7. Kurjer Stanislawowski December 15, 1901.
8. Kurjer Lwowski April 13, 1908. A special edition provided detailed eyewitness accounts.
9. Kurjer Lwowski April 16, 1908, and Kurjer Stanislawowski April 19, 1908, referred to news of the assassination reaching Stanislawow that Sunday. Kurjer Lwowski April 14, 1908, described the first reactions in Vienna on the day of the event. The New York Times reported news of the assassination on April 13, 1908.
10. Kurjer Lwowski’s evening edition on April 14, 1908, detailed funeral events attended by the minister-president of Austria, Baron von Beck; the minister of internal affairs, Baron Bienerth; and the minister of the treasury, Dr. Korytkowski. The governors of Moravia, Bukovina, Lower Austria, and Austrian Silesia were also in attendance.
11. Kurjer Stanislawowski May 31, 1908, reported on the memorial services in Bohorodczany.
12. Kurjer Lwowski April 14, 1908, reprinted excerpts from Neue Wiener Tagblatt and Neue Freie Presse.
13. Kurjer Lwowski April 15, 1908, quoted from Wiener Allgemeine Zeitung and Arbeiter Zeitung.
14. Kurjer Lwowski July 1, 1908.
15. Kurjer Lwowski July 5, 1908, quoted Neue Freie Presse, which described the letter from Countess Potocka to the emperor.
16. Kurjer Lwowski June 22, 1909, described the proceedings of the highest court, and on July 14, 1909, provided commentary about the emperor’s ruling on Siczynski’s sentence.
17. Kurjer Stanislawowski August 1, 1909.
18. Kurjer Stanislawowski August 20, 1911.
19. Kurjer Lwowski broke the news on November 10, 1911. Additional details were described in Kurjer Lwowski on November 11 and 12, 1911. Kurjer Stanislawowski November 12 and December 17, 1911, wrote about the suspected whereabouts of Mr. Siczynski.
20. Kurjer Stanislawowski May 3, 1914, reported that Siczynski was living in the United States, where he occasionally contributed short articles to Ukrainian-language publications. Kurjer Stanislawowski October 24, 1915, quoted U.S.-based reports that confirmed the whereabouts of the fugitive.
21. Kurjer Lwowski December 21, 1908, reported that the prior governor, Count Potocki, a few months before his assassination, had communicated to the university senate a secret mandate from the government in Vienna to form two departments (chemistry and law) with Ruthenian faculty.
22. Kurjer Lwowski December 13, 1908.
23. Kurjer Lwowski December 14, 1908, and Kurjer Stanislawowski December 20, 1908.
24. Kurjer Lwowski July 1 through 3, 1910, described events in detail.
25. Kurjer Stanislawowski July 26, 1910, refers to the official inquiry.
26. Kurjer Lwowski December 21, 1908. The article referred to a declaration by the academic senate stating that Polish had been established as the language of civil administration in 1879 and as the language of academic instruction in 1882.
27. Rzeczpospolita January 9, 1909. The article implied that the additional funding for the Ruthenian departments could have been introduced only with tacit agreement of the governor of Galicia. In a sense, this was an excuse for the unrest and the attack on Dr. Bobrzynski that had taken place the month before.
28. Rzeczpospolita June 11, 1910. This article, written shortly before the incident at the university, viewed Lvov as an unacceptable site for the Ruthenian university. Instead it suggested Halicz, a historical capital of Galicia but by then a small provincial town.
29. Kurjer Stanislawowski May 19, 1912, reported that the city council had passed a resolution supporting the idea of a Ruthenian university. Kurjer Lwowski December 30, 1912, provided a detailed description of the agreement hammered out in Vienna.
30. Kurjer Lwowski January 20, 1913, reprinted a draft of the emperor’s declaration.
CHAPTER 8
1. Kurjer Lwowski July 7, 1904, and January 10, 1905. Among many stories from Asia, Kurjer reprinted the report from the British Daily Mail about the Japanese army’s alleged practice of a “new style war,” full of concern for the native population. It was apparent that the campaign of misinformation on the part of the Japanese was working well in Europe.
2. Kurjer Stanislawowski January 8, 1905. The newspaper described what appeared to be a spontaneous demonstration that included marching through the streets of Stanislawow. In Japanese, “Banzai!” is a traditional exclamation meaning “ten thousand years.”
3. Wiener Bilder April 20, 1910.
4. Wiener Bilder June 1 and June 8, 1910. Kurjer Lwowski June 1, 1910, reported that the emperor received ovations and tributes in Sarajevo.
5. Kurjer Lwowski October 13, 1912; and Kurjer Stanislawowski October 20, 1912; referred to the possibility that a conflict between Austria and Russia might engulf Galicia. Kurjer Stanislawowski October 20 and December 1, 1912, printed, respectively, Governor Bobrzynski’s plea to the public and his other reassurances about banks’ solvency.
6. Kurjer Lwowski January 3, 1913. Ultimately, the Treaty of London was signed, restoring a short-lived peace between the warring countries on May 30, 1913. The Second Balkan War broke out on June 29, 1913. This time, Bulgaria attacked its former allies, Serbia and Greece. Within a few weeks, other countries had entered the fray. The Ottomans also exploited the situation, reclaiming a small portion of European territory that has more or less remained part of modern Turkey.
7. Kurjer Stanislawowski September 7, 1913, described the welcome ceremony.
8. The mayor could expect a more lenient view of his policies from Kurjer Stanislawowski, where he had once served as an editor.
Rewera October 12, 1912, published a satirical article that criticized the entire city and, by extension, the mayor’s administration. There were also frequent personal diatribes against Dr. Nimhin, sometimes exploiting his Jewish background. The feud between Rewera and the mayor continued, even with charges that his supporters promoted the distribution of pornography (March 21, 1914).
Kurjer Stanislawowski December 22, 1912, reported on the election of Dr. Nimhin, who had won by a wide margin despite a hard-driven campaign by his opponents.
9. Kurjer Stanislawowski March 9 and October 12, 1913. In a reversal of public opinion, the usually pro-mayor Kurjer Stanislawowski for November 28, 1913, criticized the mayor for his handling of the fiscal crisis.
10. Kurjer Stanislawowski October 5, 1913.
11. Kurjer Stanislawowski October 26, 1913, and February 15, 1914.
12. Kurjer Stanislawowski November 9 and December 21, 1913. The second play, Aszantka, was unusual as it featured a young man from a wealthy family who became entangled with a simple woman who aspired to become the best prostitute in town. The relationship between the main characters quickly changes, and the man becomes totally dependent on the woman in both emotional and financial terms.
13. Kurjer Stanislawowski November 23, 1913. The electric lights that confused the hapless balloonists were at the train station.
14. Kurjer Lwowski January 1, 1914. The new year’s leading article cautiously raised the prospect of calm in the region and, by extension, in Galicia.
15. Kurjer Stanislawowski October 26, 1913, had published an unusually open idea about the need to enrich the school curriculum with studies of the Ukrainian language.
16. Kurjer Lwowski July 28, 1914, analyzed the causes of tensions in an unemotional way. Other factors included the dependence of landlocked Serbia on Austro-Hungary for export of its agricultural products.
17. Kurjer Stanislawowski July 5, 1914, described the arrival of the news and the subsequent events in the city.
18. Rzeczpospolita July 11, 1914; Kurjer Stanislawowski July 12, 19, and 26, 1914; and Rewera July 11, 1914.
CHAPTER 9
1. Kurjer Lwowski July 29, 1914, and July 31, 1914.
2. Kurjer Lwowski August 7, 1914. Not only was the war much longer than anticipated, but unresolved problems stemming from its conclusion eventually caused World War II rather than a long period of harmony.
3. The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclope
dia. Edited by Spencer A. Tucker. Routledge 1996; p. 173. Over the course of the entire war, Austro-Hungary mobilized 7,800,000 of its citizens, whereas Russia had the staggering number of 12,000,000 men under arms.
4. Kurjer Lwowski August 1 and 2, 1914. The mobilization order was issued on July 31, 1914.
5. Kurjer Lwowski August 17, 1914, reported from Stanislawow about the state of preparations, in clear anticipation that the city would likely receive many wounded.
6. Kurjer Lwowski August 18, 1914. This was a common theme of the many speculations in the newspapers. The idea that improved lines of communication and the massive cost of war would limit the conflict’s duration soon proved tragically false.
7. Kurjer Lwowski August 17, 1914, reported on the situation in Stanislawow. The issue of Kurjer Stanislawowski dated August 23, 1914, just days before Russians entered the city, provided a list of 136 people arrested under suspicion of being Muscophiles, i.e., Russian sympathizers.
8. Kurjer Stanislawowski October 17, 1915, described the panic and evacuation of bank assets on August 27, 1914. Kurjer Stanislawowski September 19 and 26, 1915, described the Russian takeover of Stanislawow the year before.
9. Kurjer Lwowski August 29–30, 1914, had big headlines but lacked details of the battle; an extra edition of Kurjer Lwowski on September 3, 1914, provided the public appeal dated September 2, issued by the remaining members of the city council.
10. Nowosci Illustrowane October 10, 1914, described and printed pictures of the evacuation of civilians from Cracow. The report stated that the military had declared Cracow a fortress to be defended if attacked. Several districts of the city had already been ordered to evacuate, and food rations were distributed to those who remained. Other reports indicated that up to 100,000 Galicians had reached Vienna, mostly refugees from the areas occupied by Russians.
Nowosci Illustrowane October 3, 1914, reported that a few units of the Cossack advance force had crossed into Hungary. Even under military censorship, the report noted panic among the rural population and victims of the attacks.
11. Kurjer Lwowski September 20, 1914, reported that the first military governor, Colonel Sergei Szeremetiev, agreed to open Polish schools. By September 23, 1914, he was replaced by a nationalistic governor, Count Georgiy Bobrinski, who was much less interested in reconciliation with Poles. Kurjer Lwowski October 7, 1914, printed the order of the governor regarding censorship.
12. Kurjer Stanislawowski March 5, 1916, printed an article about the harsh period of the Russification of Galicia in the years 1914 to 1915.
13. Kurjer Lwowski November 8, 1914, published “The Voice of a Country Teacher,” a sorrowful plea by a teacher displaced by the war. Kurjer Lwowski January 1, 1915, implied that the schools had already been closed for some time. As indicated by a front-page article in Kurjer Lwowski January 4, 1915, the dire financial situation of teachers continued into the next year. Kurjer Lwowski March 2, 1915, reported from the Russian press that teachers from St. Petersburg would be arriving in Galicia soon.
14. Gazeta Narodowa January 31, 1915, printed an anonymous report from Stanislawow that mixed facts with propaganda. After the Russian takeover of the city on September 3, 1914, the military governed there until October 2, 1914, when civil administration started to function. The report was critical of the mayor and his fiscal policies.
15. Kurjer Stanislawowski September 26 and October 3, 1915, reprinted the report of the eyewitness, who served as a nurse at the hospital in Stanislawow. The 3rd Infantry Regiment of Polish Legions had been transferred to the easternmost part of the Carpathian Mountains to protect the passes from Russian advances toward Hungary. The nurse described a previously unknown episode of their surprise counterattack. She was said to have witnessed an unusual bond between the Cossack and the boy soldier, and claimed that the Russian took care of him afterward.
16. Kurjer Lwowski October 1, 1914, reported that the metropolitan archbishop Sheptytsky (a.k.a. Szeptycki) had been deported by a military convoy to Kiev. He was falsely accused of prior illegal entries to Russia and subversive activities. Kurjer Lwowski October 6, 1914, wrote about a resolution from St. Petersburg calling for confiscation of Greek Catholic Church property and members’ conversion to the Orthodox faith.
17. The New York Times May 22, 1915. The title read, “Though Slavs, They Are Not Russians, but Ukrainians.”
18. Kurjer Lwowski November 5, 1914, listed the languages that were allowed for use in private correspondence. The list excluded Yiddish, which was spoken by the majority of the Jewish population in Galicia. Kurjer Lwowski February 20, 1915, printed a short announcement by Count Bobrinski severely restricting the movements of Jews.
19. Kurjer Stanislawowski February 20, 1916, described in detail the entry of Austro-Hungarian troops into Stanislawow, on the first anniversary of the event. There is some disagreement about the exact date when Austrian forces recaptured Stanislawow; Kurjer Stanislawowski October 3, 1915, mentioned February 18, 1915, whereas Kurjer Lwowski March 12, 1915, had the date as February 19.
20. Kurjer Stanislawowski September 19, 1915, featured a front-page article on the Red Cross hospital and included details of its operations during the Russian artillery attack on the city.
Kurjer Stanislawowski October 10 and 31, 1915, provided a list of damaged properties that concentrated on Pelesza, Copernicus, and Kaminski streets.
21. Kurjer Lwowski March 10, 12, and 13, 1915, reported from the Russian perspective on the battle in and around Stanislawow. Kurjer Stanislawowski September 19, 1915, offered additional details, including damage to the Red Cross hospital and the consequences of the Russian bombardment.
22. Kurjer Stanislawowski September 12 and 19, 1915. This outbreak of serious communicable diseases, mainly cholera, in the Stanislawow area was reported in several newspaper articles during the fall of 1915. The public hospital became overcrowded and was temporarily closed to new admissions. A special isolation ward opened on Kazimierzowska Street.
23. Kurjer Lwowski April 29, 1915, provided detailed descriptions of the Carpathian passes, including the one leading to the place where Franciscus was fighting.
24. Kurjer Lwowski May 3, 1915, reprinted a military communiqué from the Russian command, stating that the tsar’s forces had been forced to retreat from the Carpathian Mountains.
25. Kurjer Lwowski June 4 and 7, 1915.
26. Kurjer Stanislawowski May 21, 1916, reported on the first anniversary of the event, placing the day of liberation at June 8, 1915.
27. Nowosci Illustrowane July 3 and 10, 1915. This weekly magazine, published in Cracow, described official celebrations there and in Vienna. On the front page of the July 10 issue, the headline read, “Lvov’s Dark and Bright Days.” Beneath it, two photographs depicted the very first unit of Russian forces that entered the city in 1914, and the populace greeting the Austrian general who liberated Lvov in 1915.
28. Nowosci Illustrowane July 10, 1915. The weekly reported that 10,000 passports had been allegedly issued by the retreating Russians. Kurjer Stanislawowski November 21, 1915, reported that Carol Fiedler, who had served as deputy mayor during the Russian occupation of Stanislawow, was deported by the Russians as they left. By the end of November, a simple postcard routed through Denmark arrived in Stanislawow. Mr. Fiedler was alive and interned in Siberia. He would return in March 1918 (Kurjer Stanislawowski March 10, 1918).
29. Kurjer Lwowski July 26, 1915, reported that for Galician collaborators (“Muscophiles”) who escaped east, the government of Russia had waived the required five-year period of residency—granting them full citizenship.
Kurjer Stanislawowski September 19, 1915, announced rewards for citizens who reported abandoned military hardware to the authorities.
30. The term Central powers described the military alliance of the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria, fighting against the Allied powers (also known as the Entente powers).
Kurjer Lwowski Aug
ust 17, 1914, reported on the appeal of Polish members of the Austrian parliament who, with tacit agreement from Vienna, called for immediate formation of Polish Legions to fight under Austro-Hungarian command. Two military units were formed on August 27, 1914. In 1916, command of the legions was transferred to Germany. They were later dissolved, their soldiers either demoted or interned after the units refused to swear allegiance to German Kaiser Wilhelm.
31. Kurjer Stanislawowski November 28, 1915, reprinted the thank-you letter of the church prelate, with the Jewish donor remaining anonymous. Kurjer Stanislawowski November 7, 1915, and January 1, 1916, listed Wanda Regiec among donors. In the issue dated January 1, 1916, an article described packages from Bohorodczany prepared by the Women’s League.
32. Kurjer Stanislawowski January 16, 1916, reported that in a surprising letter written by someone from the area, two names of other POWs, including my grandfather’s, were mentioned.
33. Kurjer Stanislawowski January 1, 1916, and Kurjer Lwowski January 1, 1916. The union of four monarchies under the titular rule of the emperor and king Franz Joseph was proposed by a Hungarian parliamentarian. The new country was to be called the Danube Empire.
34. Kurjer Lwowski June 21 and 24, 1916, reported events in Czerniowce, including fires lighting the sky at night, refugees streaming through town, and artillery fire. A passenger passing through Stanislawow described throngs of people at the station.
35. Kurjer Lwowski June 16 and 19, 1916. There was growing panic in Lvov that the Russians would sweep through eastern Galicia as they had in 1914. The reassuring official press reports about halting them and capturing huge numbers of POWs were not always convincing.
36. Kurjer Lwowski August 12, 13, and 14, 1916, provided information about the military evacuation of Stanislawow. Later, more detailed information referred to a subdued atmosphere in Lvov. The view of Russia was expressed in “The Capture of Stanislavoff [sic] by a Russian Correspondent”; The New York Times Current History; The European War; New York 1917; vol. VIII, pp. 245–247. The report described brutal battles before Russians entered the city, but it should be read with some caution as it very likely contained a good measure of propaganda.
Galician Trails: The Forgotten Story of One Family Page 31