77. Bloomberg, 21 February 2011.
78. Al-Masah Capital Special Report 2011, ‘MENA: The Great Job Rush’.
79. See Nolan, May 2011.
80. Fromherz, Allen J., Qatar: A Modern History (London: IB Tauris, 2012), p. 12.
81. Arabian Business, 30 December 2010.
82. Reuters, 29 August 2010.
83. Financial Times, 7 September 2010.
84. Reuters, 6 July 2011.
85. Financial Times 7 September 2010.
86. Financial Times 7 September 2010. Quoting Jarmo Kotilaine, an economist at NCB Capital.
87. Kinninmont (2012), p. 18.
88. Global Research Special Report on Bahrain, 10 April 2010.
89. The National, 27 June 2010.
90. Davidson (2005), chapter 3.
91. Reuters, 6 July 2011.
92. Reuters, 6 July 2011.
93. Emirates 24/7, 10 July 2011.
94. The National, 21 April 2011.
95. Reuters, 6 July 2011.
96. The National, 28 July 2008.
97. Reuters, 6 July 2011.
98. The National, 25 December 2010.
99. Financial Times, 27 June 2011.
100. Reuters, 6 July 2011.
101. Financial Times, 27 June 2011.
102. Reuters, 6 July 2011.
103. Ahmed Muhammad Al-Bunain.
104. The Peninsula, 16 January 2007.
105. The Peninsula, 18 January 2011.
106. The Peninsula, 14 April 2011.
107. As reported by the Qatar-based management consultancy firm Almaras.
108. Human Rights Watch, 13 June 2011.
109. BBC News, 18 July 2011.
110. Human Rights Watch, 13 June 2011.
111. The Al-Ajmi.
112. Personal correspondence, January 2012. The man being Salem Al-Ali Al-Sabah, the oldest member of the Al-Sabah family.
113. Human Rights Watch, 13 June 2011.
114. Ibid.
115. BBC News, 18 July 2011.
116. Human Rights Watch, 13 June 2011.
117. Jadaliyya, 26 March 2011. Article by Mona Kareem.
118. Human Rights Watch, 13 June 2011.
119. Khaleej Times, 7 November 2010.
120. BBC News, 18 July 2011.
121. Jadaliyya, 26 March 2011. Article by Mona Kareem.
122. BBC News, 18 July 2011.
123. Arabian Business, 13 July 2009.
124. Presentation by Noora Lori at the Middle East Studies Association annual conference, 4 December 2011. ‘The Political Management of Rentier Transformations, Naturalization Policy, and Liminal Populations in the UAE’.
125. Arabian Business, 13 July 2009.
126. The National, 26 September 2008.
127. The National, 7 September 2008.
128. The National, 26 September 2008.
129. Arabian Business, 13 July 2009.
130. Human Rights Watch, 16 December 2011.
131. Al-Jazeera English, 22 September 2010. Referring to Ayatollah Hussein Mirza Najati.
132. In 1981 the government arrested seventy-three people accused of plotting a coup on behalf of a pro-Iran organisation—the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain led by an Iraqi cleric, Hadi Modaressi. See Kinninmont, Jane. ‘Bahrain’ in Davidson, Christopher M. (ed.), Power and Politics in the Persian Gulf Monarchies (London: Hurst, 2011).
133. See Kinninmont (2011).
134. The Baharna.
135. The Ajam.
136. International Herald Tribune, 2 October 2006.
137. International Herald Tribune, 17 November 2006.
138. See Kinninmont (2011).
139. Many Bahrainis have observed an influx of new citizens from Pakistan, Yemen, and Baluchistan. See Kinninmont (2012), p. 18.
140. New York Times, 26 August 2010.
141. New York Times 27 March 2009.
142. Abduljalil Al-Singace.
143. Abdulghani Al-Kanjar.
144. Referring to Muhammed Al-Muqdad and Said Al-Nouri.
145. The National, 17 August 2010.
146. New York Times, 26 August 2010.
147. The Economist, 14 October 2010.
148. Lord Eric Avebury.
149. See Nolan, May 2011. The 1979 riots were in Qatif and Al-Hasa.
150. See Nolan, May 2011.
151. Al-Riyadh.
152. Associated Press, 18 December 2010.
153. Al-Jazeera English, 22 September 2010.
154. Jadaliyya, 26 March 2011.
155. Gulf News, 5 July 2011.
156. Agence France Presse, 1 October 2009.
157. Reporters without Borders January 2012. Citing the ‘World Press Freedom Index 2012’.
158. Doha Debates press release, 25 June 2011.
159. Muhannad Abu Zeitoun.
160. Bahrain Center for Human Rights press release, 27 August 2010.
161. Ali Abdulemam.
162. Foreign Policy, 21 October 2010.
163. Gulf News, 29 December 2010.
164. Nahyan bin Mubarak Al-Nahyan.
165. The author’s personal account.
166. The author’s personal account.
167. Gulf News, 21 October 2004.
168. Emirates 24/7, 15 August 2010.
169. Human Rights Watch, 13 April 2009.
170. WAM, 28 April 2009.
171. Electronic Frontier Foundation, 13 August 2010; New York Times, 13 August 2010.
172. Slate Magazine, 27 August 2010.
173. UAE Telecommunications Regulatory Authority, 24 September 2006. The document was entitled ‘Internet Content Filtering Policy and Procedure’.
174. The Independent, 7 April 2009. The article was entitled ‘The Dark Side of Dubai’.
175. 7 Days, 10 April 2009.
176. The Sunday Times, 29 November 2009.
177. ITP Net, 14 July 2009.
178. Foreign Policy, 10 August 2010. ‘As the UAE was consumed along with the rest of the world by the World Cup fever in June, a leaked document surfaced and was distributed amongst Emiratis on BlackBerry Messenger. The document appeared to be an official request from the secretary general of the UAE’s parliament… requesting that the Dubai Traffic Department waive the traffic fines of the parliament speaker…’
179. Reporters without Borders press release, 29 July 2010.
180. The National, 25 July 2010.
181. Reporters without Borders press release, 29 July 2010.
182. E.g. Abdul Hamid Al-Kumaiti.
183. Asharq Al-Awsat, 4 August 2010.
184. Arab Times, 14 December 2009.
185. Gulf News, 20 October 2010.
186. Kipp Report, 7 April 2010.
187. Agence France Presse, 7 December 2010.
188. Agence France Presse, 3 July 2009.
189. Agence France Press, 19 December 2010.
190. The Guardian, 2 January 2011. Referencing Brian Whittaker’s blog.
191. Muhammad Al-Abdulkarim.
192. Agence France Presse, 6 December 2010.
193. As Fromherz describes ‘[the ruler] can support initiatives such as press freedom through [his wife] while distancing himself somewhat from the risks associated with such ventures’. See Fromherz, Allen J., Qatar: A Modern History (London: IB Tauris, 2012), p. 27.
194. The Economist, 14 May 2009.
195. Financial Times, 24 June 2009.
196. Doha Centre for Media Freedom press release, 23 June 2009. Since taken offline.
5. MOUNTING EXTERNAL PRESSURES
1. Davidson, Christopher M., Dubai: The Vulnerability of Success (London: Hurst, 2008), chapter 2.
2. Foreign Office 370/109814.
3. Financial Times, 3 January 2011.
4. Arabian Business, 19 January 2011.
5. Financial Times, 3 January 2011.
6. The Guardian, 19 December 2010.
7. Gulf News, 1 September 2006.
8. E.g. the ‘Dirham Savings Scheme�
� offered by the UAE’s National Bonds Corporation.
9. Financial Times, 27 August 2007.
10. AME Info, 14 April 2008.
11. Construction Week, 4 March 2010; The National, 6 June 2011. The Abu Dhabi MGM resort will, however, be a non-gambling resort.
12. See for example Mahdavi, Parvis, Gridlock: Labor, Migration, and Human Trafficking in Dubai (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2011).
13. SINA News Agency press release, May 2004, translated by the Women’s Forum Against Fundamentalism in Iran.
14. Washington Post, 30 April 2006.
15. BBC News, 5 July 2012. The authorities seem unwilling to take action, likely concerned that any enforcement of dress code will be viewed as a concession to Islamist groups in the country.
16. Dahi Khalfan Al-Tamim.
17. Gulf News, 26 December 2010.
18. Gulf News, 26 September 2001.
19. Arabian Business, 15 January 2012.
20. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat press release, February 2012.
21. New York Times, 29 December 2010.
22. Globalsecurity.org Special report on Al-Udeid Air Base, Qatar.
23. Davidson, Christopher M., The Persian Gulf and Pacific Asia: From Indifference to Interdependence (London: Hurst, 2010), chapter 7.
24. The other dry docks being in Bahrain.
25. Davidson (2010), chapter 7.
26. One company being British, one Danish, and the other Norwegian.
27. Workers World, 17 May 2007.
28. Davidson (2008), chapter 8.
29. International Herald Tribune, 22 June 2005.
30. Jane’s Defence Weekly, 7 February 2007.
31. Express Tribune Pakistan, 4 July 2011.
32. For a full discussion see Davidson, Christopher M., The United Arab Emirates: A Study in Survival (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2005), chapter 1.
33. Davidson (2010), chapter 7.
34. Washington Post, 27 May 2009.
35. The National, 25 May 2009.
36. The National, 25 May 2009.
37. Reuters, 10 October 2010.
38. CBC News, 14 October 2010.
39. General David Petraeus.
40. New York Times, 31 January 2010.
41. World Bank 2011 data derived from Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Military Expenditure Database.
42. The National, 2 January 2010.
43. Foreign Policy in Focus, 10 June 2011.
44. Al-Arabiya, 26 December 2010.
45. New York Times, 29 December 2011.
46. Foreign Policy in Focus, 10 June 2011.
47. Al-Jazeera English, 2 February 2012.
48. Reuters, 11 May 2012.
49. The Independent, 8 July 2011.
50. For dependency theory in the context of the Arab world see for example Amin, Samir, Unequal Development: An Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1976).
51. Filiu, Jean-Pierre, The Arab Revolution: Ten Lessons from the Democratic Uprising (London: Hurst, 2011), p. 145.
52. Reuters, 29 November 2010.
53. Reuters, 7 December 2011.
54. Saud bin Faisal Al-Saud.
55. The Guardian, 7 December 2010.
56. Reuters, 29 November 2010.
57. Agence France Presse, 24 March 2011.
58. Reuters, 29 November 2010.
59. New York Times, 28 November 2010.
60. Foreign Policy, 17 December 2009.
61. Yousef Al-Otaiba.
62. The Atlantic, 6 July 2010.
63. The consortium comprising the Korea Electric Power Company (KEPCO), Samsung, Hyundai, Doosan, and Westinghouse.
64. The National, 29 December 2010.
65. Associated Press, 21 June 2009.
66. Agence France Presse, 30 July 2011.
67. The consortium comprising General Electrics and Hitachi.
68. The Guardian, 28 November 2010.
69. Arabian Oil and Gas Magazine, 2 January 2012.
70. Wikileaks, US Embassy Muscat, 1 March 2008.
71. Dow Jones Newswire, 14 July 2011.
72. Reuters, 7 December 2011.
73. Roy, Olivier, The Politics of Chaos in the Middle East (London: Hurst, 2008), p. 96.
74. Filiu, p. 133.
75. See Hall, Marjorie J., Business Laws of the United Arab Emirates (London: Jacobs, 1987).
76. The suffix: .IL.
77. In practice it is possible to enter the UAE with Israeli passport stamps, but no effort has been made to clarify the situation.
78. Davidson (2008). pp. 199–200. Until its closure in 2003 the ZCCF hosted a number of anti-Semitic speakers including members of the International Progress Organisation.
79. US Bureau for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 2007 report on the United Arab Emirates.
80. Gulf News, 11 January 2009. Article entitled ‘Israel’s War of Deceit, Lies, and Propaganda’.
81. Gulf News, 4 January 2009. Article entitled ‘Zionists are the New Nazis’.
82. Davidson (2008), p. 200.
83. Reuters, 18 January 2010.
84. Davidson, Christopher M., Abu Dhabi: Oil and Beyond (London: Hurst, 2009), chapter 6.
85. New York Review of Books, 19 August 2010.
86. Associated Press, 25 October 2006.
87. Wall Street Journal, 18 February 2009.
88. The Hamdan bin Muhammed bin Rashid Sports Complex.
89. Arutz Sheva, 15 December 2010.
90. OpenNet Initiative press release, 20 November 2009.
91. Al-Watan, 22 November 2010.
92. Amnesty International press release, 11 February 2011.
93. Gulf News, 2 November 2007.
94. Haaretz, 8 April 2011.
95. Al-Hayat, 5 June 2011.
96. Fromherz, Allen J., Qatar: A Modern History (London: IB Tauris, 2012), p. 23.
97. Gulf News, 13 August 2010.
98. Al-Arab, 12 June 2011.
99. Agence France Press, 15 November 2010.
100. In summer 2010, for example, Iran’s semi-official Fars News Agency reported that Israeli military aircraft had landed at a Saudi airbase close to the city of Tabuk in the northwest of the kingdom. Moreover, it was claimed in the Israeli press that Israel was investigating the usefulness of Tabuk as a possible base for striking Iran, and that a senior member of the Saudi ruling family was coordinating the operation. A commercial passenger travelling through the airport was even quoted as saying that all air traffic was closed down without explanation during the alleged Israeli landings, but that all stranded passengers were compensated financially and housed in luxury hotels.
101. Wikileaks, US Embassy Abu Dhabi, 16 June 2009.
102. Cordesman, Anthony H. and Obaid, Nawaf, National Security in Saudi Arabia: Threats, Responses, and Challenges (Westport: Praeger Security International, 2005), p. 138.
103. Asharq Al-Awsat, 29 March 2011.
104. The Daily Telegraph, 26 March 2010.
105. The National 20 July 2008.
106. BBC News, 31 January 2011.
107. Ibid.
108. Mostafa Mohammad-Najjar.
109. Tehran Times Political Desk, 21 January 2011.
110. The National, 25 May 2009.
111. Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi.
112. Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi.
113. For a full discussion of the 1987 Sharjah coup see Davidson (2008), chapter 7.
114. Khalifa bin Hamad Al-Thani.
115. Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani.
116. Kamrava, Mehran. ‘Royal Factionalism and Political Liberalization in Qatar’, Middle East Journal, Vol. 63, No. 3, 2009, p 415.
117. As referred to in Fromherz (2012).
118. Abdul-Aziz bin Khalifa Al-Thani.
119. Al-Bawaba, 28 February 2011.
120. Fars News Agency, 12 April 2012.
121. Khalid bin Saqr Al-Qasimi.
122. Saud
bin Saqr Al-Qasimi.
123. Oxford Analytica briefing paper on Ra’s Al-Khaimah, 28 October 2010. Written by the author.
124. The Guardian, 28 July 2010.
125. Oxford Analytica briefing paper on Ra’s Al-Khaimah, 28 October 2010. Written by the author; Financial Times, 28 October 2010.
126. WAM, 20 December 2010.
127. Article 6 of the Omani constitution.
128. Tariq bin Taimur Al-Said.
129. Fatima bint Mubarak Al-Kitbi.
130. See www.motherofnation.ae
131. Charles E. Schumer.
132. New York Times, 1 August 2003.
133. Press TV, 26 December 2010.
134. New York Times, 23 October 2010.
135. Al-Akhbar, 3 November 2011.
136. Reuters, 18 June 2012.
137. The Sudairi Seven are named after their mother, Hassa bint Ahmed Al-Sudairi, who hailed from a powerful tribe from the interior.
138. Ahmed bin Abdul-Aziz Al-Saud.
139. Associated Press, 16 November 2011. Talal’s criticism was first voiced in 2007.
6. THE COMING COLLAPSE
1. Fromherz, Allen J., Qatar: A Modern History (London: IB Tauris, 2012), p. 7.
2. For a full discussion of the Dubai opposition see Davidson, Christopher M., ‘Arab Nationalism and British Opposition in Dubai, 1920–1966’, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 43, No. 6, 2007.
3. Nolan, Leigh. ‘Managing Reform? Saudi Arabia and the King’s Dilemma’, Brookings Doha Center Policy Briefing, May 2011.
4. University of the United Arab Emirates, in Al-Ayn.
5. According to a study of the Muslim Brotherhood in the UAE published by Dar Al-Hayat newspaper in Saudi Arabia. Dar Al-Hayat, 12 September 2010.
6. Abd Al-Rahim Al-Nashiri was captured in the UAE in November 2002.
7. Nolan, May 2011.
8. Wall Street Journal, 30 August 2010. With reference to the crackdowns in Saudi Arabia.
9. Dar Al-Hayat, 12 September 2010.
10. The National, 6 April 2010.
11. Global Post, 22 December 2010.
12. Agence France Presse, 30 December 2010.
13. Los Angeles Times, 23 December 2010.
14. Filiu, Jean-Pierre, The Arab Revolution: Ten Lesson from the Democratic Uprising (London: Hurst, 2011), p. 76.
15. Ibid., p. 74.
16. Ibid., p. 75.
17. Bahrain News Agency press release, 2 May 2011.
18. Washington Times, 23 November 2011.
19. Regimes have also used ‘deep packet inspection’ to censor private emails. See Filiu (2011), p. 46.
20. E.g. the case of Abu Dhabi’s burgeoning E-Government. See Davidson, Christopher M., Abu Dhabi: Oil and Beyond (London: Hurst, 2009), chapter 6.
After the Sheikhs Page 36