by Omer Bartov
Bartov, Yehudit (Szimer), 326n
childhood of, 1, 1–4, 5
in Tel Aviv, xv
Barysz, 146, 148, 349n
Basilian monastery, 14, 15, 27, 57, 114, 159, 168–69, 220, 225, 279, 366n
World War I and, 44, 48
Batkivshchyna (Fatherland), 20–23
Bauer, Etunia, 151
Bauer, Rosalia, 204
Bauer, Yitzhak (Izak Emanuel, Izi), 93–95, 176–78, 348n
resistance and, 255–56
Beis Yaakov, 82
Belarusians, Belarus, 115, 327n
arrests and, 338n
deportations and, 147, 339n
elections and, 144
and Soviet occupation and rule in Poland, 139
Bełżec extermination camp, 3, 164, 188, 225, 229, 273, 357n
Benjamin, Antonin Tymiel, 337n
Bereshovskiy, Ivan, 146
Berkovich, Baruch, 25
Berlin, x, xi, 32, 123, 126, 128, 334n, 350n
Berlin, Battle of, 148
Bernstein, Moriz, 18–19
Biedroń, Jan, 131, 145
Birnbaum, Natan, 6, 311n
Black Sea, x, xi, 186
Blome, Fritz–Ernst, 350n–51n
Blond, 224–26
Bobretskyi, Yevtemyi, 366n
Bobyk, Ivan, 168, 338n, 343n–44n
Bochurkiv, Ilarion, 66–68
Boczar, Michał, 282
Bodaj, Antoni, 132
Bogusz, Maria, 132
Bojnowski, Jan, 149
Bolsheviks, 63, 108, 113, 342n, 368n
Buczacz rule of, 73–74, 82, 84, 88
Ukrainians threatened by, 69
see also Soviets, Soviet Union
Bolshevik Truth, 143
Book of the Deep Mire, The (Sefer yeven metsula) (Hanover), 9–10
Bornstein, Yitzhak, 346n
Borszczów, 149, 281–82
Bosowski, Franciszek, 132–33, 338n
Bożek, Władysław, 132, 337n–38n
Brandes, Abram, 182
Brandt, 124–26
Brecher, Rózia, 246
Brest–Litovsk, treaty of, 63
Brettschneider, Albert, 177, 188, 192, 196–98, 198, 208-09, 352-53n
and violence against Jews, 197–98, 208–9, 352n
wife of, 209, 209
Brusilov, Aleksei, 58–59, 313n, 316n
Brzeżany, 31, 214
Buczacki clan, 6–7
Buczacz, x, xi, 174, 265
aerial bombing of, 52, 56–57
anti–Semitism in, 25, 92–95, 100, 121–22, 131, 241
arrests in, 210, 218, 221–25, 234, 239–42, 245–46, 249, 257, 277, 280, 349n, 355n
Austrian occupation and rule in, 13, 15–16, 62–63
Balfour Declaration and, 83
Bartov’s mother’s life in, 2–3
casino in, 215, 225
castle in, 6, 9, 9, 11–12, 11, 27, 114, 292, 298, 298
Christian cemetery in, 254
churches in, 11, 114, 134, 305n–6n
city hall of, 14, 15, 45, 114, 167, 279, 292, 347n
and civil war between Poles and Ukrainians, 268, 269
communism and, 101–2, 162–63, 168, 292–93, 368n
daily life in, 225–26, 232–56
deportations and, 3, 70, 140, 147–49, 170, 170, 177, 210, 225, 229, 234, 242–43, 271, 274, 284, 286–88, 296, 346n
early history of, 6–16
economy of, 2, 37–38, 48, 95–96, 98, 130, 137, 140, 213, 266, 274, 288
education in, 14, 17–18, 25–29, 27, 31, 35, 37, 39–40, 44, 48, 52, 56–57, 64, 67, 71–74, 84, 88–95, 97, 98–100, 108–9, 114, 117–18, 130, 134–39, 141–42, 147, 149–50, 237, 240, 279, 281, 288, 291–92, 325n–26n, 328n, 331n, 359n
elections in, 6, 33, 96, 110, 115, 117, 144–46, 311n, 337n–38n
employment discrimination in, 117
empty houses in, 265–66, 274
evacuations of, 57–58, 239
food shortages in, 143
founding of, 8
gendarmerie of, 49, 65–66, 70, 173, 176–77, 179, 183–84, 200, 202–8, 204, 210–12, 212, 215, 218–19, 219, 225, 227, 277, 279, 349n
ghetto in, 51, 173, 229–30, 233, 243, 246, 248–49, 256–58, 351n–52n
hospitals in, 30, 31, 44, 45, 57, 60, 62, 72, 98, 172, 177, 200, 211, 215–16, 235, 274–75, 351n, 356n–58n
housing shortages in, 64
hygiene and disease in, 30, 37, 51, 60, 75, 89, 143, 229, 243
investigating Nazi crimes and, 231, 277, 284
Jewish cemetery in, 9, 11, 50, 88, 204–5, 208, 210–11, 221, 227–30, 242–43, 243, 277, 289, 292, 295
Jewish emigration from, 3, 4, 28–29, 83–87, 89, 122
Jewish landownership in, 39, 47, 217
Jewish quarter of, 12, 210, 214
liberations of, 179, 240–41, 245–47, 274, 314n
looting and destruction in, 11–13, 47–50, 48, 59–61, 64, 66, 69–72, 74, 88, 158, 168, 227, 239, 242, 256–57, 265–66, 271, 274–75, 315n
Luh in, 110, 122
Main Street in, 56
maintenance of law and order in, 72–73
market square in, 66, 162, 180, 221, 225
monastery in, 11, 14, 15, 27, 44, 48, 57, 114, 159, 168–69, 220, 225, 279, 366n
museums in, 292–93, 293
naming of, 6–7
Nazi invasions and occupations of, 87, 90, 93, 158, 159–230, 175, 214, 219, 223, 226, 227, 233–54, 256–61, 265, 267–68, 271–74, 277–80, 278, 283, 290, 292, 294–97, 327n–28n, 338n, 341n–49n, 351n–53n, 355n–56n, 358n, 363n, 365n–66n, 368n
Nazi withdrawals from, 210, 218, 275, 284
orphanage in, 59, 88–90, 90
Ottoman siege of, 11–13
OUN in, 110–11, 112, 125, 163
parade of “Ukrainian Army” in, 161–62, 161
patriotism in, 72, 292
pedestrian bridge in, 220, 222
physical appearance of, 6, 7–8, 7, 10–13, 61–62, 64, 114, 275, 288, 291
Polish capture and rule in, 70–73, 119–20
Polish Constitution Day and, 117, 120
Polish identity of, 39
Polish spelling of, xiii
politics and, 30–31, 40, 88, 122, 139–40, 143, 274, 292–93, 329n, 335n, 368n
population of, 2, 14, 115–16, 119, 271, 274, 288, 308n, 311n, 330n, 367n–68n
press and, 129, 139–40
railroad bridge in, 159, 159, 214, 224, 227
railroad station in, 43, 70, 143, 148–49, 177, 225, 226
relations between religious and ethnic communities in, 4–5
repatriating Poles and, 288
and rescues of babies, 236–38
resistance and, 255–56
return of Jews to, 82–83
Russian occupation and rule in, 44–56, 58–61, 61, 313n, 315n
Russian withdrawals from, 53–54, 62, 63
schematic map of, 231
Soviet invasions and occupations of, 73–74, 82, 84, 88, 130–36, 138–42, 144–45, 147–51, 153, 155, 157, 160, 230, 271, 277–79, 286–88, 291–94, 297, 337n–38n, 363n
Soviet withdrawals from, 62, 63, 244, 281, 365n
study houses in, 13, 14, 293, 295, 296
survivor’s sketches of, 263
synagogues in, 11, 13, 14, 59–60, 96, 114, 117, 168, 203, 293–95, 305n–6n
tourist guide to, 291–92, 297
transportation in, 143
and Ukrainian cultural and educational societies, 105, 106, 107–9, 107
Ukrainian insurgency and, 106, 125, 286–87
Ukrainian militance and, 111, 122
Ukrainian takeover of, 65–71, 317n–18n
and violence against Jews, 5, 164–66, 173, 179–203, 208–15, 211, 217–44, 249–51, 253–59, 265–66, 271, 278–80, 294–96, 359n
violence against Poles in, 364n
and violence against Ukrainians, 291
in wartime and its aftermath, 38
–40, 42–63, 58, 60, 61, 62, 72, 74, 98, 105, 109, 138, 266, 271, 313n–15n
branches of Zionist organizations in, 86–87, 98–99
Buczacz Collegium, 14
Buczacz Relief Society of America, 29
Burakówka, 364n
Camp of National Unity, 121
Central Jewish Committee, 282–83
Chaikivskyi, Mykhailo, 355n–56n
Chalfen, Abraham, 346n
Chalfen, Eliasz, 176, 178
Chalutz movement, 84, 89
Chlebek, Józef, 41
Chorniy, Oksana, 296
Chorny family, 200–201
Chovevei Zion (Lovers of Zion), 25
Christians, 4–5, 16, 247–48, 252–54, 283, 358n, 361n
education and, 28, 40, 95
and empty houses in Buczacz, 265
and Jewish privileges in Buczacz, 13
Jews hidden by, 235
and liberation of Buczacz, 241
and Nazi invasions and occupations of Buczacz, 168–69, 235, 242, 247
and peasants’ perceptions of Jews, 21
and relations between Poles and Ukrainians, 112
and rescues of babies, 236–38
and Russian occupation of Buczacz, 52
as slave laborers, 271
and Soviet invasions and occupations of Poland, 253–54
World War I and, 51–52
City Whole, The (Agnon), vii, 8, 82
Clemenceau, Georges, 78
Cohen, Mina, 97
communists, communism, 129, 141, 246, 273, 298
and atrocities in Galicia, 79
deportations and, 153
elections and, 144–46
fall of, 293, 296
Jewish politics and, 96, 101–2, 119, 130, 133–35, 152–53, 156, 238, 316n, 326n–29n, 335n, 348n
and Nazi invasions and occupations of Buczacz, 162–63, 168
Polish politics and, 102, 327n–28n
press and, 139–40
repatriating Poles and, 287
and Soviet occupation and rule in Poland, 130–35, 139–40, 142, 144–46, 151–54, 253
Ukrainian politics and, 101–2, 119, 135, 274, 284–85, 292–93, 327n, 329n, 335n, 368n
Cossacks, 64, 71
and occupation of Buczacz, 45, 60
retreat of, 52–53
uprising of, 9–11
World War I and, 42, 44–48, 50–53, 55, 60, 313n
Craftsmen’s Union (Yad Charutzim), 96
Cymand, David, 86
Cyzys, 136
Czarnokońce Wielkie, 149
Czechoslovakia, 123, 193, 237
Czechowicz, Eugenia, 283–84
Czortków, 70, 142, 150, 160, 216, 233–34, 247, 282, 339n, 342n–43n, 350n–52n, 355n–57n
arrests in, 188–89
deportations and, 186–89
ghetto in, 198–99
investigating Nazi crimes in, 276
Kripo building in, 187
repatriating Poles and, 287–88
Sipo in, 164, 184, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191–94, 192, 193, 196–97, 199, 206, 214, 350n–51n
and violence against Jews, 182–200, 206–10, 228–29, 276, 352n, 357n, 366n
and violence against Poles, 359n, 364n
World War I and, 43, 59
Dalairac, François–Paulin, 12–13
Daniłow, Teodor, 145
Dankovych, Andriy, 160, 169, 349n
Davies, Rhys, 103–4
Deutscher, Isaac, 319n
Dnieper River, x, xiv, 112
Dniester River, x, xi, xiii–xiv, 2, 160
Dniestrzański, District Administrator, 65
Dobrecka, Hala, 257
Dobrecka, Róża, 257–58
Dobrecki, Olek, 257
Dobrecki, Seweryn, 257
Dontsov, Dmytro, 125–26
Dressen, Willi, 230
Drohobycz, 23
Dubanowicz, Edward, 33–34, 311n
Dubnow, Simon, 316n
Duda, Ihor, 291–92, 297
Dunajer, Natan (Nadje), 152–53, 177–78, 238, 255–56, 255, 327n, 348n
Duzio R., 233–34
Dżuryn, 57
Ebenstein, Jakob, 174–75, 175, 347n
Edek, 254–55
Edward VII, king of England, 32
Eger, Wilhelm, 205–10, 206
Eichmann, Adolf, 228
Eisel, Werner, 351n
Eisen, Jakób, 260
Eisen, Samuel, 259–60
Eisenberg, 41
Emma, 217–19
Endecja party (National Democracy), 115–16
Engelberg (student), 135
Engelberg, Ludwik (Leyzer), 87, 182, 345n
Engels, Friedrich, 140, 141
Erdstein, Julian, 91–92
Family and Town (Halpern), 82, 349n
fascists, fascism, 100, 125, 292, 297–98, 316n
Fedor Hill, 218, 220, 242, 254, 366n
memorials on, 162, 163, 292–93, 295, 295, 342n
murders of Jews on, 162, 166, 179–82, 194, 202–3, 222, 223, 225, 229, 233, 271, 277, 279–80, 294
murders of Soviets on, 232
World War I and, 44–45, 48
Fedorowicz, Adam, 120
Feldman, Fania, 251–52
Fenerstoin, Leopold, 144–45
Fernhof, Israel, 98
Fernhof, Yitzhak, 25
First Buczacz Benevolent Association, 28–29
First Zionist Congress, 25
Fisher, Gizela, 359n
Flondro, Józef, 132, 146
Folkenfok, Leo, 195, 195
Folkenfok, Mrs. Leo, 195
Franz Josef I, emperor of Austria, and king of Hungary, 19, 41, 54
French Revolution, 17
Frenkel, Malka, 89
Friedländer, 218
Friedlender, Dawid (Ducio), 152–53, 255–56, 255, 327n, 348n
Friedlender, Yehoshua (Ozio), 153, 346n
Fuchs, Dr., 349n
Galecki, Kazimierz, 75–76
Galicians, Galicia, x, 16, 38–39, 75–81, 159, 186, 189, 217, 312n, 350n, 365n
abolition of serfdom in, 19, 22
anti–Semitism in, 20, 24, 34
Austrian rule in, 65
changing historical borders of, xi
deportations and, 273–74
economy of, 76, 95, 104
education in, 17–18, 25–27, 30, 104–5, 322n
emancipation of Jews in, 19–20, 22
end of Ukrainian rule in, 70
Germanization of, 16
Habsburg annexation of, 15
interethnic tensions and violence in, 77–81, 79, 80, 103–4, 123, 126–28, 267–69, 363n
and Jewish immigration to Palestine, 84–87
Jewish landownership and, 22–24, 46, 309n
Jewish socioeconomic status in, 28
and maintenance of law and order in Buczacz, 72
Nazi invasions and occupations of, 156–57, 164
opportunities and choices for citizens of, 36
peasants’ perceptions of Jews in, 21
Polish takeover and rule in, 76, 102–7, 111–15, 117, 156
politics and elections in, 33–34, 88, 110, 115–16
population of, 15–16, 22
poverty in, 34–35
privileges of Jews in, 17
and relations between Russia and Ukraine, 77
Russian invasion and occupation of, 38, 42
and Soviet invasions and occupations of Poland, 272
struggle between Poles and Ukrainians over, 64–65, 69–71, 74–79, 81, 103, 109, 268–70, 274
Ukrainian acts of sabotage in, 105
and Ukrainian cultural and educational societies, 110
Ukrainian takeover of, 69
violence against Jews in, 164, 315n, 357n
and war between Soviets and Poles, 73
World War I and, 38, 42, 46, 54, 56, 58, 62–64, 75–76, 315n
Gelbart, Isidor, 167–68, 170, 175, 343n–45n
Fedor Hill massacre and, 180–81
General Government, map of, 183
Germans, German Empire, x, 10–11, 16
anti–Semitism of, 57
and Ukrainian cultural and educational societies, 108
World War I and, 24, 38, 40, 54, 56–57, 62, 108, 314n
Germans, Nazi Germany, xi, 178, 201, 333n, 341n–56n, 361n–63n
anti–Semitism and, 186, 231
arrests by, 162, 166–67, 169, 171, 173–77, 188–89, 192, 202–3, 206–7, 210, 218, 221–27, 234, 239–42, 244–45, 280, 283, 342n, 347n, 349n
Buczacz aerial photo of, 275
Buczacz invaded and occupied by, 87, 90, 93, 158, 159–230, 175, 214, 219, 223, 226, 227, 233–54, 256–61, 265, 267–68, 271–74, 277–80, 278, 283, 290, 292, 294–97, 327n–28n, 338n, 341n–49n, 351n–53n, 355n–56n, 358n, 363n, 365n–66n, 368n
Buczacz withdrawals of, 210, 218, 275, 284
and civil war between Poles and Ukrainians, 269, 272–73
deportations by, 156, 170, 170, 172, 186–89, 210, 225, 228–29, 234, 242–43, 274, 284, 296, 341n–42n, 346n–47n
expansionism of, 121, 123, 126
General Government of, 183
investigating crimes of, 186, 230–31, 231, 275–77, 276, 284, 349n, 353n
Jewish collaboration with, 169–79, 182–89, 191, 194, 198, 201–3, 205–6, 213, 216, 228, 235, 253–54, 345n–48n
and liberation of Buczacz, 241
Poland invaded and occupied by, 126, 130, 139, 147–51, 153–57, 234, 341n
Prosvita and, 106, 160
as refugees, 282
relations between Poles and, 123, 127–28
and relations between Poles and Ukrainians, 123–26
relations between Soviets and, 124, 130, 139
relations between Ukrainians and, 123–24, 126–27, 152, 267
and rescues of babies, 237
resistance and, 178–79, 238, 253–56, 260, 266, 282, 327n, 346n
romances and sexual liaisons of, 210
Soviet border with, 112–13
and Soviet occupation and rule in Poland, 130, 139, 144, 150
Soviet sketch of killing sites of, 276
struggle between Soviets and, 158, 267–68
and violence against Jews, 92, 96–97, 164–68, 170, 172–73, 175, 177–215, 217–31, 233–36, 238–41, 244–46, 248–50, 254, 256–57, 259–62, 265, 267–68, 271, 276–81, 290–91, 294–95, 298, 345n, 347n, 349n, 351n–56n
and violence against Soviets, 232
and violence against Ukrainians, 276
withdrawals from Buczacz of, 210, 218, 275, 284
Germany, East, 186
Germany, German language, xiii, 2, 33
early history of, 17–18, 23
spoken by Jews, 19, 30, 308n
Germany, West, 186, 213, 230–31, 231, 353n
Gertner, Lucy, 358n
Ginsburg, 195
Goldberg, 131–32, 138
GPU (Soviet State Police), 154, 340n