Daughters of the Samurai: A Journey From East to West and Back
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Bradley & Rulofson, 78
Breed, Alice Ives, 249
British Museum, 253
Bruce (Alice’s dog), 213
Bryant, William Cullen, 117–18
Bryn Mawr College, 226, 227, 228–29, 230, 234, 240, 241, 246, 250, 258, 261, 274
Byakkotai, 36, 282n
California, 56–57, 69, 80, 149
Chinese laborers in, 74, 75, 149–50
gold rush in, 76
California, University of, 149
Cape Horn, 83
Carnegie Foundation for International Peace, 275
Carrie (Sutematsu’s classmate), 110
Carrington, Kate, 111
Carrington, Sarah, 111
Centennial Exhibition, 121–24
Chamberlin, Rose, 228
charity, 110, 200–202, 258
Charter Oath, 44–45, 47, 53
Cheltenham Ladies’ College, 251
Cheyenne, Wyo., 148–49
Cheyenne Opera House, 148
Chiarini, Giuseppe, 209
Chicago, Ill., 80, 85, 86–88, 147, 288n
Chicago Record, 247–48
Chicago Tribune, 87, 88, 142
China, Chinese, 28
American labor of, 74, 75, 102, 150
appearance of, 75
Christian influence feared by, 140
Japanese trade with, 27
Japanese vs., 74–75
laborers’ return to, 152–53
military of, 238
in Opium Wars, 27
in San Francisco, 149–50
Sino-Japanese War and, 236–38, 239, 269
study abroad of, 100, 103, 111, 123
as uncivilized, 238
Chinese Educational Mission, 100, 111, 123
Chinese Exclusion Act, 150
Chinese immigration, 150
Choshu domain, 33, 39, 40, 41
Christianity, 115, 153, 170, 226, 238
Chinese feared influence of, 140
as illegal in Japan, 27, 104, 105
Iwakura girls and, 102, 103–4, 114, 120–21, 153
in Japan, 165, 168
Tsuda family and, 165, 188
Western strength and, 120
Chugai Bukka Shimpo, 202
Civil War, U.S., 91, 109, 113, 145, 150, 184
Classic of Filial Piety, 25
Colebrook, Conn., 111, 116, 117, 140, 145
Committee to Help Miss Tsuda’s School in Japan, 257
concubinage, 248
Confucianism, 23, 25, 33, 39, 99, 110, 186, 259
education and, 25, 186, 187, 229
hierarchy and, 23, 27, 99, 229
obedience and, 25, 99, 229, 240; see also obedience
women and, 23, 25, 240, 260
Congregationalism, 102
Connecticut, 100, 101, 103–15, 145–47
Connecticut Board of Education, 100
Connecticut Training School for Nurses, 145–46, 200, 242
Cornell University, 171
corsets, 286n
Daily National Republican, 117
daimyo, 21
alternate attendance required of, 22
domain abolishment and, 41
expenses of, 22
trading treaties and, 31
Daughter of the Samurai, A (Sugimoto), 7, 13, 67, 159
Davis, J. D., 147, 148, 152
Davis, Mrs., 147, 148, 152, 153
Deephaven, 255, 274
Dejima, 27
DeLong, Charles, 47, 69–70, 72, 74, 84, 90, 285n
DeLong, Elida Vineyard, 47, 56, 62, 70, 71, 73, 78, 81, 87, 90
Denver, Colo., General Federation of Women’s Clubs convention in, 249–50
Dickens, Charles, 110, 147
divorce laws, 248
dolls, 26, 34, 222
domains, 23
abolishment of, 41
as reorganized into prefectures, 155
rivalries among, 23, 33, 39, 41
schools of, 24; see also Nisshinkan
see also specific domains
Drake, John B., 288n
Dreaming Iolanthe, The, 122
Dutch learning, 28, 31
Edo, see Tokyo
Edo Castle, 33, 60, 217
education, 26, 57, 185–86
in Aizu domain, 24–25, 39–40
Confucianism and, 25, 186, 187, 229
in Great Britain, 251
during Meiji era, 163, 178, 185–86, 188, 190, 193, 199, 210–11, 229–30, 234–35, 247–48, 257, 269–70
morality as primary focus of, 186
for women/girls, 17, 44, 55–56, 57, 81, 113, 128, 145, 163, 170, 178, 187, 188, 190, 193, 199, 210–11, 231, 234–35, 247–50, 257, 259, 260, 269–70, 271, 272–73
see also Iwakura Mission, girls of; study abroad; specific schools
education, American, 254
of Iwakura Mission, 109–10, 112, 117, 124–25, 127, 128, 129, 131, 135, 138, 139–40, 141–43, 147
for women and girls, 44, 128; see also specific schools
“Education and Culture—What Japanese Women Want Now” (U. Tsuda), 230
emancipation, 92
Emerson’s Minstrels, 77
Empress of China, 253
English Student, The, 261
English Teachers’ Certificate, 247, 263
“Errand-Bearers, The” (Whitman), 46
Essentials of the Principles and Practice of Medicine (Hartshorne), 246
Europe, 31, 39–40
colonization and, 27, 236
Evening Critic, 147
Evening Star, 89, 93, 97
Ezo, see Hokkaido
Fairmount Park, Pa., 122
Far East, 248, 249
Fillmore, Millard, 29
Finance Ministry, Japanese, 61, 62
First Unitarian Church, 81
Fish, Hamilton, 79, 97
France, 30, 236, 239
Franco-Prussian War, 110
Franklin, Benjamin, 223, 230
freed slaves, 102, 109
Fukuchi, Gen’ichiro, 62–63
Fukui, Makoto, 124
Fukuzawa, Yukichi, 39–40, 46, 112
Fundamental Code of Education, 185
Gaiyukai, 269
geisha, 180n, 185, 193, 202
General Federation of Women’s Clubs, 249–50
Geneva, 177
Georgetown, Wash. D.C., 90, 104, 115, 118, 120–21, 124, 147, 148, 166, 188, 189, 194, 197, 203, 205, 241, 255, 272
Georgetown Collegiate Institute, 117
Germany, 239
Gilbert, W. S., 208
Gilded Age, 91
Gilded Age, The (Twain & Warner), 92
Girls’ Higher School Law, 257
Gleaner, 127
gold rush, 76
Grand Hotel, 71–72, 76, 78, 80, 83, 104, 166
Grant, Ulysses S., 83, 84, 91, 93, 123, 184–85, 186, 188, 264
Great Britain, 27, 42, 50, 209, 236
education in, 251
Japanese trade with, 30
Japanese visits to, 80
Ume’s trip to, 250–52
Great Chicago Fire, 87, 288n
“Greater Learning for Women,” 187
Great Kanto Earthquake (1923), 275
“Great Principles of Education” (Nagazane Motoda), 186
Grove Hall Seminary, 109–10
“Hail Columbia,” 73, 122
Hakodate, 47, 48, 49, 60
Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, 109, 176, 211, 214, 228, 231, 240, 255, 274
Handbook of Nursing for Family and General Use, A (G. Bacon), 145
Handel, George Frideric, 125
Harper’s Weekly, 78
Hartshorne, Anna Cope, 228, 234, 246–47, 250, 257, 266, 269, 275–76
Hartshorne, Henry, 246
Haru, Crown Prince, 218
see also Yoshihito, Taisho Emperor of Japan
Haruko, Meiji Empress of Japan, 16–17, 51, 52, 99, 107, 128, 191, 194, 198–99, 219, 232, 255–56, 271
adopted son of, 218n
birthday of, 262
charity work of, 237
death of, 272
Peeresses’ School and, 199, 205–6, 220–22, 223
as trapped by traditions, 198
Western-style clothing for, 220
Harvard’s Examinations for Women, 247
Harvard University, 129, 144–45, 261
Hawaii, 236
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 112
Hayama, 246
Haydn, Joseph, 125
Hayes, Mrs. Rutherford B., 138
Haynes & Lawton, 78
Hemmings, Anita Florence, 293n
Hepburn, James Curtis, 288n
Hepburn, Mrs., 91, 288n
Hepburn family, 95
Heusken, Henry, 30
Hillhouse High School, 112, 124–25, 127
Hillhouse Society, 110
hinamatsuri (Doll Festival), 26, 34
Hiratsuka, Raicho, 272
Hiscock, Helen, 132
Hitotsuyanagi, Makiko, 274, 275
Hokkaido (Ezo), 27, 43, 47
Hokkaido Colonization Board, 43, 47, 49, 61, 104, 169
Honshu, 33, 38
Hoterukan, 119–20
Hototogisu (Roka Tokutomi), 243
Howe, Julia Ward, 131
Howells, William Dean, 122–23
hyaku monogatari (hundred tales), 20–21
Imperial Army, 170
Imperial Diet, 218–20, 271
Imperial Household Ministry, 204
imperialism, 236
Imperial Naval Academy, 115
Imperial Palace, 15, 51, 162, 217–18, 261
Imperial Rescript on Education, 229–30, 259
Indochina, 236
influenza, 242, 275
Inoue, Kaoru, 191, 198
“Instructions for the Very Young,” 25
Invitation to the Dance (Weber), 276
Irwin, Robert, 168
“Is Labor a Blessing or a Curse?” (U. Tsuda), 197
Ito, Hirobumi, 47, 62–63, 64, 80, 85, 89, 93, 97, 192–93, 194, 197, 198–99, 200, 204, 209, 210, 219, 240, 252
Ito, Miss, 193, 194, 197, 203
Ito, Mrs., 193, 194, 197, 200, 201
Ito residence, 192, 194, 196, 203
Iwakura, Tomomi, 45, 46, 58, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 79–80, 84–85, 89, 92, 93, 97, 143
Chicago donation given by, 87
sons of, 79–80, 87–88
Iwakura Mission, 17, 46–47, 55, 100, 137, 177, 219, 220, 272, 284n
American music and, 73–74
Americans’ interest in, 78–79, 86
in Chicago, 86–88
crossing of U.S. by, 82–88
departure of, 58–59, 184
and first impressions of U.S., 71–72
ocean voyage of, 59–60, 61–63, 192
purpose of, 59, 73, 93, 97
racially polarized U.S. and, 92
reunion of, 263–64
in Sacramento, 82–83
in Salt Lake City, 84–85, 192
in San Francisco, 69–82
scribe for, see Kume, Kunitake
sitting and, 72, 73
theater attended by, 76–77
U.S. arrival of, 69
in Washington, D.C., 88–91, 185
Iwakura Mission, ambassadors of, 70, 86, 143
as ambitious, 63
Grant’s reception for, 91, 92–93, 184
international travels of, 97–98
tours and entertainments for, 76–77, 78–79
Western-style suits of, 57, 75
wives not brought along by, 56
Iwakura Mission, girls of, 47, 48, 49–50, 59, 89, 95, 208, 268, 273
African Americans and, 77
American education of, 99, 109–10, 112, 117, 124–25, 127, 128, 129, 131, 135, 138, 139–40, 141–43, 147
American food and, 82
American women and, 78
appearance of, 15–16, 70, 86–87, 121
chaperone for travels of, see DeLong, Elida Vineyard
Christianity and, 102, 103–4, 114, 120–21, 153
Connecticut Avenue house of, 95–96, 98, 104
departure of, 56
education as purpose of, 17, 48, 51, 89, 93
English learned by, 95, 107, 112, 185
English not spoken by, 77, 95, 112
as indebted to Japan, 167, 176, 187–88, 194, 199, 207, 268
isolation of, 77, 82, 86, 87
Japanese spoken by, 98
Japanese-style dress of, 15–16, 50–51, 70, 77, 85, 86
in journey back to western U.S., 147–48
in journey to eastern U.S., 82, 85, 88
lack of preparation for, 57
as left behind in America, 98
as looked after by Lanmans, 90, 94, 98, 99, 123, 126, 134–35, 147
loss of Japanese identity by, 110, 116, 117, 153
Mori as guardian of, 98, 99–101, 105
neighborhood children and, 94
in ocean voyage from U.S., 151–53, 156–57
in ocean voyage to U.S., 59, 61–64, 192
photographs of, 13, 52–53, 67, 78, 121
piano lessons of, 95
recruitment of, 47–50, 53, 61
Ryo and Tei’s return home and, 101, 104
as samurai daughters, 50
separation of, 100, 104, 107
stipends for host families of, 103
as subject of newspapers, 53–54
theater attended by, 77–78
Western-style clothing for, 77, 87, 89, 93–94, 97, 104
see also Oyama, Sutematsu Yamakawa; Tsuda, Ume; Ueda, Tei; Uriu, Shige Nagai; Yoshimasu, Ryo
Japan, Edo-era (1603–1868):
Christianity declared illegal in, 27
coastal batteries of, 29
commoners in, 28
economy in, 21
guns and gunsmithing as viewed in, 29
martial hierarchy in, 21–22, 23
trade within, 22
understanding of West lacked by, 31, 45
unequal trade agreements in, 30–31, 45
weapons in, 29
Westerners as viewed in, 30–31
xenophobia of, 27, 42
see also Tokugawa shogunate
Japan, Japanese, 11
American occupation of, 81
American trade with, 28, 30, 73
British and, 30, 50
charity and, 110, 200–202, 237–38, 258
China/Chinese and, 27, 28, 74–75
Christianity in, 165, 168
customs/etiquette of, 72, 73, 154, 163–64, 165, 167, 168, 187, 195–96, 205, 214, 222, 223
Dutch and, 24, 27, 28, 30, 52
extreme topography of, 23
foreign commerce as viewed in, 27–30, 48
as global power, 270, 272
Great Kanto Earthquake in (1923), 275
marriage and, 167, 171, 172, 179, 248
obedience as important in, 25, 37, 43, 48, 128, 171, 186, 240
in racially polarized U.S., 92
Russia and, 27, 30
samurai population in, 21
schools for girls in, 12, 17, 163, 188, 190, 193, 199, 210–11, 257, 269–70; see also specific schools
suffrage in, 81
superstitions about photography in, 52
women and girls in, see women and girls
World War I and, 275
Japan, Meiji-era (1868–1912), 11–12, 42
American missionaries in, 189–90
appearance/dress of girls in, 15–16, 50–51
Boshin War in, 34–38
cholera epidemic in, 208, 215
Christianity banned in, 104, 105
as civilized nation, 40, 44
conversion to Christianity in, 153, 165, 188
education in, 163, 178, 185–86, 188, 190, 193, 199, 210–11, 229–30, 234–35, 247–48, 257, 260, 269–70
end of, 271
enlightenment as goal for, 55–56,
102, 153, 186, 198, 236, 239
exile of Aizu domain in, 38–39
Hoterukan and, 119–20
Imperial Diet of, 218–20
Iwakura Mission of, see Iwakura Mission
journalism in, 53–54, 62, 202, 209
Korea and, 236–37, 270
marriage and divorce laws in, 248
men’s Western-style clothing in, 17, 42, 57, 75
military in, 237–38
modernization and reform efforts of, 48, 52, 53–54, 80–81, 100, 106, 183–85, 236
National Exhibition in, 184
national security and, 236
Normanton incident and, 209
patriotism in, 238–39, 257, 270
railway built in, 50, 162
reaction to Japanese Girls and Women in, 229
revival of conservative traditions in, 186–87, 229, 247, 248
Russia and, 239, 270
Russo-Japanese War (1904–5) and, 270
samurai class abolished in, 155
Sino-Japanese War (1894–95) and, 236–40, 257, 269
and travels to America and, 43–44, 46–47
Western agriculture and, 120
Westernization and, 43, 44–45, 48, 75, 183–84, 185, 186–87, 247
women’s personal grooming during, 17
Japanese Girls and Women (A. M. Bacon and U. Tsuda), 228–29, 230, 231–32
Japanese Interior, A (A. M. Bacon), 12, 230
Japanese mythology, 21
“Japanning,” 154n
Japan Weekly Mail, 224, 234–35, 261
Japonisme, 78
jinrikishas, 50, 161, 162, 182, 190, 194, 201, 211
JOAK (radio station), 276
Joshi Eigaku Juku, see Tsuda College
Kaga domain, 115
Kagoshima, 42, 184
Kaigan Jogakko, 190
Kamakura, 269
Kanda, Naibu, 173, 174–75, 189
Kawamura, Kiyo, 118
Keller, Helen, 250
Kido, Takayoshi, 47, 53–54
kimonos, 50–51, 77, 85, 164, 165, 168
Koishikawa, 60
Kokubunji, 277
Kokumin no tomo, 239
Korea, 27, 236–37, 270
Kume, Kunitake, 47, 59, 62, 65, 69, 71–72, 74, 79, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89
Kuroda, Kiyotaka, 42–44, 45, 47, 48, 99, 169–70, 219
Kyoto, 21, 23, 31, 51, 212, 223, 272
Kyushu, 33
Ladies’ Volunteer Nursing Association, 237
Lagler, Miss, 95
Lanman, Adeline, 97
death of, 272, 275
home of, 90–91, 117, 138
Iwakura girls looked after by, 90, 94, 96, 123, 126, 134–35, 147
as lavish, 116
Shige and, 126, 134, 139, 189, 204
Sutematsu and, 126, 134–35, 138
Ume’s correspondence with, 153, 156, 161, 164–65, 167, 170–71, 173–74, 180–82, 187–88, 190–93, 198, 200, 204–5, 207, 208–10, 213, 225–27, 241, 244, 249, 253, 255–57, 262–65, 268, 269
as Ume’s foster mother, 94, 101, 104–5, 116, 117, 189, 197
Ume’s notes written to, in U.S., 104, 116, 119, 135–36, 149, 151