See also cold war; post-war era; Russia; World War II
Spanish Civil War, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
foreign fighters, ref1, ref2
GO’s accounts, ref1, ref2
Koestler’s imprisonment, ref1
left-wing factions, ref1, ref2
May Days crisis, ref1
propaganda and lies, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Republican defeat, ref1
The Spanish Cockpit (Borkenau), ref1, ref2
The Special Collection (Allbeury), ref1
speculative fiction, ref1, ref2 See also dystopian fiction
Spencer, Herbert, ref1
Spender, Natasha, ref1
Spender, Stephen, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
anti-communism, ref1
Encounter magazine, ref1
on GO, ref1, ref2
Spanish Civil War, ref1, ref2
“Spilling the Spanish Beans” (Orwell), ref1
Spirit, ref1
Spurling, Hilary, ref1, ref2
Stalin, Joseph, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
Animal Farm’s depiction, ref1, ref2
cold war, ref1, ref2
death, ref1
Great Terror, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
lies and disinformation, ref1, ref2, ref3
twenty-first century reputation, ref1
Wells’s meeting, ref1
Stalinism, ref1, ref2 See also Soviet Union
Stamos, Alex, ref1
Stapledon, Olaf, ref1
St. Cyprian’s, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Stein, Sol, ref1
Steiner, George, ref1
Sterling, Jan, ref1
Stirling, David, ref1
Stokes, Geoffrey, ref1
Storm Jameson, Margaret, ref1, ref2
“A Story of Days to Come” (Wells), ref1, ref2
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, ref1
Strachey, John, ref1, ref2
Strauss, George, ref1
Striker, Eva, ref1
The Struggle for Power (Burnham), ref1
Strummer, Joe, ref1
Struve, Gleb, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Sub-Coelum: A Sky-Built Human World (Russell), ref1
“Such, Such Were the Joys” (Orwell), ref1
Super Sad True Love Story (Shteyngart), ref1
Surkov, Vladislav, ref1
Swastika Night (Constantine), ref1
Swift, Jonathan, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Swingler, Randall, ref1
Sykes, Christopher, ref1
Sylvester, David, ref1
Symons, Julian, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
Szewczenko, Ihor, ref1
Take Back Your Freedom (Holtby), ref1, ref2
Talmey, Allene, ref1
Tammany Hall, ref1
Tawney, R. H., ref1
Taylor, Frederick Winslow, ref1
technology
computer technology and data, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
disinformation during US elections, ref1
the internet, ref1
media and propaganda, ref1, ref2
television, ref1, ref2, ref3
Templeton, William, ref1
Tempo Presente magazine, ref1
The Terminator, ref1
The Testaments (Atwood), ref1
“Testify” (Rage Against the Machine), ref1
Thatcher, Margaret, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Things to Come (Wells), ref1, ref2
Thirteen O’Clock (Clarke), ref1
The Thirties (Muggeridge), ref1
Thom, Françoise, ref1
Thomas, Brent, ref1
Thomas, Dylan, ref1, ref2
Thompson, Dorothy, ref1
Thoreau, Henry David, ref1
THX 1138 (Lucas), ref1, ref2
The Time Machine (Wells), ref1, ref2
Time & Tide magazine, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Time Travel: A History (Gleick), ref1
Tolstoy, Aleksey, ref1
Tolstoy, Leo, ref1
Tono-Bungay (Wells), ref1
Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (Friedrich and Brzezinski), ref1
The Totalitarian Enemy (Borkenau), ref1
totalitarianism, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Arendt’s explorations, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Atwood’s feminist perspective, ref1, ref2
Burnham’s views, ref1
demise of objective truth, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
fall of the Soviet Union, ref1
fetish for data, ref1
GO’s explorations, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
infallible leaders, ref1, ref2
media, ref1, ref2
performance of power, ref1
post-war pessimism, ref1, ref2
racism and nationalism, ref1
See also capitalism; communism; fascism; propaganda and lies
To Tell the Truth (Williams-Ellis), ref1
“To Whom This May Come” (Bellamy), ref1
Trans-Siberian Railway, ref1
Tribune, ref1, ref2, ref3
GO’s columns, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
political affiliation, ref1, ref2
Trilling, Lionel, ref1, ref2
Trotsky, Leon, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
assassination, ref1
The Revolution Betrayed, ref1
Trotskyists, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Troughton, Patrick, ref1
Truman, Harry, ref1
Truman Doctrine, ref1
Trump, Donald J., ref1, ref2
Tuccille, Jerome, ref1
Turner, Frederick Jackson, ref1
Twain, Mark, ref1, ref2, ref3
Tweed, Boss, ref1
twenty-first century, ref1, ref2, ref3
alternative facts and Medium-Sized Lies, ref1, ref2
Chinese censorship, ref1
computer technology and data, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
conspiracy theories, ref1
dystopian fiction, ref1
new productions of Nineteen Eighty-Four, ref1
Putin’s Russia, ref1, ref2
reality television, ref1, ref2
Syria’s al-Assad, ref1
war on terror, ref1
2112 (Rush), ref1
Twilight Bar (Koestler), ref1
2000 AD comic, ref1, ref2
Under Western Eyes (Conrad), ref1
Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC), ref1
Unison Committee for Action, ref1
United Automobile Workers, ref1
United States, ref1
alternative facts, ref1
CIA, ref1, ref2
conspiracy theories, ref1
FBI, ref1, ref2, ref3
Marshall Plan, ref1
McCarthyism, ref1
NSA surveillance, ref1, ref2
Orwell in popular culture, ref1, ref2
Pledge of Allegiance, ref1
Red Scare of 1919, 207
Russian election interference, ref1
September 11, 2001, attacks, ref1
Truman Doctrine, ref1
war on terror, ref1
See also cold war; post-war era
United States Information Agency, ref1, ref2
An Unknown Land (Samuel), ref1, ref2
Utopia (More), ref1
Utopia in Power (Heller and Nekrich), ref1
utopian fiction, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Bellamy’s socialist portrayals, ref1, ref2
Black American portrayals, ref1
conservative forms, ref1
countercultural politics, ref1
feminist forms, ref1
GO’s critiques of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Plato’s Republic, ref1
pre-totalitarian notions, ref1
Soviet realism, ref1
Wells’s portrayals, ref1, ref2
Van Halen,
ref1
Venclova, Tomas, ref1
Verne, Jules, ref1, ref2
V for Vendetta, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Vinton, Arthur Dudley, ref1
The Vital Center (Schlesinger), ref1
Voice radio program, ref1
Volya Rossii magazine, ref1
Vonnegut, Kurt, ref1, ref2
Wagner, John, ref1
“Wake Up (It’s 1984)” (Oingo Boingo), ref1
Walden Two (Skinner), ref1
Walker, Walter, ref1
Wall-E movie, ref1
Walsh, James, ref1, ref2
Warburg, Fredric, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9
anti-communism, ref1
on GO’s health, ref1, ref2, ref3
Home Guard, ref1
on Nineteen Eighty-Four, ref1
publishing of GO, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
The War in the Air (Wells), ref1, ref2, ref3
The War of the Worlds (Wells), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
war on terror, ref1
Warrior anthology, ref1
“The War That Will End War” (Wells), ref1
Watkins, Peter, ref1
Watson, Peter, ref1
Watson, Susan, ref1, ref2
Waugh, Evelyn, ref1, ref2, ref3
Wayne, Milton, ref1
We (Zamyatin), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
GO’s reviews, ref1, ref2, ref3
narrator D-530, ref1, ref2, ref3
publication, ref1, ref2
Rand’s works and, ref1
Soviet censorship, ref1, ref2
“We Are the Dead” (Bowie), ref1
Webb, Beatrice, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Webb, Sidney, ref1
The Web of Subversion: Underground Networks in the US Government (Burnham), ref1
Welles, Orson, ref1, ref2, ref3
Wells, H. G., ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
apocalyptic fantasies, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
critical response to, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
death and obituaries, ref1
“Declaration of the Rights of Man,” ref1
fame and influence, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
futuristic science fiction, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
GO on, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
Human Ecology, ref1
Huxley and, ref1
on Lang’s Metropolis, ref1
romantic relationships and offspring, ref1, ref2
Russian publication, ref1
on socialism, ref1
visits to Soviet Union, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
World War I, ref1
Wells, Jane, ref1
“Wells, Hitler and the World State” (Orwell), ref1
Wellsian (as term), ref1
West, Anthony, ref1
West, Rebecca, ref1, ref2
We Will Rock You (Queen), ref1
“What Is Socialism?” (Orwell), ref1
When the Sleeper Wakes (Wells), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Whiteread, Rachel, ref1
Whitman, Walt, ref1, ref2
Who’s Afraid of 1984? (Tuccille), ref1
“Why I Write” (Orwell), ref1
The Wild Boys: A Book of the Dead (Burroughs), ref1
Wilde, Oscar, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Willard, Frances, ref1, ref2
Williams, Raymond, ref1
Williams, Rushbrook, ref1
Williams-Ellis, Amabel, ref1
Williamson, James, ref1
Willmett, Noel, ref1
“Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984?” (Amalrik), ref1
Wilson, Edmund, ref1
Wilson, Harold, ref1
Winston Smith (character), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
arrest, interrogation, and confession, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
birth and background, ref1, ref2
chocolate, ref1
fictional Comrade Ogilvy, ref1, ref2, ref3
film portrayal, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
helplessness and pessimism, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Julia, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
mental status, ref1, ref2
name “6079 Smith W.,” ref1, ref2
O’Brien, ref1, ref2
physical decay, ref1
proles, ref1, ref2
rats, ref1
revolutionary plans, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
rewriting of history, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Wodehouse, P. G., ref1
Wolff, Lothar, ref1
Woman on the Edge of Time (Piercy), ref1
The Woman Who Could Not Die (Beausobre), ref1
Wonder, Stevie, ref1, ref2
Wood, Kingsley, ref1
Woodcock, George, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
Woodward, Edward, ref1
Wootton, Barbara, ref1
The World a Department Store (Peck), ref1
“Worldlink 2029” (Brewin), ref1
The World Set Free (Wells), ref1, ref2
World Trade Center, ref1
World War I, ref1
World War II, ref1, ref2
Allied successes, ref1, ref2, ref3
the Blitz, ref1, ref2, ref3
Britain’s declaration of war and phony war, ref1
Dunkirk evacuation, ref1
German surrender, ref1
Germany’s Black Book, ref1
GO’s evolving response to, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
GO’s journalism, ref1, ref2, ref3
Home Guard, ref1, ref2, ref3
Japanese surrender, ref1
Nazi-Soviet Pact, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
nuclear weapons, ref1
post-war planning, ref1
war crime trials and punishments, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Worsthorne, Peregrine, ref1, ref2
Wright, Richard, ref1, ref2
“Writers and Leviathan” (Orwell), ref1
Wyatt, Woodrow, ref1, ref2
Wyman, George, ref1
X, Malcolm, ref1
Yagoda, Genrikh, ref1, ref2
Yakovlev, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, ref1, ref2
The Year 2440: A Dream If Ever There Was One (Mercier), ref1
“Year Nine” (Connolly), ref1
Yeats, William Butler, ref1
Yorke, Thom, ref1
“You and the Atom Bomb” (Orwell), ref1
Young, George Kennedy, ref1
Young, Michael, ref1
Young Americans (Bowie), ref1
Zamyatin, Yevgeny, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
official censure and exile, ref1, ref2
political engagement, ref1
We, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Zilliacus, Konni, ref1, ref2
Żuławski, Jerzy, ref1
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
ARRANGED BY INSERT PAGE.
Bellamy Historical/Getty Images
Wells and Welles Bettmann/Getty Images
Huxley Edward Gooch Collection/Stringer/Getty Images
Koestler National Portrait Gallery, London
POUM militia The Orwell Archive, UCL Library Services, Special Collections
Eileen Blair The Orwell Archive, UCL Library Services, Special Collections
Orwell and colleagues BBC Photo Library
BBC building BBC Photo Library
Orwell at home Vernon Richards Estate
Barnhill The Orwell Archive, UCL Library Services, Special Collections
Sonia Blair ullstein bild Dtl./Getty Images
Pleasence and Cushing ullstein bild/Getty Images
Eddie Albert CBS Photo Archive/Getty Images
Bowie Terry O’Neill/Iconic Images/Getty Images
Jonathan Pryce Embassy International Pictures/Sunset Boulevard/Corbis/Getty Images
Planned Parenthood SAUL LOEB/AFP/Getty Images
All other images are either
courtesy of the author or public domain.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Edward Bellamy, author of Looking Backward 2000–1887
H. G. Wells meets Orson Welles at a radio station in San Antonio, Texas, October 28, 1940.
Yevgeny Zamyatin, author of We
Aldous Huxley, author of Brave New World
Arthur Koestler, author of Darkness at Noon and Orwell’s friend
The POUM militia at the Lenin barracks in Barcelona, early 1937
Orwell’s first wife, Eileen Blair (née O’Shaughnessy), photographed in 1938
Recording the second episode of the poetry programme Voice for the BBC’s Eastern Service, September 8, 1942. Clockwise from left: George Woodcock, Mulk Raj Anand, George Orwell, William Empson, Edmund Blunden and Herbert Read
The statue of Orwell that stands outside the BBC’s Broadcasting House in Portland Place, London
The BBC in 1932
Orwell at home, 27b Canonbury Square, London, October or November 1945
Barnhill, the farmhouse on Jura where Orwell wrote Nineteen Eighty-Four
Fredric Warburg, Orwell’s British publisher
Orwell’s second wife, Sonia Blair (née Brownell), at the premiere of the Animal Farm movie, December 1954
The Secker & Warburg first edition, 1949
In 2018 the Signet Classics edition sold 270,000 copies in the United States.
Donald Pleasence as Syme and Peter Cushing as Winston in the BBC adaptation, broadcast December 12, 1954
Eddie Albert as Winston in the CBS Studio One version, broadcast September 21, 1953
Poster for the 1956 movie version
David Bowie with his band during the Diamond Dogs tour, Los Angeles, 1974
The “1984” commercial for the Apple Macintosh, conceived by Chiat/Day and directed by Ridley Scott
John Hurt as Winston (left) in the 1984 movie version, directed by Michael Radford
Jonathan Pryce as Sam Lowry in Brazil, directed by Terry Gilliam
Hugo Weaving as V in the 2005 movie V for Vendetta, directed by James McTeigue
Planned Parenthood supporters dress as characters from The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood to protest the Republican Party’s healthcare bill in Washington, DC, June 2017.
Edward Bellamy, author of Looking Backward 2000–1887
H. G. Wells meets Orson Welles at a radio station in San Antonio, Texas, October 28, 1940.
Yevgeny Zamyatin, author of We
Aldous Huxley, author of Brave New World
Arthur Koestler, author of Darkness at Noon and Orwell’s friend
The Ministry of Truth Page 45