10 D. Glantz (ed.), Soviet Documents on the Use of War Experience (3 vols, London, 1993), III, pp. vii-ix.
11 R.J. Overy, The Air War 1939–1945 (London, 1980), pp. 134–7, 145–8; A. Nielsen, The German Air Force General Staff (New York, 1959), pp. 46–8; A. Coox, ‘The Effectiveness of the Japanese Military Establishment in the Second World War’, in A. Millett, W. Murray (eds), Military Effectiveness in World War II (London, 1988), pp. 27, 34–5.
12 USSBS, Pacific Theatre, Report 1, ‘Summary Report’ (Washington, 1 July 1946), pp. 10–11.
13 M. Stoler, George C. Marshall: Soldier-statesman of the American century (Boston, 1989), pp. 93–5.
14 D.D. Eisenhower, Report by the Supreme Commander to the Combined Chiefs of Staff on the Operations in Europe (London, 1946), p. 17.
15 A. V. Khrulev, ‘Quartermaster at Work’, in S. Bialer (ed.), Stalin and His Generals: Soviet military memoirs of World War II (New York, 1969), pp. 370–5.
16 Some measure of this can be found in R.G. Ruppenthal, Logistical Support of the Armies (2 vols, Washington, 1953). On the role of the military in Germany see, for example, Nielsen, German Air Force General Staff, or H. Boog, Die deutsche Luftwaffenführung 1935–1945 (Stuttgart, 1982). On Japan, R. Smethurst, A Social Basis for Pre-war Japanese Militarism (Berkeley, 1974), or R. Benedict, The Chrysanthemum and the Sword (London, 1967).
17 Lord Moran, Winston Churchill: The struggle for survival 1940–1965 (London, 1966), p. 273.
18 S.E. Morison, American Contributions to the Strategy of World War II (London, 1958), p. 47.
19 British Air Ministry, The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force (reissued London, 1983), pp. 273–5, 307–9.
20 Ibid., p. 407.
21 Lord Tedder, Air Power in War (London, 1948), p. 82.
22 M. Cooper, The German Army 1933–1945: Its political and military failure (London, 1978), p. 506.
23 J.C. Gaston, Planning the American Air War: Four men and nine days in 1941 (National Defense University, Washington, 1982), pp. 13–15, 22, 67–8, 98–102. The plan called for a total air force of 21,813 combat aircraft. By December 1943 American combat air strength was 20,185 overseas, and by the end of 1944 32,957. German air strength was 5,536 and 6,297 on the same dates.
24 M. Rader, No Compromise: The conflict between two worlds (London, 1939), p. viii.
25 USSBS, Report 72, ‘Interrogation of Japanese Officials’, vol. I, no. 43, interrogation of Captain Ohmae, South-east Area Fleet Staff.
Epilogue
1 D.W. White, ‘The Nature of World Power in American History: An evaluation at the end of World War II’, Diplomatic History 11 (1987), pp. 182–4.
2 R.J. Bosworth, Explaining Auschwitz and Hiroshima: History writing and the Second World War (London, 1993), p. 159.
3 L. Lazarev, ‘Russian Literature on the War and Historical Truth’, in J. and C. Garrard (eds), World War 2 and the Soviet People (London, 1993), pp. 33–4. See too A. Weiner, Making Sense of War: The Second Word War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution (Princeton, 2001), esp. pp. 18–21.
4 Air Policy Commission, Survival in the Air Age (Washington, 1 January 1948), pp. 18–21.
5 W. Horsley, R. Buckley, Nippon: Japan since 1945 (London, 1990), p. 39.
Acknowledgments
The author and publishers are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce illustrations: Library of Congress, Washington DC – 17, 18, 19, 20; Ullstein Bilderdienst – 5; Imperial War Museum, London – 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 31.
Every effort has been made to obtain the necessary permissions to reproduce the remaining images (taken from the author’s personal collection of World War II pictures, posters and cartoons); however, should there be any omissions in this respect we apologise and shall be pleased to make the appropriate acknowledgments in any future edition.
The maps were drawn by Graham Malkin, Advanced Illustration.
SELECTED READING
* * *
The following booklist includes all those books and articles referred to directly in writing Why the Allies Won. It is not intended to be a general bibliography of the Second World War. Where possible I have included English translations of foreign-language works.
Air Ministry, The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force 1933–1945 (London 1947, reprinted 1983)
Ambrose, S.E., D-Day, June 6th 1944: The climactic battle of World War II (New York, 1994)
Ambrose, S.E., Eisenhower: Soldier and President (New York, 1990)
Ambrose, S.E., Rise to Globalism: American foreign policy since 1938 (London, 1988)
Anders, W., Hitler’s Defeat in Russia (Chicago, 1951)
Andrew, C, Gordievsky, O., KGB: The inside story (London, 1990)
Armstrong, R.A., ‘Stalingrad: Ordeal or turning point’, Military Review 72 (1992)
Arnold, H.H., Global Mission (New York, 1949)
Arnold, H.H., Second Report of the Commanding General of the USAAF (London, 1945)
Assersohn, F. J., ‘Propaganda and Policy: The presentation of the strategic air offensive in the British mass media 1939–1945’, Leeds University M.A. thesis, 1989
Axell, A. Stalin’s War through the Eyes of his Commanders (London, 1997)
The Background and Issues of the War (Oxford, 1940)
Bacque, J., Other Losses: The investigation into the mass deaths of German prisoners of war after World War II (London, 1989)
Baigent, M., Leigh, R., Secret Germany (London, 1994)
Barber, J., Harrison, M., The Soviet Home Front 1941–1945 (London, 1991)
Barnett, C, Engage the Enemy More Closely: The Royal Navy in the Second World War (London, 1991)
Barnett, C. (ed.), Hitler’s Generals (London, 1989)
Barnhart, M. A., Japan Prepares for Total War: The search for economic security 1919–1941 (Cornell University Press, 1987)
Barnhart, M.A., ‘Japan’s Economic Security and the Origins of the Pacific War’, Journal of Strategic Studies 4 (1981)
Bartov, O., Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazis and war in the Third Reich (Oxford, 1991)
Bauer, E., Der Panzerkrieg (2 vols, Bonn, 1966)
Beachley, D., ‘Soviet Radio-Electronic Combat in World War II’, Military Review 61 (1981)
Beaumont, A., ‘The Bomber Offensive as a Second Front’, Journal of Contemporary History 22 (1987)
Beaumont, J., Comrades in Arms: British aid to Russia 1941–1945 (London, 1980)
Beck, E., Under the Bombs: The German Home Front 1942–1945 (Lexington, Kentucky, 1986)
Beesly, P., Very Special Intelligence: The story of the Admiralty Operational Intelligence Centre 1939–1945 (London, 1977)
Behrens, B.A., Merchant Shipping and the Demands of War (London, 1955)
Bekker, C, The Luftwaffe War Diaries (London, 1967)
Belchem, D., Victory in Normandy (London, 1981)
Bell, G.K., The Church and Humanity 1939–1946 (London, 1946)
Benedict, R., The Chrysanthemum and the Sword (London, 1967)
Bennett, R., Behind the Battle: Intelligence in the war with Germany 1939–1945 (London, 1994)
Bennett, R., Ultra in the West: The Normandy campaign of 1944–1945 (London, 1979)
Beria, S., Beria, My Father: Inside Stalin’s Kremlin (London, 2001)
Berle, B.B., Jacobs, T.B. (eds), Navigating the Rapids 1918–1971: From the papers of Adolph A. Berle (New York, 1973)
Best, G., Churchill at War (London, 2005)
Beyerchen, A., Scientists Under Hitler (New Haven, 1977)
Bialer, S. (ed.) Stalin and His Generals: Soviet military memoirs of World War II (New York, 1969)
Bialer, U., The Shadow of the Bomber: The fear of air attack and British politics 1932–1939 (London, Royal Historical Society, 1980)
Birkenfeld, W., Der synthetische Treibstoff 1933–1945 (Göttingen, 1963)
Birse, A., Memoirs of an Interpreter (London, 1967)
Bisson, T.A., Japan’s War Economy (New
York, 1945)
Blake, R., Louis, W.R., (eds), Churchill (Oxford, 1993)
Bland, L. (ed.), The Papers of George Catlett Marshall: Vol. 2, ‘We cannot delay’, July 1 1939 to December 6 1941 (Baltimore, 1986)
Blumenson, M., Breakout and Pursuit (Washington, 1961)
Blumenson, M. (ed.), The Patton Papers 1940–1945 (Boston, 1974)
Boberach, H. (ed.), Meldungen aus dem Reich: Auswahl aus den geheimen Lageberichten der Sicherheitsdienst der SS, 1939–1945 (Berlin, 1965)
Boelcke, W.A. (ed.), The Secret Conferences of Dr. Goebbels, Oct. 1939 to March 1943 (London, 1967)
Bohlen, C.E., Witness to History 1929–1969 (London, 1973)
Bond, B. (ed.), Chief of Staff: The diaries of Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Pownall: Vol. 1, 1933–1940 (London, 1972)
Boog, H. et al., Germany and the Second World War; Volume IV: The Attack on the Soviet Union (Oxford, 1998)
Boog, H. (ed.), The Conduct of Air War in the Second World War: An international comparison (Oxford, 1992)
Boog, H., Die deutsche Luftwaffenführung 1935–1945 (Stuttgart, 1982)
Bosworth, R. J., Explaining Auschwitz and the Holocaust: History writing on the Second World War (London, 1973)
Boyd, A., The Soviet Air Force since 1918 (London, 1977)
Boyd, C., The Extraordinary Envoy: General Hiroshi Oshima and diplomacy in the Third Reich 1934–1939 (Washington, 1980)
Bradley, O., A Soldier’s Story of the Allied Campaign from Tunis to the Elbe (London, 1951)
Bragadin, M.A., The Italian Navy in World War II (US Naval Institute, Annapolis, 1957)
Braithwaite, R., Moscow 1941: A City and its People at War (London, 2006)
Brendon, P., Ike: His life and times (New York, 1986)
Breuer, W., Hoodwinking Hitler: The Normandy deception (Westport, Conn., 1993)
Brown, J. A., Eagles Strike: South African forces in World War II, Vol. IV (Cape Town, 1974)
Browning, C., Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York, 1993)
Bryant, A., Triumph in the West: The war diaries of Field Marshal Viscount Alanbrooke (London, 1959)
Buckley, J., ‘Air Power in the Battle of the Atlantic’, Journal of Contemporary History 28 (1993)
Bullock, A., Hitler and Stalin: Parallel lives (London, 1991)
Burdick, C., Jacobsen H.-A., (eds), Halder Diary 1939–1942 (London, 1988)
Busch, D., Der Luftkrieg im Raum Mainz während des Zweiten Weltkriegs 1939–1945 (Mainz, 1988)
Butler, S. (ed.), My Dear Mr. Stalin: The Complete Correspondence of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph V. Stalin (New Haven, 2005)
Calder, A., The Myth of the Blitz (London, 1991)
Calder, A., The People’s War: Britain 1939–1945 (London, 1969)
Cantril, H. (ed.), Public Opinion 1935–1946 (Princeton, 1951)
Carell, P., Hitler’s War on Russia (2 vols, London, 1970)
Cassidy, H.C., Moscow Dateline 1941–1943 (London, 1944)
Cesarani, D. (ed.), The Final Solution: Origins and implementation (London, 1994)
Chalmers, W.S., Max Horton and the Western Approaches (London, 1954)
Chaney, O.P., Zhukov (Norman, Oklahoma, 1972)
Charmley, J., Churchill: The end of glory (London, 1993)
Chickering, R., Förster, S., Greiner, B. (eds), A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945 (Cambridge, 2005)
Chuikov, V.I., The Beginning of the Road: The story of the battle for Stalingrad (London, 1963)
Churchill, W.S., The Second World War (6 vols, London, 1948–55)
Clark, R.W., The Birth of the Bomb (London, 1961)
Clive, A., State of War: Michigan in World War II (Chicago, 1979)
Coates, W.P. and Z., A History of Anglo-Soviet Relations (London, 1944)
Cohen, J., Japan’s Economy in War and Reconstruction (Minneapolis, 1949)
Collier, B., The Defence of the United Kingdom (London, 1957)
Colville, J., The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street diaries 1939–1955 (London, 1985)
Constantini, A., L’Union soviétique en guerre 1941–1945 (Paris, 1968)
Conway, J., The Nazi Persecution of the Churches (London, 1968)
Cooke, R., Nesbit, R., Target Hitler’s Oil: Allied attacks on German oil supplies 1939–1945 (London, 1985)
Cooling, B.F. (ed.), Case Studies in the Development of Close Air Support (Office of Air Force History, Washington, 1990)
Cooper, M., The German Army 1933–1945 (London, 1978)
Crane, C.C., Bombs, Cities and Civilians: American Airpower Strategy in World War II (Kansas University Press, 1993)
Craven, W.F., Cate, J.L., The Army Air Forces in World War II (6 vols, Washington, 1948–55, reissued 1983)
Creveld, M. van, Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton (Cambridge, 1977)
Creveld, M. van, Fighting Power: German and US army performance 1939–1945 (London, 1983)
Cross, R., VE Day: Victory in Europe (London, 1985)
Cruikshank, C., Deception in World War II (London, 1979)
Cunningham, Viscount A., A Sailor’s Odyssey (London, 1951)
Dallek, R., Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy 1932–1945 (Oxford, 1979)
Dallin, A., German Rule in Russia (2nd ed., London, 1981)
Dallin, D., Nicolaevsky, O., Forced Labour in Soviet Russia (London, 1947)
Danchev, A. (ed.), Establishing the Anglo-American Alliance: The Second World War diaries of Brigadier Vivian Dykes (London, 1990)
Danchev, A., Very Special Relationship: Field Marshal Sir John Dill and the Anglo-American Alliance 1941–1944 (London, 1986)
Danchev, A., Todman, D. (eds), War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke (London, 2001)
Davis, R.G., Carl A. Spaatz and the Air War in Europe (Washington, 1992)
Dawson, R.H., The Decision to Aid Russia, 1941 (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1959)
Deane, J.R., The Strange Alliance: The story of American efforts at wartime co-operation with Russia (London, 1947)
D’Este, C., Decision in Normandy (New York, 1983)
Detweiler, D. (ed.), World War II German Military Studies (24 vols, New York, 1979)
DiNardo, R.L., Bay, A., ‘Horse-Drawn Transport in the German Army’, Journal of Contemporary History 23 (1988)
DiNardo, R.L., Mechanized Juggernaut or Military Anachronism: Horses and the German Army in World War II (London, 1991)
Directorate of Army Education, The British Way and Purpose (London, 1944)
Divine, R.A., Roosevelt and World War II (London, 1969)
Dobb, M., Soviet Economy and the War (London, 1941)
Dönitz, K., Memoirs: Ten Years and Twenty Days (London, 1959)
Doughty, M., Merchant Shipping at War (London, 1982)
Douglas, R., The World War 1939–1945: The cartoonists’ vision (London, 1990)
Dower, J., War without Mercy: Race and power in the Pacific War (New York, 1986)
Dull, P.S., A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy 1941–1945 (Cambridge, 1978)
Eggleston, G.T., Roosevelt, Churchill and the World War II Opposition (Old Greenwich, Conn., 1979)
Ehrenburg, I., Men, Years – Life: The war 1941–1945 (London, 1964)
Ehrman, J., Grand Strategy: Vol. V, August 1943 to September 1944 (London, 1946)
Ellis, J., Brute Force: Allied strategy and tactics in the Second World War (London, 1990)
Ellis, L., Victory in the West: Vol. I, The battle for Normandy (London, 1962)
Eisenhower, D.D., Crusade in Europe (London, 1948)
English, J.A., The Canadian Army and the Normandy Campaign (New York, 1991)
Erickson, J., Dilks, D. (eds), Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies (Edinburgh, 1994)
Erickson, J., ‘New Thinking about the Eastern Front in World War II’, Journal of Military History 56 (1992)
Erickson, J., The Road to Berlin: Stalin’s war wi
th Germany (London, 1983)
Erickson, J., The Road to Stalingrad (London, 1975)
Eubank, K., Summit at Teheran (New York, 1985)
Everen, B. van, ‘Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Problem of Nazi Germany’, in Egan, C.C., Knott, A.W. (eds), Essays in Twentieth Century American International History (Lanham, Maryland, 1982)
Faber, H. (ed.), Luftwaffe: An analysis by former Luftwaffe generals (London, 1979)
Fearon, P., War, Prosperity and Depression in the US Economy, 1917–1945 (London, 1986)
Ferrel, R.H. (ed.), The Eisenhower Diaries (New York, 1981)
Ferro, M., The Great War 1914–1918 (London, 1973)
Fischer, J., ‘Ober den Entschluss zur Luftversorgung Stalingrads. Ein Beitrag zur militärischen Führung im Dritten Reich’, Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen 6 (1969)
François-Poncet, A., The Fateful Years: Memoirs of a French ambassador in Berlin, 1931–1938 (London, 1949)
Fraser, D., And We Shall Shock Them: The British army in the Second World War (London, 1983)
Fraser, D., Knight’s Cross: A life of Field-Marshal Rommel (London, 1993)
French, D., The British Way in Warfare (London, 1989)
Fredborg, A., Behind the Steel Wall: Berlin 1941–43 (London, 1944)
Frye, A., Nazi Germany and the American Hemisphere 1933–1941 (New Haven, 1987)
Fuchida, M., Okumiya, M., Midway: The battle that doomed Japan (Annapolis, 1955)
Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs 1939–1945 (London, 1948)
Galbraith, J.K., A Life in Our Times: Memoirs (London, 1981)
Galland, A., The First and the Last (London, 1955)
Garrard, C., Garrard, J. (eds), World War 2 and the Soviet People (London, 1993)
Garrett, S., Ethics and Airpower in World War II (New York, 1993)
Gaston, J.C., Planning the American Air War: Four men and nine days in 1941 (National Defense University, Washington, 1982)
Gatzke, H., Germany and the United States (Cambridge, Mass., 1980)
Gebhardt, J., ‘World War II: The Soviet side’, Military Review 72 (1992)
Gibbs, N., Grand Strategy: Vol. I, Rearmament policy (London, 1976)
Why the Allies Won Page 56