Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris
Page 1
PARISIANS
Also by Graham Robb in Picador
BALZAC
VICTOR HUGO
RIMBAUD
STRANGERS
Homosexual Love in the
Nineteenth Century
THE DISCOVERY OF FRANCE
GRAHAM ROBB
PARISIANS
An Adventure History of Paris
W. W. Norton & Company
New York London
Copyright © 2010 by Graham Robb
All rights reserved
First Edition
For information about permission to reproduce selections from this book,
write to Permissions, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.,
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Robb, Graham, 1958–
Parisians: an adventure history of Paris/Graham Robb.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN: 978-0-393-06724-8
1. Paris (France)—History—Anecdotes. 2. Paris
(France)—Biography—Anecdotes. I. Title.
DC723.R63 2010
944'.361—dc22 2009054279
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110
www.wwnorton.com
W. W. Norton & Company Ltd.
Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT
TO MY PARENTS
GORDON JAMES ROBB
(1921–2000)
JOYCE ROBB,
née Gall
Contents
List of Illustrations
Map
DEPARTURE
ONE NIGHT AT THE PALAIS-ROYAL
THE MAN WHO SAVED PARIS
LOST
RESTORATION
FILES OF THE SÛRETÉ
A PROPERTY IN BOHEMIA
MARVILLE
REGRESSION
MADAME ZOLA
MARCEL IN THE MÉTRO
THE NOTRE-DAME EQUATION
A LITTLE TOUR OF PARIS
OCCUPATION
LOVERS OF SAINT-GERMAIN-DES-PRÉS
THE DAY OF THE FOX
EXPANDING THE DOMAIN OF THE POSSIBLE
PÉRIPHÉRIQUE
SARKO, BOUNA AND ZYED
TERMINUS: THE NORTH COL
Chronology
Sources
Acknowledgements
List of Illustrations
MAP OF PARIS
Plan Guilmin: ‘Nouveau Plan de Paris Monumental’ (Leconte et Guilmin, Paris, 1900).
SECTION ONE
From the ‘Plan Turgot’, by Louis Bretez (map commissioned by Michel-Étienne Turgot), 1734–39. The Art Archive/JFB.
Louis-Léopold Boilly, The Galleries of the Palais Royal (1809; the original version, now lost, was shown at the 1804 Paris Salon). Some of the gentlemen may be British visitors, taking advantage of the Peace of Amiens (1802–03). RMN/Musée Carnavalet, Paris.
View taken from under the Arch of Givry (1807), by John Claude Nattes, engraved by John Hill: Pont au Change, Conciergerie and Tour de l’Horloge. The arcades, flooded at high tide, ran under the Quai de Gesvres and later formed part of a tunnel in the Métro.
RMN/Château de Versailles/Gérard Blot. 4. ‘Monsieur, someone has robbed me of a thousand-franc note’: Honoré Daumier’s view of Vidocq’s Bureau des Renseignements. Le Charivari, 6 November 1836. Robert D. Farber University Archives & Special Collections Department, Brandeis University, Massachusetts.
Gustave Le Gray, Paris, View of Montmartre (a montage: cityscape, c. 1849–50; sky, c. 1855–56). Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
‘Cross-section of a Parisian house on 1 January 1845’, by Bertall (Albert d’Arnoux). Le Diable á Paris, vol. II (1846). Private collection.
‘Le Stryge’ at Notre-Dame (1853), by Charles Nègre. The man is the photographer Henri Le Secq. The streets below were demolished to make way for the new Hôtel-Dieu hospital. RMN/Musée d’Orsay, Paris/Hervé Lewandowski.
The Siege of Paris, 1870, by R. Briant: the Prussian army to the south of Paris, and Thiers’s fortifications, on the line of the present Boulevards des Maréchaux, just inside the Périphérique. Rex Features/Roger-Viollet.
The Hôtel de Ville, torched by Communards. June 1871. Rex Features/Roger-Viollet.
Gustave Caillebotte, Young Man at His Window (1875): the artist’s brother at the corner of Rue de Miromesnil and Rue de Lisbonne, with Boulevard Malesherbes in the background. Bridgeman Art Library/Private Collection.
Camille Pissarro, Avenue de l’Opéra, Sun, Winter Morning (1898), from the Grand Hôtel du Louvre. RMN/Musée des Beaux-Arts, Reims/Gérard Blot.
Universal Exhibition of 1900: Champ de Mars station, Celestial Globe and Maréorama (an attraction simulating a sea voyage from Paris to Yokohama). RMN/Musée d’Orsay/Hervé Lewandowski.
SECTION TWO
13. The floods of 1910 and the Nord-Sud Métro before its inauguration. Maurice Branger (1910). Rex Features/Roger-Viollet.
14. Le Corbusier, ‘Plan Voisin’ (1925). ‘How can we deal with the problem of Paris?’ The ‘great East–West throughway of Paris offers the City Council the chance to launch a gigantic financial enterprise.’ The two tiny blobs in the central square are the Porte Saint-Denis and the Porte Saint-Martin. © ADAGP, Banque d’Images, Paris 2010, and DACS, all rights reserved, 2010.
15. Albert Speer, Adolf Hitler and Arno Breker being filmed on the terrace of the Palais de Chaillot, 23 June 1940. By Heinrich Hoffmann. BPK.
16. ‘Playground. Children only. No Jews.’ November 1942. Rex Features/Roger-Viollet.
17. Statues used as scrap metal during the Occupation. In the foreground: the Marquis de Condorcet, by Jacques Perrin. The statue was later recast and restored to the Quai de Conti. By Pierre Jahan, 1941. Rex Features/Roger-Viollet.
18. The Liberation of Paris: FFI Resistants at a window of the Préfecture de Police, 25 August 1944. Rex Features/Roger-Viollet.
19. Mona Lisa returns to the Louvre from a castle in the Quercy, June 1945. Rex Features/Roger-Viollet.
20. Juliette Gréco and the church of Saint-Germain-des-Prés. By Georges Dudognon. From Saint-Germain-des-Prés–Juliet Gréco (Michel Lafon. Paris. 2006).
21. Barricade on the Boulevard Saint-Germain near Rue Hautefeuille, May 1968. By Alain Dejean. © Alain Dejean/Sygma/Corbis.
22. Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir selling La Cause du peuple, 1970. Bruno Barbey/Magnum Photos.
23. The Arc de Triomphe, from ‘Le Plitch’, in Mémoires d’outre-espace (1983, 1990, 1992) by Enki Bilal. ‘The Government and I shall soon be in a position to offer you rational explanations for this delicate problem!…’ © Les Humanoïdes Associés S.A.–Genève 1990.
24. The Sacré-Cœur de Montmartre and the route of the Eurostar, looking west from the Col de la Chapelle. Photograph by the author.
25. President Nicolas Sarkozy inaugurating the ‘Historial Charles de Gaulle’ at Les Invalides, 22 February 2008. By Melanie Frey. © Melanie Frey/epa/Corbis.
ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT
Rex Features/Roger-Viollet.
Rex Features/Roger-Viollet.
Above. Topfoto/Granger Collection.
Below. Rex Features/Roger-Viollet.
Rex Features/Roger-Viollet.
Author’s photograph.
Map
DEPARTURE
BY THE TIME I reached Paris, the Bastille had disappeared. The map supplied by the tourist agency clearly showed a ‘Place de la Bastille’ in the east of the city, but when I emerged from the Métro at the station called ‘Bastille’, there was nothing to see
but an ugly green column. Not even the vestige of a ruin remained. On the base of the column was a date in dirty gold lettering–‘JUILLET 1830’–and an inscription praising citizens who had died in the defence of ‘libertés publiques’. The French Revolution, I knew, had taken place in 1789. Evidently, this was some other revolution. But if the King and the aristocrats had been guillotined, who had massacred the defenders of liberty in 1830? The monument offered no explanation. Later, an older boy at school told me of yet another revolution, which I had missed by only seven years.
For my birthday, my parents had given me a week’s holiday in Paris. The package included a room in a small hotel near the École Militaire, some clues to monuments and cheap restaurants, a voucher for a boat-ride on the Seine, and a coupon to be redeemed at the Galeries Lafayette for a free gift. My suitcase contained what seemed an excessive amount of clothing, some emergency provisions, and a second-hand copy of the works of Charles Baudelaire. This was my guide to all the mysteries and indefinable experiences that filled the space between the famous sights. I read the ‘Tableaux parisiens’ and the chapter on ‘L’Héroïsme de la vie moderne’: ‘Parisian life is bursting with wonderful, poetic subjects: the miraculous envelops us; we breathe it in like the atmosphere, but we do not see it.’ Deciphering Baudelaire in a café near the Tour Saint-Jacques, with the rain blurring the faces on the street, dissolving the Gothic stones into misty air, I was quite certain that I could see it.
During that week, I made a number of other interesting discoveries. I found the little cottage across the river from the Eiffel Tower where Balzac had hidden from his creditors to write La Comédie Humaine. I climbed up towards the white dome of the Sacré-Cœur, and found a provincial village full of cheerful cafés and artists all forging the same paintings. I walked through the Louvre for hours, forgetting to eat and remembering almost nothing. I found medieval streets that were paved with sand, and pondered graffiti that seemed to have been written by highly educated people with serious political opinions. I walked past limbless beggars in the Métro, and, in quartiers not mentioned in the pocket guide to Paris, I saw women of the kind described in ‘Tableaux parisiens’.
On the first day, after trying to practise the language I had understood to be French, I decided that Paris was best experienced in a state of silent contemplation. It turned out to be possible to walk from one side of the city to the other in half a day, and I did this several times, until I began to plan my days by marking numbers on the bus-map. By the end of the week, numbers 27, 38 and 92, and most other routes that ran buses with open rear platforms, were old acquaintances. I left the boat-ride to the last day, and slept through part of it. When I boarded the airport bus at Les Invalides with a bulging case of second-hand books, some of which I suspected of being priceless treasures, I had seen so many sights that I felt only slightly guilty about leaving my free gift uncollected at the Galeries Lafayette.
One of the most important discoveries came too late to be of use. On the plane home to Birmingham, an American gentleman struck up what he must have hoped would be a conversation. He asked if I had seen something called the Latin Quarter. I told him I had not (though I later found out that I had). ‘Well,’ he said, ‘you’ll have to go back! If you haven’t seen the Latin Quarter, you haven’t seen Paris.’
The following year, I returned with enough money for two weeks, determined to find a job, which I did, after three weeks, and then stayed for six months. Later, I came to know Paris well enough to realize that I would never really know it. The sight of a heavy porte cochère closing on an inner courtyard seemed to be a characteristically Parisian sight. I made some Parisian friends, most of whom had not been born in Paris but who were proud to think themselves Parisian. They showed me places I was never able to find again on my own, and they shared a certain Parisian art de vivre: sitting in traffic jams as a form of flânerie, parking illegally as a defence of personal liberty, savouring window displays as though the streets were a public museum. They taught me the tricky etiquette of pretending to argue with waiters, and the gallantry of staring at beautiful strangers. As a student, I read novels and histories, and tried to match the information to the visible facts. I learned to distinguish one revolution from the next. Eventually, I was able to explain the column in the Place de la Bastille, and I could even understand some of the political graffiti. But there was always something cumbersome and incongruous about this deliberately acquired knowledge. It was the baggage of a historical tourist. I read all seven thousand entries in Jacques Hillairet’s Dictionnaire historique des rues de Paris, and gazed at all the photographs, but in the open air of Paris, the most brazenly illuminated monument was still a labyrinth on many levels. Even when my French had improved enough for eavesdropping, the crowds on the boulevards and the faces at windows were reminders that a changing metropolis with a population of millions can never be comprehended by a single person.
THE ADVENTURES that follow were written as a history of Paris recounted by many different voices. The book begins at the dawn of the French Revolution, and ends a few months ago. There are also some excursions to the medieval and prehistoric past. It traces the spread of the city from the island in the Seine that was the home of the Parisii tribe to the mushrooming suburbs that inspire more fear today than when they were patrolled by highwaymen and wolves.
The idea was to create a kind of mini-Human Comedy of Paris, in which the history of the city would be illuminated by the real experience of its inhabitants. Each tale is true, and each is complete in itself, but there are also correspondences and crossroads, both literal and mysterious, which serve as landmarks in time and space. Certain districts and buildings reappear at different stages, seen through different eyes, transformed by events, obsessions, visionaries, architects and the passing of time.
No completely accurate map of Paris existed until the end of the eighteenth century, and few people wandered far from their own quartier. Even today, the discovery of Paris, or of any great city, entails a degree of disorientation and distraction. A pattern of streets, a certain topographical texture, a combination of climate, smell, building-stone and the flurry of humanity create a particular sense of reality. Every vision of the city, however private or eccentric, belongs to its history as much as its public ceremonies and monuments.
A single viewpoint would have turned these representative adventures into a scripted tour. Narrative devices and perspectives were naturally suggested by a place, a historical moment or a personality. Each tale was written with a flavour of the time in mind; it demanded its own explanations and imposed its own forms of courtesy to the past. Descriptions of the architectural transformations of Paris, the development of its police force and government, its infrastructure and housing, its recreations and revolutions, are there primarily because they serve the purposes of the tale. Nothing has been artificially inserted, and no one–except Baron Haussmann, Adolf Hitler and some Presidents of the Republic–discourses on the evolution of the drainage system or the transport network.
A tourist who follows an uncharted course like a train of thought, only later, after retracing the puzzle of streets on a map, recognizes how much knowledge can adhere to the accidental experience. I have tried to replicate the convenient, mnemonic effect of a long walk, a bus ride or a personal adventure, to create a series of contexts to which more detailed information can be attached. Almost every historian of Paris notes the impossibility of giving a complete account of the city, and I am quite confident of having made this impossibility even more obvious than usual. This book is not intended as a substitute for analytical histories of Paris, some excellent examples of which are currently in print. But it is not as remote from traditional history as it might first appear. It required as much research as The Discovery of France, which was devoted to the other eighty-five per cent of the population, and the intention was not to treat hard-won historical data as an amorphous mass of modelling clay. Above all, it was written for the pleasure of thinking ab
out Paris, and I hope that it will be read for the same purpose, which is why an impartial historian should point out that, in the time that it takes to read this book, it would be possible to decipher every gravestone in the Père-Lachaise cemetery, sit at every terrasse de café between the Place de l’Étoile and the Place de la Sorbonne, ride a dozen different buses from departure to terminus, or examine every book-box from the Quai de la Tournelle to the Quai Malaquais.
ONE NIGHT AT THE PALAIS-ROYAL
EVERY WEDNESDAY MORNING, at seven o’clock in summer and eight o’clock in winter, the water-coach left the town of Auxerre on its hundred-and-thirty-mile journey to Paris. In winter especially, it was the safest, most comfortable route from Burgundy and the south. It took just three days to sail down the Yonne and the Seine to Paris, where it came to rest among the spires and domes in the heart of the old city. A large, flat-bottomed boat painted green and divided into compartments with portholes and a spacious room lined with benches, the water-coach held up to four hundred human passengers and as many animals, bound for markets along the river or for the dinner tables of cousins in the city. There was a galley serving soups and stews for those who came without enough provisions, and, on either side, two half-turrets known as les bouteilles (the latrines), for those who paid ample homage to the vineyards along the banks.