by Mark Turner
page 120, “Then the memory of a new position”: I provide in this translation an unidiomatic crib in English of the relevant sequence of tenses in the French original. An idiomatic translation can be found in the already—cited transla- tion (Moncrieff, Kilmartin, and Mayor) of Proust’s Rememhrante of Things Past, vol. 1, p. 7. French original: Proust, H la recherche du tempsperdu, vol. 1, pp. 6-7.
page 123, “counterpart in another space”: The foundation work on the use of a descriptor from one space for a counterpart in another space was done by Gilles Fauconnier in Mental Spaees.'A.¢eets of Mean ing Construction in Natu- ral Language (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1985).
page 132, “We may become engrossed, in Erving Goffman’s phrase”: “Breaking Frame,” chap. 10 in FrameAnalysis.-An Essay on the Organization ofExpe— rienee (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986), pp. 345-77.
page 132, “To be quite accurate”: Marcel Proust, Remembrance of Things Past, 2 vols., trans. C. K. Scott—Moncrieff (New York: Random House, 1934), vol. 1, pp. 708-9. (A quite different translation can be found in the 1981 three-volume Random House edition (translated by Moncrieff, Kjlmartin, and Mayor), vol. 1, p. 1010.) French original: “Pour étre exact, je devrais donner un nom différent a chacun des moi qui dans la suite pensa a Albertine; je devrais plus encore donner un nom différent a chacune de ces Albertine qui apparaissaient devant moi, jamais la méme . . .” H la reeherehe du temps perdu, vol. 2, p. 299.
page 133, “The Nature of Things”: See Lakoff and Turner, More than Cool Rea- son, pp. 169-70, and Turner, Reading Minds, pp. 168 and 183-89.
page 133, “Theophrastus’s Characters”: ed. and trans. Jeffrey Rusten (Cambridge: Harvard University Press [Loeb], 1993).
pages 133-34, “La Bruyere’s Les Caraeteres”: ed. Robert Garapon (Paris: Garnier, 1962).
page 134, Jerome Bruner: Actual Minds, Possihle Worlds (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 37.
176 .8 NOTES
page 134, “You see I don’t know any stories”: M. Barrie, Peter and Wendy, edited with an introduction by Peter Hollindale (Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press, 1991), p. 96. page 135, Wayne Booth: Booth, The Rhetoric ofFiction, chaps. 2-5, pp. 23--148. page 138, “The moth thought [the star] wasjust caught”: James Thurber, Fahles for Our Time and Famous Poems Illustrated (Harper and Row, 1939), p. 17; Sun, “Thurber’s Fahles for Our Time,” pp. 51-61. page 140, “Linguistics is arguably the most hotly contested property”: “Annals of Science: A Silent Childhood-I,” New Yorker, 13 April 1992, 48. page 140, “The type of sentence in nature”: Ernest Fenollosa, The Chinese Writ- ten Character as a Medium for Poetry, ed. Ezra Pound (San Francisco: City Lights, 1936), p. 12. page 145, “grammatical construction”: For introductions to the theory of gram- matical constructions, see Charles Fillmore and Paul Kay, Construction Grammar (Stanford, Calif: Center for the Study of Language and Infor- mation, in press); and Adele Goldberg, Constructions.'A Construction Gram- marApproach to Argument Structure (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995). page 149, Robert Binnick: Time and the Verh.'A Guide to Tense andAspect (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. vii. page 152, “past time reference is the basic meaning of the past tense”: Bernard Comrie, Tense (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 20. page 152, “As far as the present tense is concerned”: Comrie, Tense, p. 38. page 152, Elements of Symholic Logic: Hans Reichenbach, Elements of Symholic Logic (New York: Free Press and London: Collier-Macmillan, 1947). page 152, John Dinsmore: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Language: Essays in Honor of S. —Y. Kuroda, ed. Carol Georgopoulos and Roberta Ishihara (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1991), pp. 101-17. Qmtation from p. 104. page 152, Norbert Hornstein: As Time Goes By: Tense and Universal Grammar (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990), p. 11. page 153, “A certain property (namely, going to work)”: Comrie, Tense, p. 39. page 153, “Rather, it seems that such uses of the past”: Comrie, Tense, p. 20. page 15 8, “the crucial actions those characters are part of ”: Joseph M. Williams, Style: Toward Clarity and Grace, with two chaps. coauthored by Gregory Colomb (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), pp. 20-21. page 160, “Edelman rejects on neurobiological grounds”: Gerald Edelman, Bright Air, BrilliantFire: On the Matter of the M ind (NewYork: Basic Books, 1992), chap. 11. page 161, Charles Fillmore and Paul Kay: Construction Grammar. page 161, Adele Goldberg: Constructions.
NOTES (2. 177
page 161, “Indeed, although Langacker and Fauconnier”: Brief but seminal com- ments on tense, focus, and viewpoint appear on pp. 33 and 34 of Fauconnier’s Mental Spaces.
page 161, “Various of Fauconnier and Langacker’s graduate students and col- leagues”: Gilles Fauconnier will give an overview of this work—by Michele Cutrer, John Dinsmore, Jeff Lansing, and Eve Sweetser—in a section titled “Time and Tense” in his forthcoming Mapping: in Thought and Language.
page 162, “the infrastructure of language is specified at least as narrowly as Chomsky has claimed”: Derek Bickerton, “The Language Bioprogram Hypothesis,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7 (1984): 173-188. Qlotation from p. 173.
page 163, “Language is a topic like echolocation in bats”: Stephen Pinker and Paul Bloom, “Natural Language and Natural Selection,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 (1990), pp. 707-27. Qlotation from p. 707.
page 163, “Language is a complex system of many parts”: Pinker and Bloom, “Natural Language,” p. 713.
page 163, “Noun phrases are used to describe things”: Pinker and Bloom, “Natural Language,” p. 713.
page 164, “Any one of them could have been lifted”: Pinker and Bloom, “Natu- ral Language,” p. 714.
page 166, “Geschwind, among others”: Pinker and Bloom, “Natural Language,” p. 722.
page 167, “As George C. Williams puts it”: Natural Selection: Domains, Levels, and Challenges (New York: Oxford, 1992), p. 77.
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.253 FURTHER READING 6;. ON IMAGE SCHEMAS
INTRODUCTION TO IMAGE SCHEMAS
Brugman, Claudia. The Story of Over: Polysemy, Semantics, and the Structure of the Lexicon. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1988.
Gibbs, Raymond W.,]r., and Herbert L. Colston. “The Cognitive Psychologi- cal Reality of Image Schemas and Their Transformations.” Cogn iti-ve Lin- guistics 6 (1995): 347-78.
Johnson, Mark. The Body in the Mina’. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Lakoff, George. Case study 2 in Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Cat- egories Re-veal about the Mina’, 416-461. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Sweetser, Eve. From Etymology to Pragmatics: Metaphorical and C ultural Aspects of Semantic Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Talmy, Leonard. “Force Dynamics in Language and Cognition.” Cogn iti-ve Sci-
ence 12 (1988): 49-100.
Thomas, Francis-Noel, and Mark Turner. Clear and Simple as the Truth: Writ- ing Classic Prose. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.
Turner, Mark. “The Body of Our Thought” and “The Poetry of Connections, I.” Chaps. 3 and 7 in Reaa'ingMin¢is.' The Study ofEnglish in theAge ofCog- niti-ve Science. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.
IMAGE SCHEMAS IN THE BRAIN
Damasio, Antonio R. “The Brain Binds Entities and Events by Multiregional Activation from Convergence Zones.” Neural Computation 1 (1989): 123-32.
Damasio, Antonio R. Descartes’Error. New York: G. P. Putnam, 1994.
Damasio, Antonio R. “Time—Locked Multiregional Retroactivation: A Systems- Level Proposal for the Neural Substrates of Recall and Recognition.” Cog- nition 33 (1989): 25-62.
179
180 .8 FURTHER READING ON THE IMAGE SCHEMAS
Damasio, Antonio R., and Hanna Damasio. “Cortical Systems for Retrieval of Concrete Knowledge: The Convergence Zone Framework.” InLarge—Scale Neuronal Theories of the Brain, edited by Cristof Koch and Joel L. Davis, 62-74. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994.
Damasio, Antonio R., et al. “Neural Regionalization of K
nowledge Access: Pre- liminary Evidence.” Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 60 (1990); 1039-47.
Edelman, Gerald. Neural Darwinism: The Theory of Neuronal Group Selection, passim, New York: Basic Books, 1987.
Edelman, Gerald. “Reentrant Signaling.” Chap. 4 in The RememheredPresent:A Biological Theory of Consciousness. New York: Basic Books, 1989: 64-90. Hubel, David H. Eye, Brain, and Vision. New York: Scientific American Library,
1995.
Sporns, O. J., et al. “Reentrant Signaling among Simulated Neuronal Groups Leads to Coherency in Their OscillatoryActivity.” Proceedings of the National Academy ofScience 86 (1989): 7265-69.
IMAGE SCHEMAS IN BAs1c—LEvEL CATEGORIES
Edelman, Gerald. BrightAir, BrilliantFire: On the Matter of the M ind. NewYork: Basic Books, 1992.
Graesser, A. C., et al. “Recognition Memory for Typical and Atypical Actions in Scripted Activities.” journal ofExperimental Psychology: Human Leamin g andMemory 6 (1979): 503-15.
Lakoff, George. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Revealahout the Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Rosch, Eleanor. “Categorization of Natural Objects.”AnnualRe-vierw of Psychol- ogy 32 (1981): 89-115.
. “Cognitive Reference Points.” Cognitive Psychology 7 (1975): 532--47.
. “Cognitive Representations of Semantic Categories.” journal ofExperi—
mental Psychology: General 104 (1975): 192-233.
. “Coherences and Categorization: A Historical View.” In The Develop-
ment ofLanguage and Language Researchers: Essays in Honor of RogerBrown,
edited by Frank S. Kessel. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,
1988.
. “Human Categorization.” In Studies in Cross— Cultural Psychology, edited
by Neil Warren. New York: Academic Press, 1977.
. “Principles of Categorization.” in Cognition and Categorization, edited
by B. B. Lloyd and Eleanor Rosch, 27-48. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erl-
baum Associates, 1978.
FURTHER READING ON THE IMAGE SCHEMAS E2. 181
IMAGE ScHEMAs IN DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Edelman, Gerald. Postscript to Brigbtflir, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mina’. New York: Basic Books, 1992. Mandler, Jean M. “How to Build a Baby: 11. Conceptual Primitives.” Psye/Jo- logiealRe-vierw 99, no. 4 (1992): 587-604. . “How to Build a Baby: On the Development of an Accessible Repre- sentational system.” Cognitive Development 3 (1988): 113-36.
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.3) INDEX 6;.
:1 la recherche du tempsperdu, 45, 82, 120
A Leg to Stand On (Oliver Sacks), 44
A THINKER IS A MOVER AND A MANIPULATOR,
43-45, 50
Absolute tenses, 151
Accusative language, 156
Actor, 10, 22
ACTORS ARE BODY ACTORS, 38
ACTORS ARE MANIPULATORS, 41-43
ACTORS ARE MOVERS, 39, 43
ACTORS ARE MOVERS AND MANIPULATORS, 43 Actors, prototypical, 20
Adaptiveness, environment of evolutionary,
167
Aesap’s Fab/es, 6, 139
Agency, 20
Al—Ashar (Tbe Thousand and One Nigbts),
126, 130
A/gem}, 31-32, 77, 78
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, 57 Allegory, 92
Analogy, 93
Animacy, 20-22
Animate agent, 22, 133
Apollo and the shipmates (Odyssey), 33 Aristotle, 21; on language, 160
Artificial life, 95
Astent of Mount Carmel, The, 44
Augustine of Hippo, Saint, 116
Balance image-schema, 16 Basic level, 24 Basic metaphor, 91
“Being Leads to Doing,” 133
Bertran de Born, 61-63, 68
Bible, 53
Bickerton, Derek, 162
Binding problem, 110, 179
Binnick, Robert, 149
Biography, 136
Birth, story of, 52
Blake, William, 53
Blended space, 60-61; composition, completion, and elaboration in, 83-84; linguistic marks of, 66; visual representations of, 97-98
Blending, 60-61; and the brain, 109; in the development of scientific concepts, 96; and neuroscience, 110
Bloom, Paul, 141, 163-65
Booth, Wayne, 74-75, 135
Bounded interior, 16
Browning, Robert, 30
Brugman, Claudia, 16, 179
Bruner, Jerome, 134
Bunyan,John, 44
Burke, Kenneth, 134
Calvin, William, 18
Caratteres, Les, 134
Carroll, Lewis, 57
Category, 9-10, 14', and analogy, 93; basic- level, 180; of concrete objects, 169 n; conventional, 93; object vs. event, 14; perceptual, 111
Causal relation, 18
183
184 .6 INDEX
Causal tautology, 32, 78
Causative construction, 156
Caused motion, 21-22; construction, 103
Character, 132-34; blended, 136
Charlotte Summers, 74
Charts, diagrams, coins, maps, 97
Chinese Written Charatter as a Medium for Poetry, The, 140
Chomsky, Noam, 140, 161-64
Colomb, Gregory. See Williams, Joseph
Colston, Herbert L., 179
Completion in blended space, 83-84
Composition in blended space, 83-84
Comrie, Bernard, 152-53, 161
Concept, 57; of a concept, 106; essential but invented, 14
Conduit metaphor, 42
Confessions (Saint Augustine), 116
Consciousness, 6
Constraints on projection, 53
Construction, linguistic, 88, 103; blend, 88, 93; and blending, 97; causative, 156; caused-motion, 103; ditransitive, 157; and metonymy, 155; as representation of basic abstract story, 103; resultative, 157; sentential, 158; XY Z, 104-7
Container image schema, 14-16, 23
Convergence zone, 23, 111, 180
Coulson, Seana, 58, 172 n
Counterparts in projection, 10, 86
Creole language, 162
Damasio, Antonio R., 23, 111, 179; and Hanna Damasio, 180
Dante, 44, 61-63, 67; and blending, 64
“Dark Night of the Soul, The," 44
Dark Night, The, 44
David, King of Judah and Israel (Old Testament), 100
Dawood, N._]., 169 n
DEATH IS A MOVER AND MANIPULATOR,
Death Is the Mother of Beauty, 53
Death, 77; as Thanatos, 76; as The Grim Reaper, 76-81
Death—in—general, 32-33, 68, 77-80
Dinsmore,John, 152
Discourse grammar, 159
Discourse units, 158 Ditransitive construction, 157 Diruine Comedy, 6, 44 Dunker, Carl, 72
Edelman, Gerald, 23, 110-12, 160, 169 n, 180-81
Elaboration in blended space, 83-84 Emblem, 10, 101
“En una noche oscura," 44
Epithets, 6
Espenson, Jane, 47
Euripides, 31
Evaluation, 9, 20
Event shape, 28
Events, 9; nonspatial, 36
EvENTS ARE ACTIONS, 26-47, 77-78, 80, 96 EvENTS ARE BODY ACTORS, 45
EvENTS ARE MANIPULATORS, 46
EVENTS ARE MovERS, 46
EVENTS ARE MOVERS AND MANIPULATORS, 46—
47
EVENTS ARE SPATIAL STORIES, Everyman, 6
Explanation, 9, 20
Faerie Queene, 7
Fauconnier, Gilles, 58, 67, 161
Fenollosa, Ernest, 140, 160
Fillmore, Charles, 161
Focus, 117, 122, 134; spatial and temporal, 149
Force dynamics, 16, 179; grammaticalizcd in English, 161
Freeman, Donald C., 171 n
Futuric present, 151
Gal
ly, A., 180
Geertz, Clifford, 15
GENERIC Is SPECIFIC, 87 Generic space, 86-94, 102, 136 Gibbs, Raymond W., Jr., 179 God's—eye view, 15
Goffman, Erving, 132 Goldberg, Adele, 103, 161 Gordon, S. E., 180
Gower, John, 53
INDEX (2. 185
Gradient of spaces and projections, 92, 105
Graesser, A. C., 180
Grammar, 140; as dynamic and adaptive network of constructions, 147; genetic specialization for, 141, 168; module 140- 41; origin of, 145; as set of instruments for guiding space—building and blending, 104
Great Chain, 137
Grim Reaper, 76-81. See also Death
I¥anu%4 12,38 Hemingway, Ernest, 96 Heroism—in—general, 81 Hesiod, 53
Historic present, 151 Holmes, Sherlock, 133 Homer, 27, 44 Hornstein, Norbert, 152 Hubel, David, 180 Hunchback, Tale of the (The Tbausana’ ana’
OneNigbts), 129
Hupfeld, Herman, 38 Hussein, Saddam, 56 Hypothetical space, 10
Identity connections, 122
Illness—in-general, 77
Image schema, 10, 16-17, 22, 141, 179-80; balance, 16; in basic-level categories, 24; bounded interior, 16; in the brain, 22; complex, 16; container, 14-16, 23; in developmental psychology, 24; event shape, 28; of force dynamics, 29; further reading on, 179-81; and invariance, 30; motion along a path, 16; projection of, 17
Imagination, 19
Indian Ink, 85
Irferna, 61-63
Input space, 60
Integration of distributed operations, 110-11
Integration, reentrant, 112
Interior, bounded, 16
Invariance, 31, 53, 108-9
John of the Cross, Saint, 44 Johnson, Mark, 16, 39, 47, 88, 179 jungle Book, The, 139