Norwich Aurora, 165
Noticioso de Ambos Mundos, 185
Oberlin Evangelist, 153
Obi, or Three-Finger’d Jack, 117
Olmsted, Denison, 124, 127
Ormond, “Mongo John,” 45
Osceola, 103
Padilla, Manuel, 65, 69, 76
Paine, John S., 149, 150
palavers, 34–35, 185
Palmerston, Lord, 189
Parker, Mary Ann, 232
Peale’s Museum and Portrait Gallery, 163–65
Pendleton, Stanton, 108, 109, 111, 129, 141, 189, 190, 216
African girls employed by, 177, 178, 193, 194
Amistad Africans’ conflicts with, 177–79, 183, 193–94
Antonio and, 195
Covey and, 178
Pendleton, William, 216
Pennington, James, 106, 206, 210, 213
Pennsylvania Freeman, 11, 106, 139, 197
Pérez de Castro, Evaristo, 186
Philadelphia Vigilance Committee, 172
Phillips, Jonas B., 114, 118
Philmore, J., 170
Pie, 22, 27, 42, 91, 148
on Amistad, 70
Pinckney Treaty, 184, 186–87, 188
pirates, 117
plays, 3, 4, 8, 114–18, 120
Poro Society, 8, 31–33, 59, 72, 73, 75, 81, 82, 144, 175, 185, 219
athleticism and, 134
Porter, David, 92
Post, Henry, 232
Pratt, Charles, 11–12, 136–40, 142, 143, 146, 147, 193
Proctor, Joseph, 115
Puerto Príncipe, 65, 68
Pugnwawni, 22, 26, 39, 41
Purvis, Robert, 151, 172, 173–74, 224–25, 226
Quaint, Peter, 130
Rankin, F. Harrison, 33, 33, 56
Ray, Charles B., 207
Raymond, Elizabeth, 215
Raymond, William, 214, 215, 217, 218–19, 221, 226, 227, 232
Reed, Peter, 117
rice production, 26–27, 38, 39
Richmond Enquirer, 131, 139
Rodney, Walter, 39
Rogers, Nathaniel, 230
Rogers, Zachary, 40
Rolla, 189
Romney, 64
Ruggles, David, 107, 149–50, 234
Ruiz, José “Pepe,” 2, 61–62, 64, 65, 71, 73, 76–82, 84–87, 96–99, 101, 104, 115, 124, 131–32, 145, 146, 149, 160, 176, 181, 184, 187, 190, 193, 200
arrest of, 138, 178
arrival in Long Island, 91, 92
artistic depictions of, 161, 165, 167
lawsuit against, 138, 139
rum, 17–18, 28
Rush, Christopher, 206
Sa, 22, 222
Saint Domingue, Haitian Revolution in, 9, 10, 20, 40
Sando chiefdom, 5, 22, 23, 56, 180
Saracen, 189
Sartain, John, 173, 174, 185, 192
Scoble, John, 209
Seagram, H. F., 189
Second Seminole War, 103, 107
Sedgwick, Theodore, 132, 138, 147
Sessi, 22, 27–28, 29, 50, 201, 212
on Amistad, 70, 81
in rebellion, 75
Sharpe, Sam, 9
Sherman, Elias S., 195
Sherman, Seymour G., 88
Shule, 41, 42, 159
in rebellion, 74
Shuma, 43, 113
Siaka, King, 13, 14, 16, 19, 21, 22, 36–37, 39–40, 41, 42, 46, 74, 125, 227
Sierra Leone, 5, 13, 22, 23, 24, 25, 33, 40–41
Amistad Africans’ return to, 3, 196, 216–23, 226–27
Freetown, 24, 30, 36, 44, 56, 60, 207, 217–20, 226
mission in, 204, 208–11, 213–15, 217–21, 226, 227
Silliman, Benjamin, 127
Sketchley, J., 99, 102
Slave, The, 117
slave revolts, 9, 10, 21, 99, 106–7, 234
abolitionists’ justification of, 169–71
Creole, 21, 225–26, 227, 229, 233, 234
theatrical depictions of, 117
waterfront and, 107–8
slavery, 44, 221
abolitionists and, see abolitionists
in Africa, 38–40
Underground Railroad and, 5, 107, 151, 172, 195, 207, 224, 227
in United States, 20–21
slave ships:
conditions on, 52–56, 53, 54
daily routines of, 58
loading of, 47–48
violence on, 69–70
slave trade:
Atlantic, 40–43
cannibalism beliefs and, 72
Cuba and, 60, 132
expansion of, 36
Great Britain and, 9, 16, 19–20, 40, 44, 47, 49, 52, 55, 57, 60, 64, 105, 169, 186, 188–89
Kru people and, 48, 57
lookout posts and, 47
Middle Passage in, 5, 19, 54–60, 228
physical examination of slaves, 44–45, 61
statistics on, 56–57
sugar production and, 17–19, 65, 68–69, 107
wars surrounding, 221–22
Smith, James McCune, 206–7
sorcery, 72
Southern Patriot, 139
Spain, 20, 60, 64
Amistad case and, 104, 132, 152, 169, 170, 186–87, 188, 190
Spielberg, Steven, 4
Stanley, Roderick, 129
Staples, Seth, 147, 148
Steele, James, 175–76, 215, 217, 218–19, 222, 226–27
Story, Joseph, 190
Sturge, Joseph, 230
sugar production, 17–19, 20, 38, 65, 68–69, 107
Supreme Court, U.S., 3, 181, 183, 184–95, 225, 234
Adams’ speech before, 3, 188, 189–90, 192, 235
appeal of case to, 152, 183
Baldwin’s speech before, 3, 187–88, 192
decision of, 190–91, 207, 235–36
Susu people, 23, 38
Tacky’s rebellion, 170
Taney, Roger B., 183
Tappan, Arthur, 123, 236
Tappan, Lewis, 2, 8, 9, 104, 106, 110–11, 119–20, 123–27, 130, 137–39, 141, 146–48, 150, 154–57, 159, 161, 168–69, 172, 178–79, 183, 184, 193–95, 206, 213, 229, 230, 234–36
and Amistad Africans’ return home, 215–16, 217, 221
funding and, 231, 232
mission and, 209–10
on tour, 197–99, 202–3, 205
Teçora, 5, 19, 37, 44, 47, 51, 54–61, 63, 65, 68, 122, 189
uprising aboard, 74
Teme, 54, 65, 109, 110, 129, 136
at Pendleton household, 177, 178, 193, 194
return home, 220
Temne people, 5, 22, 23, 26, 38, 56, 180, 220, 226
Poro Society and, see Poro Society
sorcery beliefs among, 72
theater, 3, 4, 8, 114–18, 120
Thompson, George, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 51, 52, 56, 152, 227
illustration of slave ship in book by, 52–54
Thompson, Samuel, 232–33
Thompson, Smith, 131, 132, 184
tobacco, 39
Todd, Francis, 123
Townsend, Amos, Jr., 185, 189, 191, 193
Townsend, William H., 14–16, 39, 112–14, 178–79, 194
Tracy, Joseph, 204
Transatlantic Slave Trade Database, 56–57
Treaty of Ghent, 186
True History of the African Chief Jingua and his Comrades, A, 142–43, 228
Truth, Sojourner, 106
Tsukama, 30, 178, 222
Tua, 22, 108, 159, 175
Tubman, Harriet, 5
Turner, Nat, 9, 21, 162, 237
Tyler, John, 8, 211, 217
Underground Railroad, 5, 107, 151, 172, 195, 207, 224, 227
Union Missionary Society, 213
Vai people, 23, 36–37, 40, 56, 226
Van Buren, Martin, 8, 148–49, 152–53, 183, 189–90, 234, 236
Vashon, J. B., 232
Verdaque, Jacinto, 65, 69, 76
Vesey, Denmark,
108, 237
Victoria, Queen, 8, 19
Vigilance Committees, 107, 172, 195, 207, 224, 231
Walker, David, 8–9, 21, 108, 236–37
Wanderer, 189
warfare, 32, 35–38, 73–74, 78–79
Washington (brig), 91, 94, 96–99, 101, 116, 122, 132
Washington, D.C., 19
Washington, George, 168, 171, 229
Washington, Madison, 21, 224–26, 233, 236
water spirits, 84–85
Weluwa, 22, 108, 129
“What the Mechanics of the Country Think” (Thompson), 232–33
Wilcox, Norris, 96, 108, 124, 129, 137, 189, 190–91, 195
Williams, A. F., 175, 198–99, 211–13, 216
Wilson, Henry, 215
Wilson, Tamar, 215
Windward Coast, 23, 46
Workingman’s Friend, 165
Wright, Henry C., 226, 237
Wright, Isaac, 214–15
Wright, Theodore S., 207, 208
Yaboi, 26, 41
Yammoni, 108
Yannielli, Joseph L., 227
Zawo War, 21, 39–40, 227
Zuille, John J., 207
ILLUSTRATION SOURCES AND CREDITS
Insert
Page 1. “La Amistad,” watercolor on paper by unknown artist, c. 1839, courtesy of the New Haven Museum & Historical Society, New Haven.
Page 2. “A Warrior with Poisoned Arrows,” from Francis B. Spilsbury, Account of a Voyage to the Western Coast of Africa; performed by His Majesty’s sloop Favourite, in the year 1805 (London, 1807), facing p. 39, detail, courtesy of the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.
Page 3. Top: Mende “booker” and cutlass, details from “African Farming Utensils,” Thompson in Africa; or, an Account of the Missionary Labors, Sufferings, Travels, and Observations of George Thompson in Western Africa, at the Mendi Mission (Dayton, Ohio: Printed for the Author, 1857, ninth edition; orig. printed 1852), 208, collection of the author. Middle: Cane knife, from A True History of the African Chief Jingua and his Comrades (Hartford, 1839), courtesy of the Beneicke Rare Book and Manuscript Collection, Yale University. Bottom: Knives found in the New Haven jail, New York Morning Herald, November 9, 1839, courtesy of the New-York Historical Society.
Page 4. “Ports on the Western Coast of Africa by Captain Alexander T.E. Vidal, R.N., 1837, 38, 39,” Admiralty Chart, Map Collections, detail, © The British Library Board, Maps SEC.11.(1690).
Page 5. Top: “Section of an Embarkation Canoe,” Gallinas Coast, 1849, The Illustrated London News, April 14, 1849, 237, collection of the author. Bottom: Description of a Slave Ship (London, James Phillips, 1789), detail, courtesy of the Peabody-Essex Museum, Salem, Massachusetts.
Page 6. “The Portuguese slaver Diligenté captured by H. M. Sloop Pearl with 600 slaves on board. Taken in charge to Nassau by Lieut. Henry Hawker R.N. 1838,” watercolor, courtesy of Michael Graham-Stewart.
Page 7. “Joseph Cinquez, Leader of the Gang of Negroes, who killed Captain Ramon Ferrers and the Cook, on board the Spanish Schooner Amistad, Captured by Lieutenant Gedney of the U.S. Brig Washington at Culloden Point, Long Island, August 24th 1839,” detail, courtesy of the Stanley-Whitman House, Farmington, Connecticut.
Page 8. Top: “Little Kale,” Middle: “Grabo” (Grabeau), Bottom: “Kimbo,” all by William H. Townsend (1822–1851), Sketches of the Amistad captives, [ca. 1839–1840]. GEN MSS 335, courtesy of the Beneicke Rare Book and Manuscript Collection, Yale University.
Page 9. Playbill, “The Black Schooner or the Pirate Slaver Armistad!” Bowery Theatre, New York, 1839, courtesy of Harvard Theatre Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
Page 10. “African Chief Jingua,” from A True History of the African Chief Jingua and his Comrades, courtesy of the Beneicke Rare Book and Manuscript Collection, Yale University.
Page 11. Top: Cinqué, detail from “Death of Capt. Ferrer, the Captain of the Amistad, July, 1839” and portrait, both by John Warner Barber, A History of the Amistad Captives (New Haven: E.L. and J.W. Barber, 1839), courtesy of Marietta College Library. Bottom: Konoma, silhouette and detail from “Death of Capt. Ferrer, the Captain of the Amistad, July, 1839,” both by John Warner Barber, A History of the Amistad Captives, courtesy of Marietta College Library.
Page 12. “The Murder of Jane McCrea” by John Vanderlyn, 1804, courtesy of Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Hartford, Connecticut/Art Resource, New York.
Page 13. “Horrid Massacre in Virginia,” from Samuel Warner [compiler], Authentic and impartial narrative of the tragical scene which was witnessed in Southampton County (Virginia) on Monday the 22d of August last when fifty-five of its inhabitants (mostly women and children) were inhumanly massacred by the blacks! Communicated by those who were eye witnesses of the bloody scene, and confirmed by the confessions of several of the blacks while under Sentence of Death (New York: Warner & West, 1831), courtesy of the Library of Virginia.
Page 14. Top: Lewis Tappan, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, courtesy of the New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. Bottom: John Quincy Adams, courtesy of the Library of Congress.
Page 15. Top: Roger S. Baldwin, Print Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallace Division of Art, Prints and Photographs, courtesy of the New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. Bottom: Robert Purvis, daguerreotype, 1839, Rare Books Collection, courtesy of the Boston Public Library, Print Department.
Page 16. “Joseph Cinque” by Nathaniel Jocelyn, courtesy of the New Haven Museum & Historical Society, New Haven.
Title Page
Lower Deck, by John Warner Barber, A History of the Amistad Captives, courtesy of Marietta College Library.
In Chapter One
Page 14. “Fuli,” Townsend Sketches, courtesy of the Beneicke Rare Book and Manuscript Collection, Yale University.
Page 15. “Marqu” (Margru), Townsend Sketches, courtesy of the Beneicke Rare Book and Manuscript Collection, Yale University.
Page 16. “Malhue” (Moru), Townsend Sketches, courtesy of the Beneicke Rare Book and Manuscript Collection, Yale University.
Page 50. “Slave Barracoon,” Gallinas Coast, 1849, The Illustrated London News, April 14, 1849, 237, collection of the author.
Page 53. Views of a Slave Ship, Thompson in Africa, 19, collection of the author.
Page 54. Lower Deck, Thompson in Africa, 19, collection of the author.
In Chapter Three
Page 100. “Joseph Cinquez, Leader of the Piratical Gang of Negroes,” by J. Sketchley for the New York Sun, 1839, lithograph by John Childs, detail, courtesy of the New Haven Museum & Historical Society, New Haven.
Page 101. “Joseph Cinquez, the brave Congolese Chief,” for the New York Sun, 1839, detail, courtesy of the Library of Congress.
Page 102. “Joseph Cinquez Cinquez Addressing his Compatriots on board the Spanish Schooner AMISTAD 26th Augt 1839,” lithograph by John Childs (likely after James Sketchley) for the New York Sun, detail, courtesy of the Chicago History Museum.
In Chapter Four
Page 131. “The Captured Africans of the Amistad: Teaching Philosophy to Lewis Tappen & Co. in the Prison at Hartford,” New York Morning Herald, October 4, 1839, courtesy of the New York Historical Society.
In Chapter Five
Page 162. “Death of Capt. Ferrer, the Captain of the Amistad, July, 1839” by John Warner Barber, A History of the Amistad Captives, detail, courtesy of Marietta College Library.
Page 163. Details, “Death of Capt. Ferrer, the Captain of the Amistad, July, 1839” by John Warner Barber, A History of the Amistad Captives, courtesy of Marietta College Library.
Page 173. “Cinque: The Chief of the Amistad Captives,” mezzotint by John Sartain, after a painting by Nathaniel Jocelyn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1840, courtesy of the Yale University Art Gallery.
sp; Marcus Rediker, The Amistad Rebellion
The Amistad Rebellion Page 36