3 May: General election
4 May: MT became Prime Minister
APPENDIX III
Shadow Cabinet 1975–79
February 1975
MT Leader
WHITELAW Deputy Leader and Devolution
JOSEPH Policy and Research PYM Agriculture
OPPENHEIM Consumer Affairs and Prices
YOUNGER Defence
GILMOUR Home Affairs
PEYTON House of Commons
ST JOHN-STEVAS Education and Arts
PRIOR Employment
JENKIN Energy
RAISON Environment
MAUDLING Foreign and Commonwealth
HESELTINE Industry
NEAVE Northern Ireland
BUCHANAN-SMITH Scotland
FOWLER Social Services
HOWE Treasury
EDWARDS Wales
CARRINGTON House of Lords
HAILSHAM Without portfolio
THORNEYCROFT Party Chairman
MAUDE Deputy Chairman and CRD Chairman
ATKINS Chief Whip (ex officio)
January 1976 — reshuffle
Biffen joined Shadow Cabinet from the backbenches as Energy spokesman.
Jenkin moved from Energy to Social Services, replacing Fowler who became spokesman for Transport outside the Shadow Cabinet. Whitelaw replaced Gilmour as Shadow Home Secretary. Gilmour replaced Younger at Defence.
Pym returned at Agriculture (had been absent through illness since April 1975); Jopling resumed his role as Agriculture No. 2.
MT Leader
WHITELAW Dep. Leader, Devolution, Home Affairs
JOSEPH Policy and Research PYM Agriculture
OPPENHEIM Consumer Affairs and Prices
GILMOUR Defence
PEYTON House of Commons
ST JOHN-STEVAS Education and Arts
PRIOR Employment
BIFFEN Energy
RAISON Environment
MAUDLING Foreign and Commonwealth
HESELTINE Industry
NEAVE Northern Ireland
BUCHANAN-SMITH Scotland
JENKIN Social Services
HOWE Treasury
EDWARDS Wales
CARRINGTON House of Lords
HAILSHAM Without portfolio
THORNEYCROFT Chairman
MAUDE Deputy Chairman and CRD Chairman
ATKINS Chief Whip (ex officio)
November 1976 — reshuffle
MT dismissed Maudling; replaced him with John Davies.
Heseltine moved to Environment and replaced at Industry by John Biffen.
Tom King joined the Shadow Cabinet as Energy spokesman.
Teddy Taylor joined the Shadow Cabinet as Trade spokesman.
Pym took over devolution and House of Commons.
Peyton replaced Pym shadowing Agriculture.
MT Leader
WHITELAW Deputy Leader and Home Affairs
JOSEPH Policy and Research
PEYTON Agriculture
OPPENHEIM Consumer Affairs and Prices
GILMOUR Defence
PYM Devolution and House of Commons
ST JOHN-STEVAS Education and Arts
PRIOR Employment
KING Energy
HESELTINE Environment
DAVIES Foreign and Commonwealth
BIFFEN Industry
NEAVE Northern Ireland
BUCHANAN-SMITH Scotland
JENKIN Social Services
TAYLOR Trade
HOWE Treasury
EDWARDS Wales
CARRINGTON House of Lords
HAILSHAM Without portfolio
THORNEYCROFT Chairman
MAUDE Deputy Chairman and CRD Chairman
ATKINS Chief Whip (ex officio)
December 1976 — Buchanan-Smith resignation
Taylor replaced Buchanan-Smith as Scottish Shadow.
John Nott entered the Shadow Cabinet to replace Taylor shadowing Trade.
February 1977 — Biffen resignation
Biffen resigned. Keith Joseph replaced him as Industry spokesman, remaining responsible for Policy and Research.
November 1978 — reshuffle
Francis Pym formally replaced John Davies as Conservative Foreign Affairs spokesman.
Biffen returned to the Shadow Cabinet with responsibility for Small Businesses.
Carlisle replaced St John-Stevas as Education spokesman. St John-Stevas replaced Pym as Shadow Leader of the House of Commons.
MT Leader
WHITELAW Deputy Leader and Home Affairs
JOSEPH Industry, Policy and Research
PEYTON Agriculture
OPPENHEIM Consumer Affairs and Prices
GILMOUR Defence
ST JOHN-STEVAS Devolution and House of Commons
CARLISLE Education and Arts
PRIOR Employment
KING Energy
HESELTINE Environment
PYM Foreign and Commonwealth
BIFFEN Small Businesses
NEAVE Northern Ireland
TAYLOR Scotland
JENKIN Social Services
NOTT Trade
HOWE Treasury
EDWARDS Wales
CARRINGTON House of Lords
HAILSHAM Without portfolio
THORNEYCROFT Chairman
MAUDE Deputy Chairman and CRD Chairman ATKINS Chief Whip (ex officio)
Index
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Aberfan disaster, 142–3
abortion, 150, 152
Abse, Leo, 150
Abyssinia, Italian invasion (1935), 24, 26
Action not Words, 137
Adamson, Campbell, 237
Adenauer, Konrad, 342
Adley, Robert, 269, 271
aerospace industry, 574
Afghanistan: Soviet invasion (1979), 367, 371, 383; US aid, 528
Africa: national identities, 525; economies, 586–9
African National Congress (ANC), 588
Agar, Herbert, 30
aircraft industry, 313
Albania, economy, 593
Alison, Michael, 556
Allon, Yigal, 379
Almond, Mark, 495n
Amery, Julian, 324
Amery, Leo, 55
Amin, Idi, 212
Amis, Kingsley, 78
Andrew, Sir Herbert, 165
Anglo-Soviet Parliamentary Group, 154
Angola, Cuban forces, 349, 361
Anschluss (1938), 26, 29
Anwyl-Harris, Peter, 588n
Any Questions, 260
APEX trade union, 397–8, 401
Arab-Israeli war (1973), 229, 230, 372–3
Argentina, economy, 581, 583
Armstrong, Robert, 37
Armstrong, Sir Thomas, 37
Armstrong, Sir William, 227
art galleries, 179
Ashdown, Lord, 292
Assad, Hafez al-, 376–8
Association of Education Committees, 183
Astaire, Fred, 14
Atkins, Humphrey: MT’s leadership election, 280, 282; relations with Heath, 282–3, 416; MT’s Shadow Cabinet, 282, 285; fall of Labour government, 432–3; election campaign (1979), 447
Atkins, Maggie, 282
Atlantic Charter (1941), 57
Atlas Preservative Company, 65
atomic bomb, 52–4, 175
Attlee, Clement, 44–5, 69
Austen, Jane, 19
Australia: MT’s visit (1976), 387–8; economy, 585–6
Aveling-Barford, 23
Aviation, Ministry of, 117, 206
Aviation Week and Space Technology, 367
Ayittey, George B.N., 586n
Bach Choir, Oxford, 37–8
Backbench Finance Committee, 303
Baker, Kenneth, 274
balance of payments, 115, 142, 230
Balcerowicz, Leszek, 591
Baldwin, Stanley, 26, 44
Balfour of Inchrye, Lord, 72
Baltic states, 589
Bank of England, 571
Barber, Anthony: public spending cuts, 192, 203; Chancellor of Exchequer, 199, 200; Budget (1972), 220; trade figures, 230; TUC negotiations, 232
Barnet Council, 131, 172
Barnet Town Hall, 100, 460
Basnett, David, 446
Bauer, Peter, 587
BBC, 86, 382, 434, 443–4
Beatles, 153
Beckenham constituency, 94
Begin, Menachem, 380
Belgium, linguistic disputes, 524
Bell, Tim, 410–11, 412–13, 458
Bellairs, Charles, 248
Belmont Preparatory School, 106
Belstead, Lord, 165
Benn, Tony, 43, 49, 162, 260, 335
Bergman, Ingrid, 14
Berlin Wall, 117, 508, 517
Bernal, J.D., 39
Berry, Tony, 432
Berwick and East Lothian by-election (1978), 418
Bethell, Lord, 513
Better Tomorrow, A, 160
Bevan, Aneurin, 69
Beveridge, Lord, 44, 87, 120–1, 559
Beveridge Report, 120–2, 559
Bevin, Ernest, 48
Bhutto, Benazir, 383
Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 383–4
Bibby, Joseph, 7
Biedenkopf, Kurt, 344
Biffen, John: economic policy, 115, 221, 265, 310; influence, 225; turns down Shadow Cabinet post, 289; Energy spokesman, 310; Industry, 319, 320; responsibility for small businesses, 418
Birch, Nigel, 44, 92, 116
Birmingham, grammar schools, 171–2
Birmingham Stechford by-election (1977), 395
Bismarck, Otto von, 518
Black Papers, 167
Blatch, Bertie, 97, 98, 99–100, 102
Boaden, Roger, 441, 460
Boardman, Tom, 231
Boddy, David, 441
Bomber Command, 32
Boothby, Robert, 48
Bosnia, war, 514–17, 532, 534
Bossom, Sir Alfred, 75–6
Bow Group, 317
Bowyer, Eric, 123
Boyd-Carpenter, John: speaks in Finchley, 98; Pensions, 119, 121, 123, 124; Treasury, 125; Housing and Land, 136
Boyer, Charles, 15
Boyle, Edward: Oxford politics, 42; US debating tour, 43; Birmingham adoption, 62; Suez resignation, 88; joins Cabinet (1962), 125; Shadow Cabinet, 144; leaves politics, 156; Leeds Vice-Chancellor, 156, 187;
education policy, 170, 179, 184; home, 309
Brandt, Willi, 342, 349
Brazil, economy, 581, 583, 588
Brent Trades Council, 398
Bretton Woods, 596–7
Brezhnev, Leonid, 351, 353
British Airways, 574
British-American Parliamentary Group, 278
British Crime Surveys (BCS), 540–1
British Empire, 45
British Leyland, 300, 574
British Manufacturing and Research Company (‘British Marcs’), 32, 33
British Rail, 428
British Steel, 574
British Telecom, 574
Brittan, Sir Leon, 426
Brittan, Sir Samuel, 303, 597
Britto, Keith, 443, 460
Brogan, Colm, 51–2
Bronte sisters, 19
Brooke, Gerald, 154
Brooke, Henry, 111
Brown, George (Lord George-Brown), 138, 425, 428
Brownlow, Lord, 20
Bruce-Gardyne, Jock, 215, 221, 225, 252, 265
Bruges, MT’s speech (1988), 473, 487, 506–7
Bruntisfield, Lord, see Warrender, Sir Victor
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 367
Buchan, John, 113
Buchanan-Smith, Alick, 322, 323–6
Buckingham, University of, 159–60
budgets: (1955), 87; (1961), 116; (1966), 138–9; (1970), 203; (1972), 211, 220, 225; (1973), 226; (1974), 265; (1975), 300; (1976), 320; (1977), 395; (1979), 571; (1981), 571; (1984). 571; (1988), 571
Building Societies’ Association, 249
Bundesbank, 492
Burke, Edmund: quoted, 26, 46, 536, 542n, 553; influence on MT, 50, 553, 604
Burmah Oil, 138, 271, 309
Bush, George, 474
Butler, Adam, 399
Butler, R.A.: Education Act, 44; budget (1955), 87; passed over as PM (1957), 91; MT’s maiden speech, 112–13; dining club speeches, 114; again passed over (1963), 128–9; immigration controls, 145
BX Plastics, 61–2, 67
by-elections: Chelmsford (1945), 19; Grantham (1942), 33; Torrington (1958), 93; Orpington (1962), 115; Middlesbrough West (1962), 115; Ely (1973), 226; Ripon (1973), 226; Woolwich West (1975), 343; Walsall North (1976), 319; Workington (1976), 319; Birmingham Stechford (1977), 395; Ashfield (1977), 395–6; Grimsby (1977), 395–6; Berwick and East Lothian (1978), 418; Liverpool Edgehill (1979), 445; see also elections, general
Gaetano, Marcello, 340
Callaghan, James: budget (1966), 139; immigration legislation, 145; trade union reform issue, 161n; Prime Minister, 313; pairing dispute, 314; Lib-Lab pact, 327, 394; attitude to EC, 334; MT’s US visit (1975), 359; son-in-law, 368; attitude to left wing, 400; 1978 non-election, 410, 412; winter of discontent, 419–20, 425–7; Guadeloupe summit (1979), 425; devolution, 430, 432; fall of government, 432–3; election campaign (1979), 440–1, 443–4, 445, 448–9
Camden Girls’ School, 18, 19
Camp David Agreements, 380
Campbell, Gordon, 202
Campbell, Judy, 14
Camrose, Lord, 73
Canada, linguistic disputes, 524
Candidates’ Conference, 248
Canterbury constituency, 80
capital punishment, 151–2
car industry, 300, 413, 415
Carlisle, Mark, 418
Carr, Robert: One Nation, 86; Change is our Ally, 86; Race Relations Bill, 146; Employment Secretary, 200–1; Industrial Relations Act, 201, 206; miners’ strike (1972), 201, 216, 217; miners’ strike (1974), 201; Home Secretary, 201, 224; Heath government reforms, 203; Shadow Cabinet reshuffle (1974), 242; election campaign (October 1974), 247, 248, 258; Shadow Chancellor, 264; and formation of MT’s Shadow Cabinet, 283–4, 290; Tory Reform Group, 325
Carrington, Peter, Lord: Defence Secretary, 200; Party Chairman, 202, 234; Energy Secretary, 233–4; Leader of Lords, 287; Rhodesian sanctions, 417–18; election campaign (1979), 447, 451
Carter, Jimmy: foreign policy, 342, 364–5, 373, 528; relations with MT, 367; neutron bomb, 371; Camp David Agreements, 380
Cartland, Barbara, 30, 144
Carvel, Robert, 249
Castrol, 138
Catholic Church, 591
Cazalet-Keir, Thelma, 309
Ceausescu, Elena, 355, 508
Ceausescu, Nicolae, 354–7, 508
Central Council, 326
Central Office: MT’s early career, 63–5, 79–80, 85, 100; Heath as candidate, 68; opinion of voters, 115; MT’s Finchley constituency, 131; election campaign (1970), 160; sherry, 249; leadership election (1975), 276, 280; Thorneycroft Chairmanship, 291–2, 440, 458; Reece’s role, 410; 1978 non-election, 412; election campaign (1979), 440, 442–6, 449–50. 455–6, 457, 458
Central Policy Review Staff(CPRS), 174, 195, 221
Centre for Policy Studies (CPS): origins, 250–2; Joseph’s involvement, 250–7, 286, 317, 420; MT’s involvement, 251–2, 254, 467; role, 252–3, 298; relationship with CRD, 292
CERN (European Centre for Nuclear Research), 175, 176
Chamberlain, Neville, 28, 42, 44
Chambers, Paul, 343–4
Change is our Ally, 86–7, 316
Channon, Paul, 154, 242
Charlton, Michael, 363
Charter 77, 364
Chechen Republic, 526–7
Chekhov, Anton, 38
Chelm
er, Lord, 292
Chelmsford by-election (1945), 19
Chelsea Antiques Fair, 257
Chequers, 188–9, 466
Chesterton, G.K., 522
Child Benefit, 564, 573
Child Poverty Action Group, 262
Child Support Agency, 563
Childe, Rev. Henry, 11
Chile: Pinochet regime, 530, 581; economy, 581–2
China: US policy, 348; MT’s visit (1977), 388–91; nuclear power, 520; economy, 521, 584, 598; Tibet policy, 530; science and technology, 579
Chirac, Jacques, 337
Christian Democrat Union (CDU), 341–3, 346, 500
Christianity, 554–6, 580
Christianity and Conservatism, 556
Christ’s College School, 100, 172
Church of England, 105
Churchill, Winston: coalition government, 19, 44; Munich Agreement, 27; radio broadcasts 31; on Bomber Command, 32–3; 1945 election, 44–6; Potsdam Conference, 45, 54; on socialism 45, 50; writings, 53; relationship with Stalin, 54, 57; Fulton speech, 59; Party Conference (1948), 63; Cold War rhetoric, 71; MT comparison, 74, 343; Conservative Women’s rally (1950), 75; resignation, 87; referendum proposal, 332; Imperial War Cabinet, 387–8
civil servants: DES, 166; pay policy, 227–8
Clegg, Hugh, 439
closed shop controversy, 312, 368, 401, 429, 436–7
CNN conference (1992), 492
coal stocks, 216–17, 226
coalition proposals (1974), 238–9, 259–60, 327
Cohesion Fund, 502
Cohn-Bendit case (1978), 505n
Colchester, 62, 67
collectivism: Liberal policy, 21; wartime Britain, 46; postwar Conservative policy, 49; Change is our Ally, 86–7; threat to civil liberties, 110; in education, 174; Heath Government policies, 196, 225, 227; oppositions, 440; Christian approach, 555
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 208, 334, 483, 500, 502
Common Fisheries Policy, 209, 497
Commonwealth, 126–7, 208
Commonwealth Immigrants’ Act (1962), 145
Commonwealth Immigrants’ Bill (1968), 145
communism: MT’s view of, 14, 24, 29, 156, 341, 600, 603; Soviet Union, 155–6; in trade union movement, 205–6; Muggeridge on, 309–10; Euro-communism, 340–1; advance, 440; collapse, 476, 510; Poland, 602
Community Charge, 202, 571
comprehensive schools, 157–8, 168, 171, 173, 188
Concorde project, 203
Confederation of British Industry (CBI): Davies Director General, 200; incomes policy, 219, 311; TUC relationship, 219, 223–4, 234–5; winter of discontent, 426, 428
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 509, 526
Congdon, Tim, 574
Conquest, Robert, 90, 351, 361
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