85. Ibid.
86. Ibid.
87. “This Week in Black History,” Jet, July 4, 1983, p. 23; Negro Year Book and Annual Encyclopedia of the Negro (Tuskegee, AL: Negro Year Book Publishing Co., 1916), p. 288; and C. Edward Spann and Michael Edward Williams, Presidential Praise: Our Presidents and Their Hymns (Macon, GA: Mercer Univ. Press, 2008), p. 165.
88. “This Week in Black History,” Jet, July 4, 1983, p. 23; Negro Year Book and Annual Encyclopedia of the Negro (Tuskegee, AL: Negro Year Book Publishing Co., 1916), p. 288; and C. Edward Spann and Michael Edward Williams, Presidential Praise: Our Presidents and Their Hymns (Macon, GA: Mercer Univ. Press, 2008), p. 165.
89. Kenneth B. Morris Jr., “New Shoes,” public talk, Frederick Douglass Memorial and Historical Association Public Meeting, Washington, D.C., September 15, 2007.
90. Kirk, Music at the White House, p. 365.
91. Deborah McNally, “Marie Selika,” Blackpast.org website: www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/williams-marie-selika-c-1849-1937.
92. “Madame Marie Selika: First African American to Perform at the White House.” See Ohio’s Yesterdays website: http://ohiosyesterdays.blogspot.com/2009/01/madame-marie-selika-first-african.html.
93. Kirk, Music at the White House, p. 365.
94. Ibid., pp. 151–152; and African American Registry website: www.aaregistry.com/detail.php?id=1232.
95. Kirk, Music at the White House, p. 229. See also Marian Anderson, My Lord, What a Morning; an Autobiography (New York: Viking Press, 1956); Jerri Ferris, What I Had Was Singing: The Story of Marian Anderson (Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books, 1994); and Allan Keiler, Marian Anderson: A Singer’s Journey (New York: Lisa Drew/Scribner, 2000).
96. Kirk, Music at the White House, p. 230.
97. Ibid., p. 308.
98. Ibid., p. 342.
99. “Biography of Grace Bumbry.” Kennedy Center website: www.kennedy-center.org/calendar/index.cfm?fuseaction=showIndividual&entity_id=56004&source_type=A.
100. Ibid.
101. Anne Midgette, “ ‘Always in Character Onstage,’ ” Washington Post, December 6, 2009.
102. Alonzo Fields, My 21 Years at the White House (New Castle, DE: Coward-McCann, 1961).
103. “White House Staff: Then & Now. Alonzo Fields.” See Harry S. Truman Library and Museum website: www.trumanlibrary.org/educ/fields1.htm.
104. Ibid.
105. “21 Years in the White House,” Ebony, October 1982, p. 62.
106. Fields, My 21 Years, p. 14.
107. “Alonzo Fields,” Truman Library and Museum website.
108. “21 Years in the White House” (Ebony), p. 66.
109. Ibid., p. 64.
110. Ibid, p. 62.
111. Ibid.
112. “Maitre d’ to Presidents John Ficklin Retires; Guest At White House,” Jet, August 15, 1983, p. 24.
113. Bob Dart, “Ex–White House Butler Takes Seat as Honored Guest,” Sunday Star News (Wilmington, DE), July 24, 1983.
114. “The Working White House,” White House Historical Association website: www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_exhibits/working_whitehouse/d3_working-family_c.html.
115. Lillian Rogers Parks, My Thirty Years Backstairs at the White House (Mountain View, CA: Ishi Press, 2008)
116. Robert Thomas, “Lillian Parks, 100, Dies; Had ‘Backstairs’ White House View,” New York Times, November 12, 1997.
117. Milton S. Katz, “E. Frederick [sic] Morrow and Civil Rights in the Eisenhower Administration,” Phylon, Vol. 42, No. 2, 2nd Quarter, 1981), p. 133.
118. O’Reilly, Nixon’s Piano, p. 167; Katz, “Morrow and Civil Rights,” p. 133.
119. Katz, “Morrow and Civil Rights,” p. 134.
120. Ibid, pp. 134–135.
121. Ibid, pp. 136–137.
122. Ibid., p. 137.
123. Ibid., p. 141.
124. Katz, p. 143.
Chapter 7
1. Stokely Carmichael, “What We Want,” in Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor, Civil Rights Since 1787: A Reader on the Black Struggle (New York: New York Univ. Press, 2000), p. 612.
2. Abraham Bolden, The Echo From Dealey Plaza: The True Story of the First African American on the White House Secret Service Detail and His Quest for Justice After the Assassination of JFK (New York: Harmony Books, 2008), p. 26.
3. See House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) Vol. X, pp. 161, 172–175, 193; HSCA 180-10070–10273; HSCA 180-10070–10276; HSCA 180-10080–10154; Warren Commission internal memo dated 4-30-64; Warren Commission document 117; and Warren Commission, Vol. XXV.
4. The Kennedy Records Act mandated that that all assassination-related material be housed in a single collection in the National Archives and Records Administration. See President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collections Act. Access Reports website: www.accessreports.com/statutes/JFK.ACT.htm; Lamar Waldron, Ultimate Sacrifice: John and Robert Kennedy, the Plan for a Coup in Cuba, and the Murder of JFK (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2005), pp. 258–259, 620–621, 632–633; and Lamar Waldron and Thom Hartmann, “After 45 Years, a Civil Rights Hero Waits for Justice,” June 12, 2009, Huffington Post website: www.huffingtonpost.com/thom-hartmann/after-45-years-a-civil-ri_b_213834.html.
5. Philip H. Melanson, The Secret Service: The Hidden History of an Enigmatic Agency (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2005), p. 10.
6. See Ronald Kessler, In the President’s Secret Service: Behind the Scenes with Agents in the Line of Fire and the Presidents They Protect (New York: Crown, 2009).
7. See James Farmer, Lay Bare the Heart: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Arbor House, 1985).
8. Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–63 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988), p. 470.
9. Bolden, Echo From Dealey Plaza, p. 17.
10. Ibid., p. 16.
11. Ibid., p. 5.
12. Ibid., p. 37.
13. Ibid., pp. 23–24.
14. Ibid., 19.
15. Ibid., pp. 34–35.
16. See Wilson Fallin, The African American Church in Birmingham, Alabama, 1815– 1963: A Shelter in the Storm (New York: Taylor & Francis, 1997).
17. United Press International, “Six Dead After Church Bombing,” September 16, 1963, Washington Post website: www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/churches/archives1.htm.
18. Ibid., Waldron, Ultimate Sacrifice, pp. 595–651.
19. Ibid., pp. 652–665.
20. Bolden, Echo From Dealey Plaza, p. 161.
21. Ibid., pp. 194–200.
22. Waldron, Ultimate Sacrifice, pp. 4, 795–796; and Waldron and Hartmann, “A Civil Rights Hero Waits.”
23. Waldron, Ultimate Sacrifice, p. 2.
24. Lamar Waldron and Thom Hartmann, “After 40 Years, the First National Security Whistleblower Still Seeks Justice,” Common Dreams, February 17, 2006, http://www.commondreams.org/views06/0217-20.htm.
25. Ibid.
26. “Secret Service agents claim White House turning blind eye to racism,” October 26, 2004. See Narcosphere website: http://narcosphere.narconews.com/notebook/bill-conroy/2004/10/secret-service-agents-claim-white-house-turning-blind-eye-racism.
27. “Black Agents of the Secret Service Demand Attention to Still-Unaddressed Class Action Discrimination Suit Filed in 2000,” Business Wire, October 22, 2004.
28. Conroy, “White House turning blind eye to racism.”
29. Moore was one of the agents called by Kenneth Starr to testify in the Monica Lewinsky case.
30. Mark Hosenball and Eve Conant, “A Secret Side to the Secret Service,” Newsweek, June 2, 2008.
31. Conroy, “White House turning blind eye to racism.”
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. David Johnston, “E-Mail Shows Racial Jokes by Secret Service Supervisors,” New York Times, May 10, 2008.
35. Ibid.
36. Jim Spellman and Jeanne Meserve, “Secret Service Probes
Alleged Noose Incident,” CNN, May 2, 2008.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid., Hosenball and Conant, “Secret Side.”
39. Amy Argetsinger and Roxanne Roberts, “Secret Service Confirms Third Crasher at White House State Dinner, Washington Post, January 5, 2010.
40. C. Vann Woodward, “The Political Legacy of Reconstruction,” Journal of Negro Education 26, Summer 1957, pp. 231–240. See also Gary Donaldson, The Second Reconstruction: A History of the Modern Civil Rights Movement (Malabar, FL: Kreiger, 2000); and Manning Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black America, 1945–1990 (Jackson, MS: Univ. Press of Mississippi, 1991).
41. Christopher Booker, African Americans and the Presidency (New York: Franklin Watts, 2000), p. 122.
42. Branch, Parting the Waters, p. 837.
43. Kenneth O’Reilly, Black Americans: The FBI Files (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1994), p. 28.
44. Thomas C. Reeves, A Question of Character: A Life of John F. Kennedy (New York: The Free Press, 1991), p. 359.
45. Clayborne Carson, David J. Garrow, Vincent Harding, and Darlene Clark Hine, eds., Eyes on the Prize: America’s Civil Rights Years (New York: Penguin, 1987).
46. “SNCC Position Paper: Vietnam,” in Judith Clavir Albert and Steward Edward Albert, The Sixties Papers: Documents of a Rebellious Decade (New York: Praeger, 1984), p. 118.
47. Martin Luther King Jr., “A Time to Break Silence,” in Philip S. Foner, ed., The Voice of Black America: Major Speeches by Negroes in the United States, 1797–1971 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972), p. 1051.
48. James Boggs, Racism and the Class Struggle: Further Pages From a Black Worker’s Notebook (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970), pp. 39–45.
49. Stephen G. Spottwood, “The Nixon Administration’s Anti-Negro Policy” in Philip S. Foner, ed., The Voice of Black America: Major Speeches by Negroes in the United States, 1797–1973 (New York: Capricorn Books, 1975), p. 560.
50. Booker, African Americans and the Presidency, p. 141.
51. Cited in Ward Churchill and Jim Vander Wall, The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents From the FBI’s Secret Wars Against Dissent in the United States (Boston: South End Press, 1990), p. 92.
52. Ibid., pp. 303–328.
53. William L. Clay, Just Permanent Interests: Black Americans in Congress, 1870–1991 (New York: Amistad Press, 1992), pp. 139–157.
54. Bob Herbert, “Impossible, Ridiculous, Repugnant,” New York Times, October 6, 2005.
55. Kevin Phillips, The Emerging Republican Majority (New York: Arlington House, 1969).
56. James Boyd, “Nixon’s Southern strategy: ‘It’s All In the Charts,’ ” New York Times, May 17, 1970.
57. Mike Allen, “RNC Chief to Say It Was ‘Wrong’ to Exploit Racial Conflict for Votes,” Washington Post, July 14, 2005.
58. Ronnie Bernard Tucker, Affirmative Action, the Supreme Court, and Political Power in the Old Confederacy (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2000), pp. 80–82.
59. Leon Newton, “The Role of Black Neo-Conservatives During President Ronald Reagan’s Administration,” in Anthony J. Eksterowicz and Glenn P. Hastedt, eds., White House Studies Compendium, Vol. 6 (New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2008), p. 10.
60. Manning Marable, Blackwater: Historical Studies in Race, Class Consciousness, and Revolution (Dayton, OH: Black Praxis Press, 1981), p. 160–161.
61. See Jane Mayer and Jill Abramson, Strange Justice: The Selling of Clarence Thomas (Orlando, FL: Houghton Mifflin, 1994).
62. See Clarence Lusane, Pipe Dream Blues: Racism and the War on Drugs (Boston: South End Press, 1991).
63. James Fellner, Decades of Disparity: Drug Arrests and Race in the United States (New York: Human Rights Watch, March 2009), p. 16.
64. William Sabol and Heather Couture, Prison Inmates at Midyear 2007 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, June 2008), p. 7.
65. Toni Morrison, “Talk of the Town: Comment,” The New Yorker, October 5, 1998. See New Yorker website: www.newyorker.com/archive/1998/10/05/1998_10_05_031_TNY_LIBRY_000016504?currentPage=all.
66. See Gary Webb, Dark Alliance: the CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion (New York: Seven Stories Press, 1998).
67. For a timeline of the events, see Seven Stories Press website: www.sevenstories.com/closeup/index.cfm?page=Webb_timeline_1.html%22.
68. David Bositis, Blacks and the 1992 National Democratic Convention (Washington, D.C.: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, 1992), p. 29.
69. Laura Kipnis, “Condi’s Inner Life: What Freudian slips do—or don’t—tell us about politicians,” April 26, 2004. See Slate website: www.slate.com/id/2099516.
70. “Sec. of State Rice: U.S. Has ‘Birth Defect, About Race,” The NPR News Blog, March 28, 2008. http://www.npr.org/blogs/news/2008/03/sec_of_state_rice_us_has_birth_1.html
71. “Interview with Editors,” March 11, 2005. See Washington Times website: www.washingtontimes.com/news/2005/mar/11/20050311-102521-9024r/.
72. Dan Duray, “Rice Congratulates Obama Tearfully, Says She Is ‘Especially Proud’ of Obama,” November 5, 2008. See Huffington Post website: www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/11/05/rice-congratulates-obama_n_141414.html.
73. Kathy Matheson, “Aretha Franklin, Condoleezza Rice Perform Duet For Charity,” July 28, 2010 (Huffington Post website: www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/28/aretha-franklin-condoleez_n_662347.html); and Anne Midgette, “Condoleezza Rice, Aretha Franklin: A Philadelphia Show of a Little R-E-S-P-E-C-T,” Washington Post, July 29, 2010.
74. Michael D. Shear, “ ‘Conservative Values’ Guide Court Appointee,” Washington Post, May 5, 2003; Ernesto Londoño, “Admission Attributed to Bush’s Ex-Aide,” Washington Post, March 14, 2006; “Domestic Policy Advisor Quits, White House Says,” Los Angeles Times, February 10, 2006; and Faiz Shakir, “Friday Night Surprise: White House Aide Caught in Shoplifting Scheme,” March 10, 2006, Think Progress website: http://thinkprogress.org/2006/03/10/claude-allen.
75. Dan Froomkin, “A Polling Free-Fall Among Blacks,” Washington Post, October 13, 2005.
76. Matt Schudel, “Top Jazz Students Play Big Number: 1600 Penn.,” Washington Post, June 16, 2009.
77. Stanley Dance, The World of Duke Ellington (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2000), p. 283.
78. John Edward Hasse, Beyond Category: The Life and Genius of Duke Ellington (Da Capo Press, 1995), p. 374.
79. Elise K. Kirk, Music at the White House: A History of the American Spirit (Urbana, IL: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1986), p. 227.
80. Ibid., p. 264.
81. Ibid., p. 297.
82. Gary Giddens, Satchmo (New York: Doubleday, 1988), pp. 160–165.
83. Stephen R. Weissman, “Opening the Secret Files on Lumumba’s Murder,” Washington Post, July 21, 2002.
84. Kirk, Music at the White House, p. 315.
85. For an extended discussion of “jazz as democracy,” see Kabir Sehgal, Jazzocracy: Jazz, Democracy, and the Creation of a New American Mythology (Mishawaka, IN: Better World Books, 2008).
86. See Michael H. Kater, Different Drummers: Jazz in the Culture of Nazi Germany (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1992); Gwen Ansell, Soweto Blues: Jazz, Popular Music & Politics in South Africa (New York: Continuum, 2004); Chris McGowan, The Brazilian Sound: Samba, Bossa Nova, and the Popular Music of Brazil (Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press, 2009); Leonardo Acosta, Cubano Be, Cubano Bop: One Hundred Years of Jazz in Cuba (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books, 2003); and Warren Pinckney Jr., “Jazz in India: Perspectives on Historical Development and Musical Acculturation,” Asian Music, Autumn 1989–Winter 1990), pp. 35–77.
87. Robert McG. Thomas Jr., “Willis Conover Is Dead at 75; Aimed Jazz at the Soviet Bloc,” New York Times, May 19, 1996.
88. Penny Marie Von Eschen, Satchmo Blows Up the World: Jazz Ambassadors Play the Cold War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2004), p. 17.
89.
Thomas, “Willis Conover Is Dead.”
90. Joseph S. Nye, “Public Diplomacy and Soft Power,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616, No. 1, 2008, p. 94.
91. Penny Von Eschen, Race Against Empire: Black Americans and Anti-colonialism, 1937–1957 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press, 1997), p. 178).
92. Von Eschen, Satchmo Blows Up the World.
93. Ibid., p. 123.
94. Eric Porter, What Is This Thing Called Jazz?: African American Musicians as Artists, Critics, and Activists (Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California Press, 2002); Scott Saul, Freedom Is, Freedom Ain’t: Jazz and the Making of the Sixties (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2003); John Litweiler, The Freedom Principle: Jazz After 1958 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1984); John D. Baskerville, The impact of Black Nationalist Ideology on American Jazz Music of the 1960s and 1970s (Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen Press, c2003); and Frank Kofsky, Black Nationalism and the Revolution in Music (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970).
95. Arguably, jazz or at least a precursor to it was heard at the White House when Scott Joplin’s “Maple Leaf Rag” was performed by the Marine Band at the request of President Theodore Roosevelt’s daughter Alice. Kirk, Music at the White House, p. 365.
96. “6 Jazzmen Play at White House; Young People’s Program of First Lady Sets a Precedent,” Top of FormBottom of FormNew York Times, November 20, 1962.
97. Gardiner Harris, “The Underside of the Welcome Mat,” New York Times, November 8, 2008.
98. Kirk, Music at the White House, p. 307.
99. Constance McLaughlin Green, Washington: Capital City, 1879–1950 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1963), vii–viii.
100. Mark Tucker, Ellington: The Early Years (Urbana, IL: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1995), p. 17.
101. Ibid., pp. 17–18; and Mercer Ellington, Duke Ellington in Person: An Intimate Memoir (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1978), pp. 7–8; and John Edward Hasse, Beyond Category: The Life and Genius of Duke Ellington (Boston: Da Capo Press, 1993), p. 23.
102. Richard Nixon, “Toast of the President at a Dinner Honoring Duke Ellington,” White House, Washington, D.C., April 29, 1969, American Presidency Project website: www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=2025.
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