Guo Tingyi, Shishi, 104-7; Hamberg, Visions, 53-55; Jen, Revolutionary Movement, 71-72.
Tianxiong shengzhi, 2:40, for this zaibing of Hong, Taiping 1/3/20; Guo Tingyi, Shishi, 108-15; Wang, "Jintian qiyi," 84-87; Jiang, "Dengji," suggests a formal earlier date of April 3, 1850.
Tianxiong shengzhi, 2:30, Taiping 1/2/28.
Ibid., 2:30-32b, Taiping 1/2/28.
TR, 99.
Tianxiong shengzhi, 2:35.
Ibid., 2:37b—38, Taiping 1/3/18, modifying TR, 99-100; this is one of the only Tianxiong shengzhi passages chosen for inclusion in the Tianming zhaozhi shu; see Yinshu ed., 2.
Tianxiong shengzhi, 2:38b-39, for Lai's failure to attend, and 2:39-40, for Huang's and Wei's lateness, and Chen's hasty responses.
Zhuang, "Ling Shiba." Ling never joined Hong and was killed by Qing troops in 1852. Ling's two 1850 approaches to Jintian and the Taiping caution are in Tianxiong shengzhi, 2:4a-5b and 2:25b, Daoguang 30/7/22 and 30/9/10; Ling's campaigns are shown in detail in Guo Yisheng, Ditu, 28, 31; for a harsh Taiping view of Ling see TR, 392-93.
Tianxiong shengzhi, 2:40b, Taiping 1/5/12.
Women in Tianxiong shengzhi 2:42, Taiping 1/6/27.
TR, 427 and n. 2. The Taiping used the phrase "belonging to the third watch"—i.e., the midnight hours—as a euphemism for the deserters.
Tianxiong shengzhi, 2:42, Taiping 1/6/27.
See TR, 100, and Tianxiong shengzhi, 2:42, both dated 1/7/13.
TR, 104, Xianfeng 1/7/19, modified according to Tianming zhaozhi shu, in Yinshu, 6b-7b.
Curwen, Deposition, 83.
Zhong, Yongan 11-13; Guo Yisheng, Ditu 41-42.
Chapter 11: The First City
1. Zhong, Yongan, 22-23, on Hong's residence.
2. TR, 105-6, modified from Tianming zhaozhi shu, in Yinshu, 8b-9.
3. Zhong, Yongan, 24-26.
4. Ibid., 29-32, 36, 42-43.
5. Shih, Taiping Ideology, 158-60, on the treasury and brotherhood; Wagner, Heavenly Vision, 48-57, on salvation history and the millennium. Kuhn, "Taiping Rebellion," 276, emphasizes the mix in Yongan of "religious content" and "ethnic nationalism." Bohr, "Eschatology," 198-206, discusses the emergence in Yongan of a new form of "charismatic" leadership, and the identification of the Manchus with the forces of evil.
6. TR, 106; Tianming zhaozhi shu, 9b, on the Xiaotiantang. There has been considerable discussion of this Xiaotiantang by scholars: see Laai, "Pirates," 248; Su, " 'Xiaotiantang' xinjie," argues for Beijing, not Nanjing; Fang and Cui, "Taiping Tianguo 'Xiaotiantang,' " also argues against prior identifications of Nanjing. See also Xia, Zongjiao, 84-85; Wang, Lishi he sixiang, 208-9; Wagner, Heavenly Vision, 67-69.
7. TR, 323-24, and discussion of sources ibid., 321-23; Jen, Revolutionary Movement, 80- 81; Zhong, Yongan, 94-96.
8 .TR, 107; Tianming zhaozhi shu, in Yinshu, 10b.
9. TR, 125-28.
10. TR, 108, slightly modified following Tianming zhaozhi shu, in Yinshu, 12; decree formally issued on Dec. 17, 1851, though I assume it was prepared a few days earlier; and Taiping lizhi, in Yinshu, 5b—6, and TR, 129, for one-thousand-year titles.
11. That this character shift was already in place in Yongan can be seen from the 1852 Sanzijing, in Yinshu, 2b, where the pharaoh of Egypt is referred to as the kuang rather than the wang, as are all Chinese rulers later in the same text.
12. TR, 142-43; Banxing zhaoshu, in Yinshu, 1-2; TR, 143, 144 n. 4.
13. See Tianxiong shengzhi, 2:41b—42, for 1/6/27. The most dramatic example, that of Zhou Xineng and 190 others, originated in July 1851 and was discovered in November. The unmasking of the spies was given extensive coverage by the Taiping as an example of Yang Xiuqing's perspicacity. See TR, 88-97, 382-84.
14. Zhong, Yongan, 53-56. Jen, Revolutionary Movement, 78, estimates the Taiping in Yongan at 40,000, of whom half were combatants.
15. Guo Tingyi, Shishi, 136-40, lists these numerous attacks, as does Zhong, Yongan, 64- 75; on p. 61 Zhong gives the 46,000 figure; on pp. 107-10 he discusses illicit trade; Guo Yisheng, Ditu, 43-44, has detailed maps.
16. Guo Tingyi, Shishi, 141, dated 1/10/18; Laai, "Pirates," 254. This may be the battle described for 1/10/17 in the Overland Friend of China, as cited in Clarke and Gregory, Reports, 14-15.
17. Tianxiong shengzhi, 2:45.
18. Ibid, 2:45b.
19. Ibid, 2:47, and on the pain (Zhongku); TR, 102, cites the almost identical passage as it is found in Tianming zhaozhi shu, in Yinshu, 5.
20. The last phrases uttered by Jesus are on 2/3/15 in Tianxiong shengzhi, 2:49b, i.e., May 3, 1852, during the Guilin siege.
21. TR, 102.
22. TR, 108, Tianming zhaozhi shu, in Yinshu, 12b.
23. TR, 139-141, modified from Taiping tiaogui, in Yinshu.
24. Zhong, Yongan, 99-102, on Yongan printing. The tables of contents, from 1851 and 1853, in Yinshu editions of You xue shi and Taiping jiushi ge both show thirteen titles. The New Testament was not included. The misprinting of item 9, Taiping tiaogui, in these two volumes as Taiping guitiao, was later corrected, and serves as evidence of these texts' early date.
25. TR, 153-55, some changes following Sanzijing, in Yinshu, lb-6b. Since the biblical term for "manna" was rendered "sweet dew" in Chinese, I use "manna" here.
26. TR, 121-22, modified from Tiantiao shu, Yinshu, 7b-8.
27. TR, 109; Tianming zhaozhi shu, in Yinshu, 12b—13.
28. TR, 108, Tianming zhaozhi shu, in Yinshu, Ylh, guifei.
29. Tianxiong shengzhi, 2:28b.
30. You xue shi, in Yinshu, 9, modifying TR, 166. For the imagery in the third line of the husband's stanza—Hedong shizi, "the lion east of the river"—see the lengthy entry in Murohashi, Daikanwa, 6:6727. The third line of the wife's stanza, literally "if the hen calls out the dawn," has the sense of the English-language idiom "if the woman wears the trousers."
31. TR, 129-30. Jen, Tongkao, 2:1251-59, surveys the evidence and provides some names. The man known as Hong Daquan estimated in 1852 that Hong had thirty-six consorts in the city, and took "thirty or so" of them with him when he left. See the confession of Hong Daquan, in TR, 191—92. But the exact rank and identity of this man have been long debated and the accuracy of his confession disputed. See TR, 187-88; Guo Tingyi, Shishi, 153-75; Jen, Revolutionary Movement, 84.
32. TR, 110, modified according to Tianming zhaozhi shu, in Yinshu, 14.
33. Zhong, Yongan, 106-7.
34. TR, 109, modified according to Tianming zhaozhi shu, in Yinshu, 13.
35. Zhong, Yongan, 122, 127.
36. Jen, Revolutionary Movement, 83-86; Zhong, Yongan, 127; TR, 191-92, confession of Hong Daquan; Curwen, Deposition, 83-84.
Chapter 12: The Hunt
1. Jen, Revolutionary Movement, 85; Curwen, Deposition, 187 n. 60.
2. Laai, "Pirates," 205-7.
3. See analysis by Zhong, "Youguan Taiping Jun."
4. Jen, Revolutionary Movement, 86; Curwen, Deposition, 187 n. 61.
5. Laai, "Pirates," 245, 256.
6. Ibid, 254-56. Ling was killed by Qing troops in July 1852.
7. Guo Yishu, Ditu, 47-48; Laai, "Pirates," 208, 257. This bribe led to Big-head Yang's execution by the Qing.
8. Jen, Revolutionary Movement, 88-89. When exactly Feng was fatally wounded is still debated by historians. Luo Ergang, Taiping Tianguo shi, vol. 3, juan 43, agrees with Jen Yu-wen; but Mao Jiaqi, in Taiping Tianguo tongshi, 1:307-12, expresses doubt that Feng was first struck at Quanzhou. My thanks to Xia Chuntao for clarification of this point.
9. Jen, Revolutionary Movement, 89—90.
10. Guo Tingyi, Shishi, 181.
11. Kuhn, Rebellion, 106—7; Cai, "Lei Zaihao he Li Yuanfa," concludes these were not Tiandihui risings.
12. Kuhn, Rebellion, 106-11.
13. Ibid., 113-15 Eminent Chinese, 136-37.
14. Jen, Quanshi, 1:388-89, based on his own survey of the area; Laai, "Pirates," 258.
15. Guo Yisheng, Ditu, 49-50; Jen, Revolutionary M
ovement, 90-92; Guo Tingyi, Shishi, 182, estimates the date a little later, on June 10; Laai, "Pirates," 258-59.
16. Guo Yisheng, Ditu, 53; Curwen, Deposition, 188 n. 65.
17. TR, 143, 148.
18. TR, 144.
19. Zhong, "Taiping jun daqi," 246-47; see also Taiping Tianguo shige qiantan, 13-17,
50.
20. TR, 146, modified following Banxing zhaoshu, in Yinshu, 5b.
21. TR, 148, modified following Banxing zhaoshu, in Yinshu, 7b.
22. TR, 146-47, modified following Banxzing zhaoshu, in Yinshu, 6.
23. TR, 145-46, modified following Banxing zhaoshu, in Yinshu, 4b-5.
24. TR, 147; Banxing zhaoshu, in Yinshu, 6b; Wilhelm / Baynes, I-Ching, 9. For parallel slogans on early Taiping banners, see Zhong, "Taiping jun daqi," 244-45.
25. TR, 151; Banxing zhaoshu, in Yinshu, 10b.
26. Curwen, Deposition, 84; Wang, "Renzi ernian," 166.
27. Curwen, Deposition, 84, 188 n. 65; Laai, "Pirates," 261.
28. Wang, "Renzi ernian," 164-69; Guo Tingyi, Shishi, 186-92; Jen, Revolutionary Movement, 98. With Xiao's death following Feng's, the subordinate kings have been reduced from five to three; though this news is surely known to all inside the Taiping ranks, Hong regularly issues decrees in the dead kings' names. The Qing learn the news when captured Taiping prisoners reveal the location of Xiao's grave to their Qing inquisitors and his corpse is disinterred, dismembered, and defaced. See Cheng, Taiping Rebellion, 31.
29. Wang, "Renzi ernian," 170.
30. See ibid., 172, for calculations.
31. Eminent Chinese, 537; Qingshi liezhuan, 45:24.
32. Qingshi liezhuan, 45:25b—26.
33. Laai, "Pirates," 262; Wang, "Renzi ernian," 179-82, on Shi Dakai; Guo Yisheng, Ditu, 55.
34. Curwen, Deposition, 189, 191, discusses these techniques at various sieges; Wang, "Renzi ernian," 182-83.
35. Curwen, Deposition, 189.
36. This seems to be the ex-pirate Luo Dagang's idea coordinated with those of Yang Xiuqing, the East King. Laai, "Pirates," 241-42, 263.
37. TR, 421-22.
38. TR, 423-24.
39. TR, 421, slightly modified from Xingjun zongyao, in Yinshu, 5.
40. Li Xiucheng in Curwen, Deposition, 83, talks of villagers lost one hundred li from home.
41. TR, 417-18, slightly modified from Xingjun zongyao, in Yinshu, 1.
42. TR, 391-92.
43. Jen, Revolutionary Movement, 100-102; Laai, "Pirates," 264-68.
44. Chen Huiyan, Wuchang jishi, 587-90.
45. Zhao, "Chengshi zhengce," 49-50; Chen Huiyan, Wuchang jishi, 593-96.
46. Cheng, Taiping Rebellion, 27-30.
47. Laai, "Pirates," 268-69.
48. Curwen, Deposition, 193-94 n. 86.
49. Jen, Revolutionary Movement, 108-12.
50. TR, 185-86.
51. TR, 183-84, slightly modified and titles translated.
52. Rait, Gough, 1:278-79; Davis, China during the War, 1:289.
53. Jen, Revolutionary Movement, 116-18, 124; Zhang Runan Jinling, 692-705; Withers, "Heavenly Capital," 58-62.
Chapter 13: The Earthly Paradise
1 .TR, 314-15, 320, and Tianchao tianmou, in Yinshu, 2b-3, 7b. Bohr, "Eschatology," 219-66, discusses the Nanjing early years of the Taiping as a "theocratic millennium." Bohr emphasizes the importance of Hong's biblical commentaries at this time, though 1 see their composition and influence as coming later in the Taiping, after the death of Yang Xiuqing.
2. TR, 314-15; Tianchao tianmou, Yinshu, 2b-3. Kuhn, "Taiping Rebellion," 279, points out the "perplexing problem" that the land regulations never discuss "the idea of periodic reallocation of land."
3. TR, 314-15.
4. TR, 320; Tianchao tianmou, in Yinshu, 8.
5. TR, 318-19.
6. Xie., Jinling guijia, 651; Zhang Runan, Jinling, 695.
7. TR, 564—65. The originals of some other household registration sheets are preserved in the Jen Yu-wen Collection.
8. TR, 566-69.
9. Withers, "Heavenly Capital," 199-200; Zhao, "Chengshi zhengce," 50-52.
10. Jen, Revolutionary Movement, 121-22, on the Hankou merchant Wu Fucheng; Withers, "Heavenly Capital," 76—77, discusses women's dress and makeup.
11. TR, 448-50; Chin, Shiliao, 130-31; Jen Yu-wen Collection.
12. See Withers, "Heavenly Capital," 87-90.
13. Alexander Wylie, report of 1859, cited in Clarke and Gregory, Reports, 220.
14. Report by Xavier Maresca, in Mercier, Cassini, 268-69; on disorder, see Withers, "Heavenly Capital" 53-54.
15. Report of Xavier Maresca, in Mercier, Cassini, 269-72.
16. By an even more ironic decision, the office of gunpowder manufacture is placed in the former temple to Guandi, Goddess of Mercy. Withers, "Heavenly Capital," 104, 107-8; Jen, Revolutionary Movement, 126; Qi, "Taiping Tianguo wenshu," and Wang Qingcheng, "Guanyu zhizhun banxing," discuss problems of printing and dispersion.
17. Despite the appearance of the Old Testament, Jiuyizhao shengshu, in some Taiping indexes of 1852, Wang Qingcheng argues firmly for the 1853 date—"Guanyu zhizhun banxing," esp. 190 and 196-97. For variants in the early edition, see Xia, Zongjiao, 91 n. 2; TR, 221, citing NCH, July 16, 1853.
18. See British Museum edition, Jiuyi jiaoshengshu, and ibid., Yinshu, 24; Xia, Zongjiao, 96-97. Though the theological issue is more complex than Hong thought, given the fact that Moab descended from Lot, and Ruth (wife of Boaz) was a Moabitc. I am grateful to George Doramajian for this valuable gloss.
19. On numbers of printers, see Fishbourne, Impressions, 391, for the 400 figure, and Taylor, Five Years, 369-70, for 600 and on Matthew; TR, 222-24.
20. Jen, Revolutionary Movement, 165-66; Guo Yisheng, Ditu, 67, 73.
21 .TR, 253, slightly modified by Jian Tianjing yu Jinling lun, in Yinshu, 1; other references are in TR, 254-76.
22. TR, 296, 307.
23. TR, 298-99. Three examples of wooden Taiping seals are preserved in the Jen Yu- wen Collection.
24. TR, 305, 307.
25. "Qianshan sheng." TR, 277-78; Bian yaoxue, in Yinshu, 1.
26. TR, 289, 291.
27. TR, 291; Bian yaoxue, in Yinshu, 9b; and TR, 252, on degree.
28. Shi, "Zaozi yu gaizi," 157, 159.
29. Ibid., 157.
30. Ibid., 158-59.
31. Ibid., 157; on pp. 151-55 Shi analyzes 78 Taiping words in two basic categories: 22 new coinages and 56 substitutions; on p. 160 he adds 9 marginal variants. For Taiping period lists, see Zhang Runan, Jinling, 718, 722; Zhang Dejian, Zeqing, 242-44; Oinding jing bi ziyang; Xie, Jinling, 654; also see Luo Ergang, "Jingji kao," 27-28. For British queries in 1854 on the reasoning behind some of these taboos, see Gregory, Great Britain, 182.
32. TR, 394, 396.
33. TR, 458.
34. TR, 580; Zhang Dejian, Zeqing, 231.
35. TR, 457.
36. TR, 563, citing Guo Tingyi, Shishi, 1:232; Withers, "Heavenly Capital," 105-6, 108.
37. Zhang Runan, Jinling, 695.
38. Ibid., 716; Zhao, "Chengshi zhengce," 50, 52-53.
39. TR, 474, for poison plot; 473, for planned uprising.
40. TR, 451, minor changes.
41. See Jen, Revolutionary Movement, 139-40, and the couplets in TR, 548-55.
42. TR, 452; Zhang Dejian, Zeqing, 204.
43. TR, 466.
44. 466; Chin, Shiliao, 133.
45. As with the three doctors in Clarke and Gregory, Reports, 185. See also the discussion and references in Withers, "Heavenly Capital," 108-10.
46. Guo Yisheng, Ditu, 59-64; TR, 533, and Zhang Runan, Jinling, 705-6.
47. For palace information, see TR, 459, 487; Zhang Runan, fin ling, 705, 706, on Hong and Yang residences; Taiping art is collected in Taiping Tianguo yishu; see also the analysis by Audrey Spiro in her "Paintings of the Heavenly Kingdom."
48. Zhang Runan, Jinling, 710; Jen, Revolutionary Movement, 130; Withers, "Heavenly Capit
al," 174.
God's Chinese Son Page 47