48 Richard Feynman to Faustin Bray, February 25, 1983 (“primitive drums playing”), in RPF 24:16; on Feynman’s adventures at Esalen, see Feynman with Leighton (1985), 301–8.
49 Sirag (1977b), 81 (on fund-raising for Clauser’s experiments); Ed Fry to Olival Freire, August 5, 2005, in Freire’s possession. On Fry’s experiments, see Freire (2006), 593, 594; and Fry and Walther (2002). My thanks to Olival Freire for sharing his correspondence with me.
50 Herbert, email to the author, November 28, 2007; Nick Herbert to John S. Bell, March 29, 1982 (“merry”), in NH; and Clauser (2002), 73. I saw Clauser’s plaque while interviewing him at his home: Clauser interview (2009).
51 H. Dieter Zeh, email to the author, May 10, 2008; Nick Herbert, annual reports on Esalen workshops for 1980, 1981, and 1983, in NH. On the slow recognition of Zeh’s work on decoherence, see also Zeh interview with Fábio Freitas (2008) and Zeh (2006).
52 D’Espagnat (1971b). D’Espagnat organized workshops on Bell’s theorem for the Italian summer schools at Varenna (1970) and Erice (1976); see d’Espagnat (1971a); and Freire (2004), 1755, 1756 and (2006), 592, 603.
53 Bernard d’Espagnat to John A. Wheeler, February 16, 1982, in JAW, series II, folder “D’Espagnat, Bernard.” See also Nick Herbert to John Bell, March 29, 1982, in NH.
54 Nick Herbert to John S. Bell, March 29, 1982, in NH; and Nick Herbert, emails to the author, November 28, 2007, and March 7, 2008.
55 Stapp (1980), 794; Clauser interview with Bromberg (2002), 38, 39 (“bunch of nuts,” “open discussion forum”), 84, 85 (“wealthy Los Angelinos”). Materials pertaining to the twenty-fifth reunion, held in November 2000, can be found in EAR; photographs from the event are available at http://quantumtantra.com/reunion.html (accessed March 7, 2008).
Chapter 6: Spreading (and Selling the Word)
1 Goudsmit (1973), 357; John Clauser emails to the author, July 8, 2009; and Clauser (2002), 72.
2 Stapp interview (2007); and Freire (2006), 602, 603. My thanks to Olival Freire for sharing a copy of the tables of contents from the difficult-to-find Epistemological Letters.
3 Biographical information on Einhorn is drawn primarily from McCormick (1970); Walter (1979); and Levy (1988).
4 Kuhn (1962). On the book’s impact, see Garfield (1987); and Owen Gingerich, email to the author, November 6, 2009 (on the book’s dominance across Harvard’s curriculum). See also Ira Einhorn to Thomas Kuhn, July 11, 1966, in TSK 11:10. An editor at the University of Chicago Press reports that the second (1970) and third (1996) editions of Kuhn’s book together have sold more than half a million copies to date; sales figures for the original (1962) edition, also published by Chicago, are more difficult to reconstruct: Karen Darling, email to the author, November 2, 2009.
5 Kuhn (1962), chaps. 6–8. On X-rays and nuclear fission as examples of anomalies, see 57–61.
6 Ira Einhorn to Thomas S. Kuhn, January 16, 1964, in TSK 11:10.
7 Kuhn to Einhorn, January 24, 1964, in TSK 11:10.
8 Masterman (1970); and Kuhn (1970), 174–210.
9 See the correspondence between Einhorn and Kuhn from 1964 through 1966 in TSK 11:10.
10 Einhorn to Kuhn, September 27, [1964], and Kuhn to Einhorn, October 26, 1964, in TSK 11:10.
11 Einhorn to Kuhn, November 1, 1964, in TSK 11:10.
12 Kuhn to Einhorn, November 11, 1965, and Einhorn to Kuhn, November 18, 1965, in TSK 11:10.
13 Einhorn to Kuhn, November 18, 1965 (“sterile”) and July 11, 1966 (from California), in TSK 11:10; Thompson (1971), 26–39; and Levy (1988), 128.
14 MacNamara (1967), 147.
15 MacNamara (1967), 147–49.
16 Einhorn (1970/71), 57 (“Today’s mysticism”); Einhorn to Kuhn, November 27, [1966], in TSK 11:10; and Levy (1988), 76, 77 (“Intro to Hippiedom”).
17 Einhorn to Kuhn, November 27, [1966], in TSK 11:10.
18 Einhorn (1966); see also Einhorn (1970/71).
19 McCormick (1970), 58; and Levy (1988), 81. On the San Francisco Be-In, see Rorabaugh (1989), 141; and Lee and Shlain (1992), 159–64.
20 McCormick (1970), 58.
21 Einhorn to Kuhn, November 27, [1966], in TSK 11:10; and Levy (1988), 93, 94. On Alpert’s and Leary’s psychedelic exploits at Harvard, see Lee and Shlain (1992), 84–89; Wasserman (2000); and Lattin (2010). On Hoffman, Rubin, and the “Yippies,” see Lee and Shlain (1992), chap. 8; and Gitlin (1997), chap. 9.
22 Kuhn to Einhorn, December 19, 1966; see also Einhorn to Kuhn, February 26, 1968, in TSK 11:10; and Freeman Dyson, email to the author, April 3, 2008.
23 McCormick (1970); and Walter (1979), 148. On controversy over who deserved credit for organizing the first Philadelphia Earth Day events, see Levy (1988), 114–20; and the open letter from the “Earth Week Committee of Philadelphia,” dated November 27, 1998, and published as a letter to the editor in the Philadelphia Inquirer, available at http://www.amgot.org/einhorn/eday.htm (accessed February 5, 2009).
24 On Puharich and his alleged military and CIA ties, see Lee and Shlain (1992), 158; and Levy (1988), 128–30. Puharich received at least a dozen patents in the United States for medical inventions (most of them concerning hearing-aid improvements) between 1957 and 1983; he received duplicate patents for the same inventions throughout Europe. See http://www.google.com/patents and http://ep.espacenet.com (both accessed January 26, 2010). My thanks to Alex Wellerstein for his help with the patents search.
25 Levy (1988), 128–30.
26 Levy (1988), 131, 132; see also Wilson (1981).
27 The Bell executive was Moses Hallett; see Walter (1979), 145.
28 Moses Hallett, quoted in Walter (1979), 146.
29 Walter (1979), 145, 146; Levy (1988), 121–25. Cf. Turner (2006), chap. 3.
30 Walter (1979), 145, 146; and Levy (1988), 132.
31 Moses Hallett quoted in Walter (1979), 145.
32 On the phrase “internet before the internet,” see Lopez (1997) and Baker (1999).
33 Einhorn (1977), 74; and Walter (1979), 146.
34 Walter (1979), 146–48; Levy (1988), 156–61.
35 Henderson (1979), 89; and Moses Hallett quoted in Walter (1979), 146.
36 Freeman Dyson, email to the author, April 3, 2008.
37 The Diebold Corporate Issues Program, “The emergence of personal communication networks among people sharing the new values and their possible use in sensitizing operating management,” n.d. (1978), copy available in the John Diebold papers, acc. #8234-84-01-30, box 90, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie. My thanks to Alex Wellerstein and Sarah Rundall for locating and retrieving this report.
38 Smith (1976), 103, 104. See also Rauscher interview (2008); and Nick Herbert, email to the author, February 26, 2008.
39 Jack Sarfatti and Fred Alan Wolf, “A Dirac equation description of a quantized Kerr space-time,” unpublished preprint (1973), copy in JAW, Sarfatti folders. See also Bearden (1988).
40 Rosenberg (1978); Anon. (1978a); and Levy (1988), 315–18.
41 Drucker (1978).
42 Levy (1988), 189, 190, 196, 253–55.
43 Ira Einhorn, letter to the author, June 3, 2008; Anon. (1987a); Anon., “William Grant Whitehead,” obituary posted on a website maintained by the Princeton University class of 1965, available at http://www.pu65.com/memorials/whitehead.html (accessed January 26, 2010); and Levy (1988), 130, 131.
44 Puharich (1973), with introduction by Einhorn on vii–xii, and (1974), 8.
45 Toben with Sarfatti and Wolf (1975); Fred Alan Wolf, email to the author, April 10, 2008; Sarfatti interview (2009); Wolf interview (2009); Toben interview (2010); and Sarfatti (2002b), 28 (“altered state of consciousness”). Editions appeared in German (Synthesis-Verlag, 1980 and 1984; Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, 1990); and in Japanese (Seidosha, 1985).
46 LeShan (1974); and Toben interview (2010). On the Esalen Institute Publishing Program, see Anderson (1983), 191, 192.
47 Sarfatti (2002a), 44n64, 48n81; Levy (1988), 196
; and Capra (1988), 44–46.
48 Stapp interview (2007).
49 Ira Einhorn, open letter dated September 1, 2002, entitled “A snapshot of my 70’s,” reprinted in Sarfatti (2002b), 160–64, on 161; and Walter (1979), 146. Cf. Young (1976b), vii, and (1976a).
50 Leonard (1978), ix, x; and Levy (1988), 159. On Leonard’s connections to Esalen and humanistic psychology, see also Kripal (2007), chap. 9.
51 Mishlove (1975) and Mishlove interview (2008). On Geller’s performance in Zellerbach Auditorium, see also Puharich (1974), 231–34.
52 See the list of “members and associates of PCRG,” in Physics/Consciousness Research Group, “A modest proposal to the Foundation for the Realization of Man,” February 11, 1976, on 5, in SPS.
53 Zukav (1979), 7, 8 (“godfathers”), 31 (“I had spoken often”).
54 Zukav (1979), 31–34.
55 Zukav (1979), 52–54.
56 Zukav (1979), 56 (“Physics has become a branch”), 136 (“The exact sciences,” “If the new physics”), 327 (“Do not be surprised”). On Zukav’s reduction of physics to psychology, and his rampant use of anthropomorphic metaphors, see also Leane (2007), 95–105.
57 Zukav (1979), 176 (on Ram Dass), 309–17 (on connections to parapsychology). On the use of Ram Dass’s Be Here Now, see also Jack Sarfatti, “Excerpts from ‘The Time Traveller’s Handbook,’” May 31, 1976, on 3, in JAW, Sarfatti folders.
58 Physics/Consciousness Research Group, “A modest proposal to the Foundation for the Realization of Man,” February 11, 1976, on 32 (“This is the kind of experience”), 35 (photo and caption of Sarfatti and Huang); copy in SPS.
59 Jack Sarfatti, “Book proposal, Faster than Light: Breaking the Space Time Barrier,” n.d. (ca. March 1979), copy in JAW, Sarfatti folders.
60 March (1979), 55; and Sokolov (1979), BR5. Not all reviews were so negative. The first review in the New York Times, for example, lauded the book, singling out the final chapter (centered around Sarfatti’s ideas about Bell’s theorem and consciousness) as the book’s main “payoff”: Lehmann-Haupt (1979), C23.
61 Zukav (2001), ix, 4, 267n, 328n. The 2001 HarperCollins edition is a reprint of the amended 1979 edition.
62 Jack Sarfatti, “Excerpts from forthcoming book, Faster-than-Light?” n.d. (ca. late June 1979), on 7; “Research bulletin #5,” October 6, 1979, on 2; “For the public record,” November 3, 1980, on 2; and “Higher Intelligence Agency,” October 28, 1981, on 3; all in JAW, Sarfatti folders. See also Sarfatti (2002a), 131, 132.
63 Anon. (1980), 14; and Appelbaum (1983), 39, 40. Cf. Hofstadter (1979).
64 Appelbaum (1983), 39, 40.
65 Leane (2007), chap. 1; and Lewenstein (1992).
66 Levy (1988), 196, 206. The conference proceedings appeared as Puharich (1979b).
67 Walter (1979), 147; Levy (1988), chaps. 9, 10.
68 Walter (1979), 144, 149; Baker (1999); and Levy (1988), 21–25.
69 Rauscher interview (2008); Walter (1979), 271; and Levy (1988), 25. The heiress was Barbara Bronfman, who had married into the Seagram’s liquor family fortune.
70 Walter (1979), 147, 149; and Levy (1988), 251.
71 Jack Sarfatti, “Quantum Communications Network, distribution list for May 16, 1980 disclosure of EPR COMM device,” May 22, 1980, copy in JAW, Sarfatti folders.
72 Jack Sarfatti, “Jubilee for Zarathustra,” n.d. (summer 1979), copy in JAW, Sarfatti folders; and Levy (1988), 254 (“He certainly didn’t act”).
73 Levy (1988), 255, 256, 265.
74 Matza (1997), E1.
75 Slobodzian and Sataline (1997), A8; and Baker (1999).
76 Associated Press (1997), B1; Molotsky (1998), A22; and Loyd (1999), B2.
77 “Post Conviction Relief Act,” 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. §9543(c), available at http://www.lexisnexis.com (accessed February 8, 2010); Moran (1988), B1; Molotsky (1998), A22; and Soteropoulos (2002a), B2.
78 Baker (1999); see also Rubin (1999), A1. Jack Sarfatti reproduced some email messages from Einhorn (including his username) in Sarfatti (2002b), 164.
79 Whitney (1999), A14; and Anon. (2001), A17.
80 “Ira Einhorn’s 1999 statement on his innocence,” reproduced in Sarfatti (2002b), 165–67; and Einhorn, “An American travesty: My story,” 19pp typescript mailed to the author on December 3, 2009. Cf. Ditzen (1999), A8; and Slobodzian (2003), B3.
81 Loyd (1999a), A1; Baker (1999).
82 My research assistant, Alex Wellerstein, and I tried for more than two years to locate a copy of the 1979 arraignment-hearing transcript. After contacting the city and county clerks, the Philadelphia district attorney’s office, and all of Einhorn’s previous attorneys, I wrote to Einhorn to ask if he knew where copies might be. (His prison writings reveal close familiarity with other transcripts from his various trials.) Einhorn replied that he receives similar queries every few months: Einhorn, letter to the author, December 3, 2009. Steven Levy quoted extensively from the 1979 hearing transcripts in Levy (1988), 21–25.
83 Lin (2002a), A10.
84 Levy (1988), chap. 10; and Einhorn, letters to the author, June 3, 2008, and December 3, 2009. See also Baker (1999); and Soteropoulos (2002b), B1.
85 Sarfatti (2002b), 156, 157, 164n, 172; and Rauscher interview (2008). See also Lin (2002b), A10.
86 Judge William Mazzola, quoted in Soteropoulos (2002c), A1; and Einhorn, “An American travesty,” mailed to the author on December 3, 2009.
Chapter 7: Zen and the Art of Textbook Publishing
1 Elizabeth Rauscher, “List of lectures presented at the Fundamental ‘Fysiks’ Group, LBNL,” in EAR. Capra spoke on May 16 and 21, 1975; the group’s first (organizational) meeting was held on May 7, 1975. On the 1976 discussion series, see the flyer “Tao-of-Physics Discussion Group,” ca. October 27, 1976, in SPS. On Sarfatti’s and Capra’s meetings in Europe, see Sarfatti (2002a), 44n64, 48n81; on Capra’s Esalen workshops, see Capra (1988), 117–20.
2 Capra (1988), 22–25. The Santa Cruz physicist who invited Capra was Michael Nauenberg; see Nauenberg interview with Jarrell (1994), 37.
3 Capra (1988), 23 (“schizophrenic life”), 27 (on Alan Watts). On Watts’s connections with Esalen, see Kripal (2007), 59, 73, 76, 99, 121–25.
4 Capra (1988), 34. Capra opened The Tao of Physics by recounting his “Dance of Shiva” experience on the beach: Capra (1975), 11.
5 Capra (1988), 34.
6 Fritjof Capra to Victor F. Weisskopf, November 12, 1972, in VFW, box NC1, folder 26.
7 Capra to Weisskopf, November 12, 1972, in VFW. On Weisskopf’s career, see Kaiser (2007c); and Weisskopf (1991). The oft-stolen textbook was Blatt and Weisskopf (1952).
8 Capra to Weisskopf, January 11, 1973 (quotations); Capra to Weisskopf, March 23, 1973, both in VFW, box NC1, folder 26.
9 Weisskopf to Capra, April 19, 1973, in VFW, box NC1, folder 26.
10 Capra (1988), 44, 45 (“rather hard-headed”), 53, 54. Capra’s early essays included Capra (1972, 1974). On Chew’s bootstrap program, see Kaiser (2005), chaps. 8 and 9.
11 Capra (1988), 46; and Appelbaum (1983), 39, 40.
12 Capra to Weisskopf, May 7, 1976; and Weisskopf to Capra, June 21, 1976 (quotations), both in VFW, box NC1, folder 26.
13 On sales, see Capra to Weisskopf, July 8, 1976, in VFW, box NC1, folder 26; and Appelbaum (1983), 39, 40. On subsequent editions and translations, see the full list at http://www.fritjofcapra.net (accessed June 12, 2008).
14 Several years later, two comparative-religion scholars scoffed that Capra’s book “seemed to misinterpret Asian religions and cultures on almost every page”: Diem and Lewis (1992), 49.
15 De Witt (1977), C1 (“Tall and slim”); and Capra (1975), quotations on 307.
16 Capra (1975), 19 (sutras, Vedas), 24 (“Our tendency to divide”), 25 (“The further we penetrate”).
17 Capra (1975), 57.
18 Capra (1975), 141 (“The idea of ‘participation’”). Although Capra emphasized quantum entanglement and interconnected
ness throughout chapters 4 and 10, he did not mention Bell’s theorem by name in the first edition of his book. Many of the physicists’ articles from which he quoted in his first edition, however, were devoted to Bell’s theorem and the nature of quantum nonlocality, especially Stapp (1971), quoted by Capra on 132, 136, and 139; and Bohm and Hiley (1975), quoted by Capra on 138. Capra likewise drew upon Wheeler (1973), quoted by Capra on 141. These were precisely the same sources cited by Sarfatti (some in preprint form) in Sarfatti (1974b), written while Sarfatti and Capra were both in London during the fall of 1973. Capra added a lengthy discussion of Bell’s theorem in the afterword to the book’s second edition: Capra (1984), 299–303.
How the Hippies Saved Physics: Science, Counterculture, and the Quantum Revival Page 37