3. Hodges, Peacock, 347 n. 20, on opium sales; Morrison, Commercial Guide, 11, on mail, passim on trade; King and Clarke, Research Guide; Canton Register, Aug. 26, 1834; Hunter, Fan Kwae, 50-51, on the milking cows; Hutcheon, Chinnery, 65, 78, 109, for illustrations of the buildings; Downing, Fan-qui, 1:259-67, on the hotels.
4. Hunter, Fan Kwae, 12-15, 18-19, 78; Hutcheon Chinnery, 65, 78, 109. A vivid description of the fire by Robert Morrison is in CR, 4:34-36. For successive panoramas of the factories and waterfront between 1730 and 1832, see Morse, East India Company, 1:192, 256, 2:144, 3:218, 368, 4:64, 336.
5. Hunter, Fan Kwae, 54-55.
6. Ibid., 64.
7. CR, 4:437.
8. Hodges, Peacock, 158-59, 343-44; Hillard, Journal, 153-54.
9. Stifler, "Language Students," 62-67.
10. Ibid., for detailed coverage; Hunter, Fan Kwae, 19, 27; Stevens, "Gospel," 432; Barrett, Singular Listlessness.
11. CR, 4:535; Morrison, Commercial Guide, 46.
12. Hunter, Fan Kwae, 27, 37-39; CR, 4:428-35; "Jargon spoken at Canton," Canton Press, Feb. 6, 1836; Morrison, Commercial Guide, glossary following p. xii; Fairbank, Trade, 13; Downing, Fan-qui, 2:124.
13. CR, 4:432-33.
14. Adapted from Hunter, Fan Kwae, 22.
15. Ibid., 8-9.
16. CR, 4:189; Hodges, Peacock,, 180-81.
17. CR, 4:44, 342.
18. CR, 4:192-93.
19. Hunter, Fan Kwae, 21-24, 31-32; CR, 5:432.
20. CR, 4:464-71; compare with Hoo Loo, who died at Guy's Hospital, 1831; CR, 3:489- 96.
21. CR, 4:462-64, and tables, 472; Gulick, Parker.
22. CR, 4:244.
23. CR, 4:190.
24. CR, 4:342, 535.
25. CR, 4:38-39, 43-44, 191.
26. Hodges, Peacock, 179.
27. CR, 4:44-45, 101-2, 245.
28. Hodges, Peacock, 171-72; Morrison, Commercial Guide, 13; CR, 4:291-92, for paintings, including Battle of the Bogue.
29. CR, 4:102, "An Outcast," dated Sat., June 6, 1835.
Chapter 2: The Word
1. Bridgman, "Obituary," 314-15; Wylie, Memorials, 84; CR, 4:436-37, on robberies; Morrison, Commercial Guide, 12, on the journey. For the detailed background of the Canton Protestant community, see Rubinstein, Origins, chaps. 5-8.
2. CR, 4:45.
3. Stevens, "Seamen," 423-24; Morrison, Commercial Guide, 13.
4. CR, 1:292, estimate; Downing, Fan-qui, 1:239-44; Canton Register, Oct. 4, 1836, on Portsmouth Point, and Nov. 15, 1836; Shen Fu, Six Records, 118-19, for a Chinese view.
5. Dialogue from Downing, Fan-qui, 1:84, also cited with variants in Hutcheon, Chinnery, 88—89, and Collis, Foreign Mud, 33; on Tanka dress and morals, see Bingham, Narrative, 2:272.
6. Morrison, Commercial Guide, 12; Downing, Fan-qui, 200-201.
7. Bridgman, "Obituary," 516.
8. Ibid., 515-16.
9. Liang, Quanshi, 291, 96; Bohr, "Liang Fa's Quest," 36-38; Stevens, "Milne," 322; Milne, Memorials, 22-30.
10. Liang, Quanshi, 302; Wylie, Memorials, 21; Gutzlaff, journal, lxxi-lxxvii; Bays, "Christian Tracts," 22-25.
11. Liang, Quanshi, 306; Wylie, Memorials, 22; Robert Morrison, letter of Nov. 26, 1819, LMS, "South China," Box 2, folder 1.
12. Liang, Quanshi; McNeur, Liang A-fa; Bohr, "Liang Fa's Quest," 40-46.
13. Liang discusses his methodology in his diaries, which are extracted by Robert Morrison in various letters between 1830 and 1833. See LMS, "South China," esp. Box 3, folders 1 and 2.
14. Wylie, Memorials, 11-12, on Kew Agong.
15. Ibid, 22.
16. Stevens, "Gospel," 434.
17. Ibid, 436; Schlyter, Gutzlaff als Missionar, 92-93, 294-95. Gutzlaffs strong influence in the United States is explored in Lutz, "Grand Illusion."
18. Stevens, "Bohea," 92-93. Letters to Peter Parker, Canton, Aug. 27, 1835, Williams Papers.
19. Ibid, 87-88, 93; Stevens, "Huron," 330-33; Medhurst, "Huron," 408, was less excited, claiming only 3,500 books distributed in Shandong.
20. Stevens, "Morrison," 180—81. For a detailed study of Morrison and the missionary background, see Rubinstein, Origins, chaps. 1-4.
21. Hunter, Fan Kwae, 43; Lutz, "Karl Gutzlaff," 68-69; Gutzlaff Journal, 103; Stevens, "Bohea," 85, 89; Hutcheon, Chinnery, 102, for an illustration of Gutzlaff in Chinese dress; see also Stifler, "Language Students," 64, 74, 79, for earlier cases of Thomas Manning and Lee / Plumb.
22. Stevens, "Bohea," 93. In a letter to his brother dated Canton, Feb. 19, 1835, S. Wells Williams noted Stevens' presence, Gutzlaffs present work, and Liang Afa's recent departure. See Williams Papers, MS no. 547.
23. CR, 4:343, citing edict of Daoguang 15/8/24.
24. Canton Register, April 15, 1834; Milne's original edition is summarized in Wylie, Memorials, 19-20. Drake, "Protestant Geography," 95-100, is skeptical of the effectiveness of Gutzlaff s journal.
25. Canton Register, June 14, 1836, mentioning that the printer "Keuhachaou" "is still in prison where he has lain for some months past."
26. Stevens, "Bohea," 94; Stevens, "Huron," 317-19.
27. Stevens, "Bohea," 95-96.
Chapter 3: Home Ground
1. Jen, Revolutionary Movement, 12—14. Snowfall: Canton Register, Feb. 9, 1836, and CR, 5:581. Exam timing is based on calculations in Canton Register, April 14, 1835, and CR, 1:483 n. For a summary of the earlier possible dates, see Boardman, Christian Influence, 98-99 n. 124.
2. Earlier discrepancies on Hong's family are cleared up by Chen Zhoutang, Hongshi zongpu, 54, which proves Hong's mother's name was Wang, correcting Hamberg, Visions,
2, which gives her name as Choo; by Wang Qingcheng, "Zupu"; and Luo Ergang, Taiping Tianguo shi, 1697-99. On Hong's first arranged marriage to the sister of Su Si'an, see Chen Zhoutang, ed., Guangdong dichu, 46-47. Hamberg, Visions, 6, on the stipends. My thanks to Xia Chuntao for much help in clarifying these relationships.
3. Canton Register, Sept. 8, 1835.
4. Huaxian zhi, prefaces; juan 1, 12-18, and chap. 4, 1-26, on founding; juan 3, 1-7, on staff and garrisons; juan 2, 25-26, on acreage and population.
5. Hamberg, Visions, 3; Wang Qingcheng, "Zupu," 493-94.
6. Hashimoto, Haifa Dialect, 1. The background of Hakka history is thoroughly presented in Bohr, "Eschatology," 14-19, 285-86. He discusses the Hakka quotas in 296 n. 67.
7. CR, 4:494.
8. The fullest historical overview of Hakka culture is Luo Xianglin, Kejia. Contemporary Hakka remnants of former customs in Taiwan are fully analyzed by Gao, Kejia. On Tanka, see Davis, Chinese, 2:27.
9. Hashimoto, Haifa Dialect, 16, referring to Chang Shou-p'eng and Lu Fei's work of 1783, and the Hsing-ning hsien-chih of 1811.
10. Chen Zhoutang, Hongshi zongpu, 6, 15, 22-23; Cohen, "Hakka," 242, expresses skepticism on the pre-Song data.
11. Chen Zhoutang, Hongshi zongpu, 40-44.
12. Huaxian zhi, 3:37-46.
13. Cohen, "Hakka," 249-54, 271-73; Luo Xianglin, Kejia, 336-45, illustrations 20-24.
14. Hamberg, Visions, 4.
15. Huaxian zhi, 1:38-45.
16. Wieger, Moral Tenets, 133-34; Mair, "Language and Ideology," 335-40, 349-56.
17. Huaxian zhi, 1:46b, 51 b-52.
18. Ibid., 58-59.
19. Ibid., 61.
20. Canton Register, April 28, May 5, May 12, 1835.
21. Ibid., June 2, 1835.
22. Ibid., Sept. 6, 1836.
23. Hamberg, Visions, 8.
24. Ibid., 8-9. Guangzhou fuzhi, juan 8, has detailed maps and a plan of the examination halls. Jen, Revolutionary Movement, 14 n.
25. Wylie, Memorials, 84; Bridgman, "Obituary of Stevens," 515.
26. Stevens, "Gospel," 432.
27. Bridgman, "Obituary," 514.
28. As in CR, 5:169. Shen Fu, Six Records, 124, confirms ease of Canton gate bribes.
29. Stevens, "Huron," 326.
30. Wylie, Memorials, 12, 22.
3, folder 2, jacket C.
32. Bridgman, "Obituary," 517; Wylie, Memorials, 84. S. Wells Williams refers to Stevens' death in three letters written from Macao, Feb. 22, May 15, and Dec. 26, 1837. See Williams Papers, MS no. 547.
33. Hamberg, Visions, 9.
34. Liang, Quanshi, reprint 3, line 7, for Hong and destruction; 213, line 4, for Jehovah. On earlier Chinese deluge themes see Ziircher, "Prince Moonlight," 21-22, 29.
35. Liang, Quanshi, 213-20, for translation of Genesis chap. 6 and chap. 7, up to verse 23.
36. Ibid., index 6, line; on 271-74 Liang paraphrases the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah.
Chapter 4: Sky War
1 .Huaxian zhi, 1:32—33; Canton Register, April 14, 1835, Feb. 23, 1836. Tragedy sometimes mixed with local belief, as in the case of the racing crew from a village near Canton. Ignoring the custom that all dragon boats be buried under the ground between the annual festivals, they had kept theirs above ground all year. Practicing in 1836 on the river near a rival's village, they sank suddenly, and twenty of their village men were drowned, including one military licentiate from the recent exams. See Canton Register, June 28, 1836.
2. Huaxian zhi, 1:31-33; Canton Register, Sept. 1, 1835; these descriptions from Hua can be compared with the detailed coverage in Wieger, Moral Tenets, 405—39.
3. Canton Register, Sept. 29, 1835, July 19, Oct. 25, 1836. At other times, the mishaps are merely comic, though close to tragedy, as when two small boys, climbing a tree to watch the festival plays outside the west gate, fall in their excitement on the head of an old man underneath; they could have killed him, but fortunately all survived. Ibid., Nov. 3, 1835.
4. Huaxian zhi, 1:30-33.
5. Ibid., 1:32; Canton Register, Feb. 16, 1836.
6. Huaxian zhi, 1:32b.
7. Ibid., 1:32b—33, 35.
8. Ibid., 1:32, 33b, 34; Canton Register, Oct. 13, 1835; for contemporary Hakka following of such practices, see Gao, Kejia, chap. 6 and passim.
9. Kaltenmark, "Ideology," 39; Wilhelm, I Ching (book of changes), first hexagram; Wieger, Moral Tenets, 399-400.
10. De Groot, Religious System, 6:953-55.
11. Ibid., 963.
12. Hou, "Baleful Stars," 209-19.
13. De Groot, Religious System, 6:957.
14. Ibid., 967-68.
15. Yuli zhibaochao, 39-40; G. W. Clarke, "Yu-li," 233-44. On possible links between this text and Taiping doctrine, see Wagner, Heavenly Vision, 50-51.
16. The British Library 1839 copy of the Jade Record, Yulichao chuan jingshi (Blackfriars Road, cat. no. 15103.C35), has a supplement listing the sums contributed and the copies distributed by the faithful.
17. Yuli zhibaochao, 33b—34, for illustration; 38b for Tiandi's transmission; 55 for monks' reception; 68 for Li Zongmin's historical reconstruction.
18. Wieger, Moral Tenets, 119; Rong, "Yan Luo he Yuli," for the range of editions, and the provocative suggestion that the texts in fact support aspects of Confucian statism.
19. Yuli zhibaochao, 43-44; Wieger, Moral Tenets, 363-67; G. W. Clarke, "Yu-li," 324-
27.
20. Wieger, Moral Tenets, 367; Yuli zhibaochao, 44.
21. The term for Jade Emperor the Highest God was Yuhuang datiandi. See Wagner, Heavenly Vision, 34-35, 49-50; G. W. Clarke, "Yu-Li," 238-39; Shuck, "Sketch of Yuh- wang Shangte."
22. Yuli zhibaochao 39; Wieger, Moral Tenets, 347-49; G. W. Clarke, "Yu-Li," 251-54.
23. G. W. Clarke, "Yu-Li," 272.
24. Ibid., 289.
25. Ibid., Yuli zhibaochao, and Wieger, Moral Tenets, passim.
26. For annual executions in the hundreds, and totals of up to seventeen a day, see CR, 1:291, 4:385.
27. Canton Register, Aug. 25, 1835.
28. CR, 4:376, 384.
29. Canton Register, Oct. 27, 1835, and CR, 4:536, on the prevalence of child kidnapping; Canton Register, Aug. 23, 1836; on similar "diabolical arts," see G. W. Clarke, "Yu-li," 360- 67.
30. Yuli zhibaochao, 50b-51b, 58b; G. W. Clarke, "Yu-li," 398-400; Wieger, Moral Tenets, 391, has variants of these themes.
31. Yuli zhibaochao, 50; G. W. Clarke, "Yu-Li," 394; Wieger, Moral Tenets, 385.
32. Canton Register, Aug. 30, 1836. From the late summer date, we know this was for licentiates who had passed the lower two stages of the exam.
33. Yuli zhibaochao, 78b, 79, for the Huang and Xu family exam successes, and G. W. Clarke, "Yu-li," examples passim. On the printers' shortage, see Canton Register, June 28, 1836.
34. Hamberg, Visions, 9; Yuli zhibaochao, 58.
35. Hamberg, Visions, 9.
36. Franz Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents, vols. 2-3 (hereafter cited as TR), 53, slightly modified following Chin, Shiliao, 6, and Xiang, Ziliao, 2:632.
37. Hamberg, Visions, 9; TR, 53. The two texts intersect at numerous points, but are not identical, even though both are ascribed to Hong Rengan. For a subtle analysis of the dream, see Wagner, Heavenly Vision, 18-19, 34. The dream is presented as the "delirium fable" or a "twilight state" in the pioneering essay by Yap, "Mental Illness," 298. A comparative context for Hong's dream is provided in Wagner, "Imperial Dreams."
38. See the transcript of Taiping tianri, as reproduced in Taiping Tianguo yinshu, vol. 1, item 3, p. 4; TR, 54, 1516; Hamberg, Visions, 10.
39. Taiping tianri, in Yinshu, 4b; TR, 54.
40. Taiping tianri, in Yinshu, 5b; TR, 54.
41. Taiping tianri, in Yinshu, 6; TR, 55.
42. Taiping tianri, in Yinshu, 6b-7b; TR, 55-56.
43. M., 54—59. Taiping tianri, in Yinshu, 10b, for the sword and seal; 1 lb for the sparing of Yan Luo.
44. TR, 59—60. Taiping tianri, in Yinshu, 13, on palace and family.
45. On the names, see Taiping tianri, in Yinshu, 13; TR, 59-60.
46. Taiping tianri, in Yinshu, 16b; TR, 62.
47. Hamberg, Visions, 12. Compare Ziircher, "Prince Moonlight," 38, where the Mara kings, wielding "diamond clubs," also shout sha, "kill."
48. Adapted from the Chinese version of Hamberg, Visions, 12, and the translation in TR, 1517.
49. TR, 20 [C. L. Chang]; Xiang, Ziliao, 2:848. Kuhn, "Origins," 357-58, sees the poems as foretelling a "vague but immense personal mission."
50. Hamberg, Visions, 12, on the brothers' watchfulness; Ng, Madness, explains the legal implications of insanity.
51. Wagner, Heavenly Vision, 21-25, gives an insightful analysis of the idea of corroboration and categories in this dream. Yap, "Mental Illness," 295, discusses the overlays of inflexibility and "submission to dominating ideas" shown by Hong, and on 299 sees him as "hysterical," not schizophrenic.
Chapter 5: The Key
1. Hamberg, Visions, 19; TR, 63-64.
2. Among the scholars who have worked most carefully on Liang's tracts and their theology in the context of Hong's thought are Jen Yu-wen, T'ung-/(ao, 1665-93 (chap. 18, sec. 6); Bohr, "Eschatology"; and Xia, Zongjiao. See also works listed under Wagner, Shih, Boardman, Barnett, Kuhn, and Doezema. My especial thanks to Liu Chiu-ti for helping me enormously in my attempt to understand the whole of Liang's nine tracts.
3. Hunter, Fan Kwae, 87-89; Fairbank, Trade, 64-65.
4. Hunter, Fan Kwae, 88.
5. On this looting see Bernard, Nemesis, 2:13, and CR, 10:295.
6. Wakeman, Strangers, 12; Fairbank, Trade, 81; Bernard, Nemesis, 2:11-12, for false queues, and 37-39; Rait, Gough, 2:181-91.
7. Wakeman, Strangers, 16—17; CR, 10:530, on the stolen foot.
8. Wakeman, Strangers, 17—19; Bernard, Nemesis, 2:54—55; Bingham, Narrative, vol. 2, chap. 5; CR, 10:399-400.
9. Wakeman, Strangers, 19-21, 40-41; Bernard, Nemesis, 2:57; CR, 10:519-22.
10. Wakeman, Strangers, 73; CR, 10:527-528; Y'apian zhanzheng, 3:15-16.
11. Wakeman, Strangers, 48—50; CR, 10:292, for sticks in ears.
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