Taylor, Frederick. Exorcising Hitler: The Occupation and Denazification of Germany. New York: Bloomsbury Press, reprint ed., 2013. When my fictional Taft Mifflin estimates the number of Nazi Party members in Germany after the war, his calculation is based on Taylor’s estimate, which can be found on pages 254 and 255 of Exorcising Hitler.
22 von Halasz, Joachim. Hitler’s Munich: A Walking Guide. London: Foxley Books Limited, 2007.
Death Marches and Forced Labor Camps
My account of Bashe and Emma as forced laborers, partisans, inmates of Nazi camps, and their participation in the Death Marches is fiction. However, it is fiction deeply rooted in real events and the places these events occurred, and these sources were especially helpful:
1 Arad, Yitzhak. The Holocaust in the Soviet Union. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2009.
2 Berkhoff, Karel C. Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2008.
3 Blatman, Daniel; translated by Chaya Galan. The Death Marches: The Final Phase of Nazi Genocide. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2010.
4 Clark, Alan. Barbarossa: The Russian-German Conflict, 1941–1945. New York: William Morrow, reissue ed., 1985.
5 Cooper, Matthew. The Nazi War Against Soviet Partisans, 1941–1944: The History of the Greatest Guerrilla Struggle Ever Waged. New York: Stein & Day, 1979.
6 Grau, Lester, and Michael Gress, eds. The Partisan’s Companion: The Red Army’s Do-It-Yourself, Nazi-Bashing Guerrilla Warfare Manual. Havertown, PA: Casemate Publishers, 2011.
7 Litvin, Nikolai; translated by Stuart Britton. 800 Days on the Eastern Front: A Russian Soldier Remembers World War II. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, annotated ed., 2007.
8 Roberts, Geoffrey. Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.
9
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Death Marches.” ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007734. Retrieved March 28, 2017. I am especially grateful to Megan Lewis, a reference librarian at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, for pointing me in the right direction.
10 Veidlinger, Jeffrey. In the Shadow of the Shtetl: Small-Town Jewish Life in Soviet Ukraine. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, reprint ed., 2016.
11 Wachsmann, Nikolaus. KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps. New York: Farrar, Straus, reprint ed., 2016.
Death Camps
The Polish camp where Emma and Bashe are interred, Jagoda, did not exist, though it is based on two subcamps of Auschwitz-Birkenau that did—Harmense and Babitz. I used the following sources to create my fictional subcamp:
1 “Babitz” by Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, www.auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-sub-camps/babitz. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
2 “Harmense” by Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, www.auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-sub-camps/harmense. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
3 Hitler’s Henchmen: The Executioner, Heinrich Himmler, part of a series produced by the Contemporary History team at ZDF; youtube.com/watch?v=yqQZBwxmTlM. Retrieved April 12, 2017. As grotesque as it sounds, a copy of Mein Kampf made of human skin appears to have existed, according to Martin Bormann Jr., a child during the war whose father was Hitler’s personal secretary and among the most powerful men in the Third Reich. Bormann Jr. speaks of such a book in this video.
4 “The Unloading Ramps and Selections” by Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, www.auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-and-shoah/the-unloading-ramps-and-selections. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
5 Williams, Amanda. “Museum Displays Skull of Pro-Nazi Officer Who Was Executed with His Own Gun After WW2 Atrocities as Part of Macabre Exhibition of Holocaust Relics Including Gold Teeth of Auschwitz Victims,” Daily Mail, July 14, 2014. The extracting of gold teeth by the Nazis has been documented. A Google search on the subject on April 5, 2017, returned 136,000 results, but if one is interested in exhibits, see “Museum Displays.”
Pablo Picasso
Indeed, as presented in this novel, Pablo Picasso could be magnanimous toward his admirers. For instance, Picasso’s sketching my fictional Misha in a café was based on a report from the Associated Press, “Picasso ‘Sits’ for Artist, Then Does His Portrait,” New York Times, July 24, 1962. The reference to Picasso’s painting a car comes from Graham Keeley, “The Citroën That Picasso Painted,” The Telegraph, August 27, 2005. Other sources that were helpful included:
1 Mailer, Norman. Portrait of Picasso as a Young Man: An Interpretive Biography. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1995.
2 Roe, Sue. In Montmartre: Picasso, Matisse and the Birth of Modernist Art. New York: Penguin Books, 2016.
3 Salvador Dalí (1904–1989). www.artexpertswebsite.com/pages/artists/super_dali_mysteries.php. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
Cold War Washington
The information on Martin’s Tavern is contained in a booklet available at the restaurant, though it’s unclear whether the plaques were up in 1965 when my character Taft Mifflin stops by, but they certainly are there now. If you do visit Martin’s, you would be wise to sample the bread pudding with hot bourbon-caramel sauce.
1 Herken, Gregg. The Georgetown Set: Friends and Rivals in Cold War Washington. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2014.
2 Reeves, Richard. President Kennedy: Profile of Power. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
Interviews
I owe a debt of gratitude to Peter J. Tauriello for his help with some of the fine points of deejaying; Professor Jonathan Steinberg for pointing me in the right direction regarding Nazi governance in the Soviet Union; and Professor Jeffrey Veidlinger, who explained that there were numerous sites in Russia and the Ukraine where “tens of thousands of people were killed [by the Germans] that still await full histories and investigations.” In other words, as my character Taft Mifflin observes, Moscow and Kiev “won’t be done counting their dead till the next century.”
My interviews with Professor Hana Wexler, the daughter of survivors, and her husband, Rabbi Robert Wexler, president of the American Jewish University, were invaluable to my portrait of the survivor community and Jewish life in Los Angeles during the 1950s and 1960s.
Miriam Gershwin patiently answered my questions about surviving the Stutthof concentration camp, her years in Germany after the war, and her journey to the United States. She was also a stand-in storyteller for her late husband Nahum Gershwin, a survivor of Dachau. A number of years ago, I interviewed Rabbi David Hill and Morey Schapira, both of whom were exceedingly helpful regarding how American goods made their way into the Soviet Union.
Mary Ann Clayton, a former co-owner of the coffeehouse the Golden Horn in Atlanta, Georgia, spoke with me at length about that city’s beatnik culture, and her son, Galen Chandler, emailed me photos of the coffeehouse and MP3s of music performed there. I was also fortunate to speak with the cook from those days, Martha Porter Hall, and her husband, Van Hall, who sang and played his guitar at the Golden Horn.
Also by Peter Golden
Peter Golden's debut novel about a man and his romantic quest to find the woman he loved and lost years before. An evocative journey into the hearts of two lovers who came of age in the 1960s.
Comeback Love
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A tale of forbidden romance set against the backdrop of the segregated American South, war-torn Europe, and the civil unrest of the Sixties.
Wherever There Is Light
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About the Author
PETER GOLDEN is an award-winning journalist, novelist, biographer, and historian. He lives outside Albany, New York, with his wife. He is the author of the novels Comeback Love and Wherever There Is Light.
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Interior design by Laura Levatino
Jacket design by Peter Garceau
Ja
cket photograph by © Tass/Sovfoto (A Couple in a park overlooking the Hotel ukraina in Moscow, USSR. 1959)
Author photograph by Ben Golden
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for.
ISBN 978-1-5011-4680-0
ISBN 978-1-5011-4682-4 (ebook)
Table of Contents
Dedication
Epigraph
Part I
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Part II
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Part III
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Part IV
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Part V
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Part VI
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
Chapter 31
Part VII
Chapter 32
Chapter 33
Chapter 34
Chapter 35
Chapter 36
Chapter 37
Chapter 38
Chapter 39
Part VIII