80. Private collection of Gerard Barthelemy.
81. AN Colonies F3 59, p. 173.
82. Private collection of Gerard Barthelemy.
83. Private collection of Gerard Barthelemy.
84. Auguste, p. 145.
85. Auguste, p. 147.
86. Metral, p. 265.
87. Auguste, p. 153.
88. Madiou, vol. 2, p. 304.
89. Lacroix, p. 344.
90. Roussier, p. 131.
91. Pluchon, t/« revolutionnaire noir, p. 490.
92. Private collection of Gerard Barthelemy; Mme de Michelet, Histoire de monpere.
93. Private collection of Gerard Barthelemy.
94. Auguste, pp. 154-55.
95. Pluchon, Un revolutionnaire noir, p. 494.
96. Pluchon, Un revolutionnaire noir, p. 495.
97. Cesaire, p. 307.
98. Auguste, p. 161.
99. Roussier, p. 168.
100. Roussier, p. 166.
101. Roussier, p. 161.
102.Nemours, Histoire de la captivite, p. 31.
103. Lacroix, p. 354.
104. Lacroix, p. 354.
105. Roussier, p. 256.
six Toussaint in Chains
1. Saint-Remy, p. 94.
2. Roussier, p. 183.
3. Saint-Remy, p. 95.
4. Saint-Remy, p. 86.
5. Roussier, pp. 259-260.
6. Saint-Remy, pp. 88-89.
7. Saint-Remy, p. 123.
8. Saint-Remy, p. 123.
9. Saint-Remy, p. 29.
10. Saint-Remy, p. 29.
11. Saint-Remy, p. 30.
12. Saint-Remy, p. 34.
13. Saint-Remy, p. 36.
14. Saint-Remy, p. 38.
15. Saint-Remy, p. 44.
16. Saint-Remy, pp. 44-45.
17. Saint-Remy, p. 48.
18. Saint-Remy, p. 49.
19. Saint-Remy, p. 67.
20. Saint-Remy, p. 69.
21. Saint-Remy, pp. 84-85.
22. Saint-Remy, p. 94.
23. Nemours, Histoire de la captivite, p. 241.
24. Nemours, Histoire de la captivite, p. 241.
25. Nemours, Histoire de la captivite, p. 246.
26. Nemours, Histoire de la captivite, p. 242.
27. Nemours, Histoire de la captivite, p. 242.
28. Nemours, Histoire de la captivite, p. 247.
29. Nemours, Histoire de L· captivite, p. 248.
30. Nemours, Histoire de L· captivite, p. 249.
SEVEN
Scattering the Bones
1. Pluchon, Un revolutionnaire noir, p. 527.
2. Saint-Remy, p. 86.
3. Pluchon, Un revolutionnaire noir, p. 532.
4. Roland Lambalot, ToussaintLouvertureauFortdeJoux(TOntailier: Office deTourisme, 1989), p. 19.
5. Cesaire, p. 311.
6. Cesaire, p. 322.
7. Chazotte, p. 52.
AFTERWORD
The Image of Toussaint
1. Phillips, p. 33.
2. Pluchon, Un revolutionnaire noir, p. 59.
3. Lacroix, p. 243.
4. Pluchon, Un revolutionnaire noir, pp. 471—72.
5. Lamartine, p. xxvii.
6. Lamartine, p. 35.
7. Phillips, p. 42.
8. Phillips, p. 54.
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Copyright © 2007 by Madison Smartt Bell
All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto.
Vintage and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc.
A portion of this book appeared, in slightly different form, in The Journal of Haitian Studies, vol. 11, no. 2, fall 2005.
The Library of Congress has cataloged the Pantheon edition as follows: Bell, Madison Smartt.
Toussaint Louverture: a biography / Madison Smartt Bell.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Toussaint Louverture, 1743?—1803. 2. Haiti—History—Revolution, 1791-1804—Biography. 3. Revolutionaries—Haiti—Biography 4. Generals—Haiti—Biography. I. Title.
F1923.T69B45 2007
972.94′3092—dc22
eISBN: 978-0-307-54819-1
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