42 Nick Herbert, email to the author, July 15, 2009. See also Herbert (1987, 1990).
43 Herbert (1988, 1989).
44 Nick Herbert, email to the author, July 16, 2009; and Herbert (1993).
45 Nick Herbert, email to the author, December 8, 2007; and Herbert, “Entanglement telegraphed communication avoiding light-speed limitation by Hong Ou Mandel effect,” unpublished preprint arXiv:0712.2530 (December 2007), available from http://www.arXiv.org. In the second version of his paper (uploaded on December 19, 2007, four days after the first version), Herbert added an appendix to describe the critiques by physicist Lev Vaidman—an expert in foundations of quantum mechanics and quantum information science—who had emailed Herbert to describe faults in Herbert’s scheme.
46 Nick Herbert, emails to the author, April 16, 2008, and May 4, 2009. Herbert’s blog is available at http://quantumtantra.blogspot.com. See also Herbert (2000). My thanks to Herbert for sharing a copy of his book.
47 Rauscher interview (2008).
48 Rauscher interview (2008). On John F. Kennedy University, see http://www.jfku.edu (accessed March 12, 2010).
49 Rauscher interview (2008). A list of Rauscher’s grants and contracts can be found in EAR. See also Fülling, Bruch, Rauscher, Neill, Träbert, Heckmann, and McGuire (1992).
50 Rauscher interview (2008). See also Elizabeth A. Rauscher and William L. Van Bise, “Non-superconducting apparatus for detecting magnetic and electromagnetic fields,” United States Patent no. 4,724,390 (issued February 9, 1988); Elizabeth A. Rauscher and William L. Van Bise, “External magnetic field impulse pacemaker non-invasive method and apparatus for modulating brain through an external magnetic field to pace the heart and reduce pain,” United States Patent no. 4,723,536 (issued February 9, 1988); and Elizabeth A. Rauscher and William L. Van Bise, “Non-invasive method and apparatus for modulating brain signals through an external magnetic or electric field to reduce pain,” United States Patent 4,889,526 (issued December 26, 1989), all available at http://www.google.com/patents (accessed March 12, 2010).
51 See, e.g., Rauscher and Targ (2001) and Rauscher (2005, 2006).
52 Institute of HeartMath, “The Global Coherence Project,” press release (2008), available at http://www.heartmath.org (accessed March 15, 2010).
53 Weissmann interview (2009). See also the corporate filings for Padma Marketing Corporation (C1104386), dated November 6, 1981, and February 19, 1982, available from the California Secretary of State, Business Programs Division.
54 Weissmann interview (2009); Anon. (1987b), 38; Anon. (1991), 43, 44; and Luis Treacy, “Food, drugs, or frauds?” originally published by Consumers Union and available at http://www.healthguidance.org/entry/9895/1/Food-Drugs-or-Frauds.html (accessed January 8, 2010).
55 Young (1988), 6, 7; and Anon. (1991), 43, 44 (“defendants were aware”).
56 Weissmann interview (2009); corporate filings for George Weissmann, Incorporated (updated name for “Padma Marketing Corporation,” still under C1104386), dated January 3, 1989, and June 15, 1990, available from California Secretary of State, Business Programs Division. See also the advertisements for “Adaptrin” in Yoga Journal (September/October 1988): 87; and in Walker (1989), 243. On recent research, see Jenny et al. (2005), and references therein.
57 Compton (1998), 5; Anon. (1999); and Anon. (2000). The people’s choice awards were sponsored by the National Nutritional Foods Association; Veat products won “best in show” as well as awards in individual categories both years.
58 Weissmann interview (2009).
59 Many of Stapp’s essays and articles were republished in Stapp (2004, 2007). See also, e.g., Schwartz, Stapp, and Beauregard (2005).
60 Stapp interview (2007); see also Stapp (1995), 78, 79. The parapsychologist who approached Stapp was Helmut Schmidt, who has been active in the field since the late 1960s. Many members of the Fundamental Fysiks Group have interacted with Schmidt over the years: Sarfatti (2002a), 96. In fact, the psychokinesis experiments that George Weissmann tried to replicate during his postdoctoral fellowship in Zurich, ca. 1979/1980, had originally been conducted by Schmidt: Weissmann interview (2009).
61 Stapp interview (2007).
62 Stapp interview (2007). Stapp elaborated on his method in an unpublished draft of his paper, “Theoretical model of a purported empirical violation of the predictions of quantum theory,” preprint dated September 17, 1993, in HPS.
63 Stapp interview (2007); and Stapp (1995), 79.
64 Stapp interview (2007). The original version of Stapp’s paper is no longer extant, though later versions can be found in HPS. Stapp built upon an idea by Steven Weinberg to adopt a nonlinear generalization of the Schrödinger equation: Weinberg (1989).
65 Anonymous referee report in response to the September 1993 revision of Stapp’s paper, in HPS. See also Stapp interview (2007).
66 Stapp interview (2007); and Stapp (1994). As per the journal editor’s instructions, Stapp cited Schmidt’s account of the experiment: Schmidt (1993).
67 Benjamin Bederson to Henry P. Stapp, December 22, 1994, in HPS.
68 Dowling (1995), 78; Stapp (1995), 78, 79; and Berezin, Malin, and Dowling (1996), 15, 81.
69 Stapp interview (2007); see also Schmidt and Stapp (1993).
70 Edwin T. Jaynes to Peter L. Scott (Chair, Board of Studies in Physics, University of California at Santa Cruz), January 31, 1973, in JFC; see also Abner Shimony to John Clauser, May 19, 1972, and August 8, 1972, in JFC. Also quoted in Freire (2006), 604. See also Clauser interview with Bromberg (2002), Shimony interview with Bromberg (2002), and Clauser interview (2009).
71 Clauser interview (2009).
72 Clauser interview with Bromberg (2002); and Clauser interview (2009).
73 Clauser interview (2009). See also John F. Clauser, “Rotation, acceleration, and gravity sensors using quantum-mechanical matter-wave interferometry with neutral atoms and molecules,” United States Patent 4,874,942 (issued October 17, 1989), available at http://www.google.com/patents (accessed March 18, 2010).
74 Clauser interview (2009). See also John F. Clauser, “Ultrahigh resolution interferometric x-ray imaging,” United States Patent 5,812,629 (issued September 22, 1998), available at http://www.google.com/patents (accessed March 18, 2010).
75 Anon. (2010).
76 Rauscher interview (2008); Weissmann interview (2009); and Weissmann’s remarks at the Fundamental Fysiks Group reunion, November 18, 2000, San Francisco.
77 Elizabeth Rauscher and George Weissmann, form letter invitation dated October 16, 2000, in EAR.
78 Rauscher and Weissman, invitation dated October 16, 2000, in EAR.
79 Videotape of the Fundamental Fysiks Group reunion, November 18, 2000, San Francisco.
80 Elizabeth Rauscher, remarks transcribed from videotape of the Fundamental Fysiks Group reunion, November 18, 2000, San Francisco.
Coda: Ideas and Institutions in the Quantum Revival
1 Fölsing (1997), 98–100; and Galison (2003), 235–40, 326, 327.
2 The physics department chair at Berkeley saved thick files of correspondence from “cranks” during the 1950s, a practice that members of the department continue today. See the folders labeled “Scientific insanity,” folders 6:41–42, in Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Records, ca. 1920–1962, call number CU-68, Bancroft Library. On more recent collections, see Kahn (2002).
3 Lavigne (1994) and Scott (1997).
4 Laudan (1983), 111–27; Collins (1992); and Gieryn (1999).
5 Roszak (1969). On the etymology of “counterculture,” see Braunstein and Doyle (2002), 6, 7. On the 1967 Be-In and Pentagon protest, see Lee and Shlain (1992), 160–65, 203, 204.
6 Roszak (1969), 7, 8 (“scientific world-view of the Western tradition”), 50 (“subversion”), 215 (“plague”). On McNamara, cf. Engelhardt (2007), part III; and Amadae (2003), chap. 1.
7 Kyle (1995), chaps. 6, 7; Carroll (1990), 236–38; and Schulman (2001), 96–101.
&
nbsp; 8 Gleick (1987), 243–72. On Ralph Abraham’s presentation at the 1976 Esalen workshop, see Physics/Consciousness Research Group, “A modest proposal to the Foundation for the Realization of Man,” February 11, 1976, on pp. 24, 25, in SPS; and Sirag (2002), 110, 111. On the Santa Cruz group, see also Bass (1985); Williams and Thomas (2009); and Williams (forthcoming), chap. 2.
9 Moy (2004), Markoff (2005), and Turner (2006). Cf. Schumacher (1973).
10 Wisnioski (2003), Kirk (2007), and Vettel (2006). See also Ross (1991), 17.
11 See, e.g., Moore (2008).
12 Clauser and Shimony (1978); cf. Science Citation Index (1961–), s.v. “Clauser.”
13 Shimony (1984), 225–30.
14 Gilder (2008).
15 Gell-Mann (1994); Gottfried and Yan (2003); Thacker, Leff, and Jackson (2002); Carr and McKagan (2009); and Baily and Finkelstein (2010). My thanks to Charles Baily for bringing Carr and McKagan’s work to my attention.
16 See, e.g., Jaeger (2010), 94; and Bokulich and Jaeger (2010). On Nobelist Gerard ’t Hooft’s editorship of Foundations of Physics, see http://www.springer.com/physics/journal/10701 (accessed May 27, 2010).
17 Lloyd (1997), Shor (2002), and Devetak (2005).
18 In addition to the books cited in chapter 8, footnote 28, see Carr and McKagan (2009); and Wojciech Zurek, email to the author, August 1, 2007. The best historical work on the new experiments includes Freire (2006); Bromberg (2006, 2008); and Gilder (2008).
19 Galison (1995). See also Woit (2006) and Smolin (2006).
20 Olival Freire makes a similar point: Freire (2004). I have in mind similar debates within the history of technology over “technological determinism.” See esp. Bijker, Hughes, and Pinch (1987); and Smith and Marx (1994).
21 Ed Fry to Olival Freire, August 5, 2005, in Freire’s possession; see also Fry and Walther (2002).
22 Aspect interview (2009).
23 Anton Zeilinger, email to the author, June 2, 2009.
24 Annual citations to John Bell’s article on Bell’s theorem remained flat between 1982 and 1990, averaging forty-one citations per year. Only during the mid-1990s did the number of citations per year begin to rise exponentially. From 1982 through 1990, well over half (56 percent) of the physics articles on Bell’s theorem were contributed by authors who had already published on the topic (“old authors”), rather than by new authors to the field. Moreover, the vast majority of old authors (69 percent) had published on the topic prior to publication of Alain Aspect’s articles on his new experiments. Based on data in Science Citation Index (1961–). That pattern is starkly at odds with the usual pattern for growing fields, in which the number of new authors per year grows exponentially: Bettencourt, Kaiser, Kaur, Castillo-Chavez, and Wojick (2008). The citation pattern for Bell’s theorem, on the other hand, matches the same pattern of citations to the 1935 Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen article in the Physical Review, which likewise remained flat and small until a burst and exponential rise in the mid-1990s: Redner (2005).
25 See, e.g., Nauenberg (2007); and Orzel (2009), chap. 10.
26 Jack Sarfatti, “Research Bulletin #5,” October 6, 1979 (“‘scientific laborers’”); Jack Sarfatti to Robert J. Curtis, Jr. [est house counsel], July 11, 1977 (“sold out”), circulated widely in photocopy form; both in JAW, Sarfatti folders.
27 Sirag (2002), 112, 113.
28 Cf. Kevles (1995), chaps. 24, 25; Leslie (1993), chap. 9; and Moore (2008), chap. 6.
29 Physics/Consciousness Research Group, “A modest proposal to the Foundation for the Realization of Man,” February 11, 1976, appendix III, on 21 (“Mythos,” “Logos,” “Werner makes a distinction,” “confuse the symbol”), copy in SPS. Several historians have likewise noted the unusually pragmatic attitude of most U.S. physicists during the 1950s and 1960s. See esp. Cini (1980); Forman (1987); Schweber (1989, 1994); Pickering (1989); Leslie (1993); Galison (1997); and Kaiser (2005).
30 Physics Survey Committee (1972/1973), vol. 2, 1149 (“Since the pursuit,” “quality of a quest”), 1150 (“humanistic subject”).
31 Physics Survey Committee (1972/1973), vol. 2, 1211 (“discriminated,” “thoughtful theorist”), 1232 (“self-renewal”).
32 Kaiser (2007a), 32, 33 and (forthcoming), chap. 4. See also French and Taylor (1978), 100 (“speculative question”).
33 W. E. Meyerhof, memorandum to graduate students in Stanford’s physics department, September 29, 1972, in Felix Bloch papers, call number SC303, Stanford University Archives, folder 12:10. On the Harvard seminar, see Freire (2006), 596.
34 Harrison (1982a); on Capra’s book in physics classrooms, see Clifton and Regehr (1990), 73, 74.
35 Morrison (1990), 86, 87, 619; and Miller (2008), 454.
36 I am still grateful to my long-suffering lab partner, Michael Gordin, for his patience and good humor during that fateful course in the fall of 1997.
37 Harvard University, Physics 191/247, Advanced Laboratory Manual (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1997), privately printed for classroom use, quotations on B-3-5.
38 The emergence of particle cosmology—at the time a speculative field mixing ideas about the smallest and largest features of the universe—likewise grew from physicists’ reappraisal after the Cold War bubble had burst. See Kaiser (2006b, 2007b).
39 Bernstein (2008); and Overbye (2009), D1.
40 See http://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/en/About/History/History (accessed March 29, 2010). See also Seife (2003).
41 See http://www.fqxi.org/about (accessed March 29, 2010); and Max Tegmark, personal communication, March 11, 2010.
42 Merali (2007), 8–10; Wallace-Wells (2008); and A. Garrett Lisi, personal communication, September 10, 2009. See also Lisi (2007).
43 See, e.g., Distler and Garibaldi (2009).
44 See esp. Kripal (2007), chap. 19; Ronson (2004), 26; Ross (1991), 21; and Gosse (2005), chap. 13.
45 Reisz (2010); Don Troop, “A subatomic explosion,” Tweed (blog affiliated with the Chronicle of Higher Education), posted April 29, 2010, available at http://chronicle.com/blogAuthor/Tweed (accessed May 5, 2010); Daniel Cressey, “No place for the paranormal at physics conference,” The Great Beyond (blog affiliated with Nature magazine), posted April 29, 2010, available at http://blogs.nature.com (accessed May 27, 2010); Chad Orzel, “Conference organizers should not live in caves,” Uncertain Principles blog, posted April 29, 2010, available at http://scienceblogs.com/principles (accessed May 27, 2010); and Peter Woit, “Bohmian spat,” Not Even Wrong blog, posted April 29, 2010, available at http://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/wordpress (accessed May 27, 2010).
46 Tegmark (2000); and Tegmark, personal communication, March 11, 2010.
47 Kaku (2008); Anon. (2008), 26; and Dixler (2009), 24.
Interviews
Unless otherwise noted, all interviews were conducted by the author.
Aspect, Alain. April 22, 2009. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Chickering, A. Lawrence. May 4, 2009, via telephone.
Clauser, John. May 20–23, 2002. Interview by Joan Lisa Bromberg; transcript in NBL.
-. May 29, 2009. Walnut Creek, California.
d’Espagnat, Bernard. October 26, 2001. Interview by Olival Freire; transcript in NBL.
Erhard, Werner. July 26, 2010, via telephone.
Finkelstein, David. October 1, 2007, via telephone.
Fuller, Robert W. November 8, 2007, via telephone.
Jackiw, Roman. October 3, 2007. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Mishlove, Jeffrey. April 24, 2008, via telephone.
Nauenberg, Michael. July 12, 1994. Interview by Randall Jarrell; transcript available at http://physics.ucsc.edu/~michael/oral2.pdf.
Rauscher, Elizabeth. January 4, 2008, via telephone.
Sarfatti, Jack. May 22, 2009. San Francisco, California.
Selleri, Franco. June 24, 2003. Interview by Olival Freire; transcript in NBL.
Shimony, Abner. September 9, 2002. Interview by Joan Lisa Bromberg; transcript in NBL.
Stap
p, Henry P. August 21, 1998. Berkeley, California.
—. October 4, 2007, via telephone.
Toben, Bob. January 29, 2010, via telephone.
Weissmann, George. March 13, 2008. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
—. August 27, 2009. Natick, Massachusetts.
Wolf, Fred Alan. September 26, 2007, via telephone.—. May 22, 2009. San Francisco, California.
How the Hippies Saved Physics: Science, Counterculture, and the Quantum Revival Page 41