by Masuma Ahuja
And to my brother Uthsav and my parents. Thank you for everything. None of this could be real without you. ◊
Notes
INTRODUCTION
1 “Child Marriage,” United Nations Population Fund, 2018, https://www.unfpa.org/child-marriage.
2 Jones, Coby. “Every Day 41,000 Girls Are Married Under the Age of 18. A New World Bank Report Shows the Economic Impact of This Problem,” UN Dispatch, July 12, 2017, https://www.undispatch.com/every-day-41000-girls-married-age-18-new-world-bank-report-shows-economic-impact-problem/.
3 Girlhood, Not Motherhood: Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy, United Nations Population Fund, New York, 2015, https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Girlhood_not_motherhood_final_web.pdf.
4 “Girls’ Education,” The World Bank, September 25, 2017, https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/girlseducation.
5 McCoy, Terrence. “Child Marriage in the U.S. Is Surprisingly Prevalent. Now States Are Passing Laws to Make It Harder,” Washington Post, October 10, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/national/wp/2018/10/05/feature/child-marriage-in-the-u-s-is-surprisingly-prevalent-now-states-are-passing-laws-to-make-it-harder/.
ALEJANDRA
6 “Argentines Protest Violence Against Women in Large Marches,”AP News, June 3, 2019, https://apnews.com/15bb663b4c034af8827e421ac450c504.
7 “Femicide Is Everybody’s Issue—Argentina, EU and UN Team Up to End Violence Against Women and Girls,” International Cooperation and Development, May 22, 2019, https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/news-and-events/femicide-everybodys-issue-argentina-eu-and-un-team-end-violence-against-women-and_en.
8 Soto, Isabella. “INDEC: Complaints of Gender-Based Violence Quadrupled in Just Five Years,” Buenos Aires Times, August 3, 2018, https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/complaints-of-gender-based-violence-quadrupled-in-argentina-indec.phtml.
AMIYA
9 “What Does the 2011 Census Tell Us About Inter-Ethnic Relationships?” [United Kingdom] Office for National Statistics, July 3, 2014, https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160107132103/ http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171776_369571.pdf
10 “ ‘We’ve Always Had a Seat at the Table’: Solange on Conversations That Heal,” NPR, November 11, 2016, https://www.npr.org/2016/11/11/501165834/weve-always-had-a-seat-at-the-table-solange-on-conversations-that-heal.
ANNA
11 Woodgate, Thomas. “15 Best Sydney Beaches,” CNN, 2018, https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/sydney-best-beaches/index.html.
12 “Greater Sydney—City of Sydney,” City of Sydney, April 26, 2018, https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/greater-sydney.
13 “Sydney Languages,” Sydney Morning Herald, July 12, 2014, https://www.smh.com.au/interactive/2014/sydney-languages/.
Ayaulym
14 “18 Thousand Foreign Students Study at Kazakhstan’s Universities in 2018,” Qazaq Times, October 17, 2018, https://qazaqtimes.com/en/article/49355.
15 Shayakhmetova, Zhanna. “International Students Say They Appreciate Studies, Life in Kazakhstan,” Edge: Kazakhstan, 2019, https://www.edgekz.com/international-students-say-appreciate-studies-life-kazakhstan/.
16 “Kazakhstan Country Profile,” BBC News, August 9, 2019, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15263826.
17 The World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report, 2017, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2017.pdf.
Chanleakna
18 General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia, National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, June 2019, https://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Provisional%20Population %20Census%202019_English_FINAL.pdf
19 “Cambodia Youth Data Sheet 2015,” United Nations Population Fund, February 25, 2016, https://cambodia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Flyer_Cambodia_Youth_Factsheet_final_draft_%28approved%29.pdf.
20 Ibid.
21 “The State of International Student Mobility in 2015,” ICEF Monitor, November 5, 2015, https://monitor.icef.com/2015/11/the-state-of-international-student-mobility-in-2015/.
22 “International Student Data: Monthly Summary,” Australian Government Department of Education, July 2019, https://internationaleducation.gov.au/research/International-Student-Data /Documents/MONTHLY%20SUMMARIES/2019/Jul%202019%20MonthlyInfographic.pdf
23 Ibid.
CHEN XI
24 Population Singapore: “Demographics,” 2018, https://www.population.sg/articles/population-in-brief-2019-what-do-you-need-to-know.
25 Coughlan, Sean. “Singapore First Place in School Rankings,” BBC News, December 6, 2016, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-38212070.
26 Davie, Sandra. “Singapore Students Suffer From High Levels of Anxiety: Study,” Straits Times, August 20, 2017, https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/education/spore-students-suffer-from-high-levels-of-anxiety-study.
CLAUDIE
27 Winterman, Denise. “What’s So Great About Living in Vanuatu?” BBC, July 13, 2006,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/5172254.stm.
28 Cullwick, Jonas. “Enact 50% Quota For Women in Parliament,” Vanuatu Daily Post, May 16, 2018, http://dailypost.vu/news/enact-quota-for-women-in-parliament/article_ff89b1e1-a675-57ec-b791-3f950eeee19d.html.
29 “New Pacific Partnership Addresses Gender Equality and Violence Against Women,” European External Action Service, November 26, 2018, https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/download_evawg_pacp_launch_media_release.pdf.
DESIREé
30 “Number of Population Estimated by Nationality—Emirate of Dubai,” Dubai Statistics Center, 2015–2017, https://www.dsc.gov.ae/Report/DSC_SYB_2017_01%20_%2003.pdf.
31 Youha, Ali Al, and Froilan T. Malit. “Labor Migration in the United Arab Emirates: Challenges and Responses,” Migration Policy Institute, September 18, 2013, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/labor-migration-united-arab-emirates-challenges-and-responses.
32 “World Report 2019: Rights Trends in United Arab Emirates,” Human Rights Watch, 2019, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/united-arab-emirates.
DIZA
33 Chakravarty, Manas. “Richest 10% of Indians Own Over 3/4th of Wealth in India,” Live Mint, October 23, 2018, https://www.livemint.com/Money/iH2aBEUDpG06hM78diSSEJ/Richest-10-of-Indians-own-over-34th-of-wealth-in-India.html.
34 Bhattacharya, Ananya. “India Will Have Nearly a Million Millionaires by 2027,” Quartz India, June 28, 2018, https://qz.com/india/1316124/india-will-have-nearly-a-million-millionaires-by-2027/.
35 Bhattacharya, Ananya. “Mapped: In India’s Wealthiest City, the Ultra-Rich and Slum Dwellers Share Neighbourhoods,” Quartz India, October 28, 2019, https://qz.com/india/1729770/in-mumbai-the-ultra-rich-and-slum-dwellers-share-neighbourhoods/.
EMILLY
36 Barbara, Vanessa. “Brazil’s Unaffordable Homes,” New York Times, July 31, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/31/opinion/vanessa-barbara-brazils-unaffordable-homes.html.
37 Ortiz, Erik. “What Is a Favela? Five Things to Know about Rio’s So-Called Shantytowns,” NBC News, August 4, 2016, https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/2016-rio-summer-olympics/what-favela-five-things-know-about-rio-s-so-called-n622836.
38 Barcelos, Iuri, and Natalia Viana. “Revealed: Fires in São Paulo Favelas More Likely on Higher -Value Land,” Guardian, November 27, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/nov/27/revealed-fires-sao-paulo-favelas-higher-value-land.
39 “Brazil’s Ministry of Health: One in Five Children Born to Adolescent Moms,” CGTN, March 27, 2017, https://news.cgtn.com/news/3d41544f77497a4d/share_p.html.
40 Moreno, Ana Carolina, and Gabriela Gonçalves. “No Brasil, 75% Das Adolescentes Que Têm Filhos Estão Fora da Escola,” Educação, March 31, 2015, http://g1.globo.com/educacao/noticia/2015/03/no -brasil-75-das-adolescentes-que-tem-filhos-estao-fora-da-escola.html.
41 “Adolescent Pregnancy,” World Health Organization, January 31, 2020, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-pregnancy.
FAVOUR
42 “‘Millions of Nigerian Children’ Out of School,” BBC News, July 25, 2017, https://www.bbc.co.uk /news/world-africa-40715305.
43 “Education | UNICEF Nigeria,” Unicef.org, 2019, https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/education.
44 “Boko Haram Fast Facts,” CNN, June 9, 2019, https://edition.cnn.com/2014/06/09/world/boko-haram-fast-facts/index.html.
45 Ibid.
46 Sieff, Kevin. “82 Chibok Girls Freed in Nigeria after Years in Boko Haram Custody,” Washington Post, May 6, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/82-chibok-girls-freed-in-nigeria-after-years-in-boko-haram-custody/2017/05/06/34865c84-a398-4af9-90e5-1baafea4f23d_story.html
47 UNICEF. “More than 1,000 Children in Northeastern Nigeria Abducted by Boko Haram since 2013,” April 13, 2018, https://www.unicef.org/wca/press-releases/more-1000-children-northeastern-nigeria-abducted-boko-haram-2013.
48 Maclean, Ruth, and Isaac Abrak. “Boko Haram Returns More than 100 Schoolgirls Kidnapped Last Month,” Guardian, March 21, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/21/boko-haram-returns-some-of-the-girls-it-kidnapped-last-month.
Halima
49 Mellen, Ruby. “Afghanistan Ranks among the Worst Places for Girls to Get an Education,” October 17, 2017, https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/10/17/afghanistan-ranks-worst-places-girls-to-get-an-education-africa/.
50 “Women in Afghanistan: The Back Story,” Amnesty International, UK, November 25, 2014, https://www.amnesty.org.uk/womens-rights-afghanistan-history.
51 Gibbons-Neff, Thomas. “Attacks by Extremists on Afghan Schools Triple, Report Says,” New York Times, May 27, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/27/world/asia/afghanistan-attacks-schools-unicef.html.
52 Human Rights Watch. “‘I Won’t Be a Doctor, and One Day You’ll Be Sick’: Girls’ Access to Education in Afghanistan,” Human Rights Watch, October 17, 2017, https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/10/17/i-wont-be-doctor-and-one-day-youll-be-sick/girls-access-education-afghanistan.
53 “Afghanistan: Girls Struggle for an Education,” Human Rights Watch, October 17, 2017, https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/17/afghanistan-girls-struggle-education.
54 Human Rights Watch.
JOCELYNE
55 “Overview: Democratic Republic of Congo,” World Bank, 2019, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/drc/overview.
56 Bearak, Max. “Caught in Congo’s Tides of War,” Washington Post, April 6, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/world/dr-congo-conflict-uganda-refugee-crisis/.
57 Burke, Jason. “ ‘The Wars Will Never Stop’—Millions Flee Bloodshed as Congo Falls Apart,” Guardian, April 3, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/03/millions-flee-bloodshed-as -congos-army-steps-up-fight-with-rebels-in-east.
58 Knapp Sawyer, Kem, and Sawyer, Jon. “Congo’s Children,” Atavist, 2014, https://pulitzercenter.atavist.com/webcongoschildren.
59 Oritz, Fabiola. “ ‘They Told Me I Would Be a Soldier’: The DRC Conflict’s Forgotten Girls,” News Deeply, January 8, 2018, https://www.newsdeeply.com/womenandgirls/articles/2018/01/08/they-told-me-i-would-be-a-soldier-the-drc-conflicts-forgotten-girls.
60 Bearak, Max. “Caught in Congo’s Tides of War.”
61 Burke, Jason. “‘The Wars Will Never Stop’—Millions Flee Bloodshed as Congo Falls Apart.”
62 “Q&A: DR Congo Conflict,” BBC News, November 20, 2012, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11108589.
LUCIANA
63 Destination Imagination: “Our Statistics,” 2020, https://www.destinationimagination.org/our-stats/.
64 Jordan, Miriam. “More Migrants Are Crossing the Border This Year. What’s Changed?” New York Times, March 5, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/05/us/crossing-the-border-statistics.html.
65 Guinan, Julie. “Nearly 20 Years after Peace Pact, Guatemala’s Women Relive Violence,” CNN, April 8, 2015, https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/02/world/iyw-guatemala-gender-violence/index.html.
66 World Bank: “Poverty and Equity Brief: Guatemala,” 2019, http://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/country/GTM
67 Leutert, Stephanie. “Why Are So Many Migrants Leaving Guatemala? A Crisis in the Coffee Industry Is One Reason,” Time, July 27, 2018, https://time.com/5346110/guatemala-coffee-escape-migration/.
68 Blitzer, Jonathan. “How Climate Change Is Fuelling the U.S. Border Crisis,” New Yorker, April 3, 2019, https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/how-climate-change-is-fuelling-the-us-border-crisis.
69 “The World Bank in Guatemala.” October 10, 2019, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/guatemala/overview.
MANDISA
70 “Adolescent Pregnancy,” United Nations Population Fund, 2019, https://www.unfpa.org/adolescent-pregnancy.
71 Leave No Girl Behind in Africa: Discrimination in Education Against Pregnant Girls and Adolescent Mothers. Human Rights Watch, June 2018, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/au0618_insert_webspreads.pdf
72 Ibid.
MARTA
73 “Milan,” World Cities Culture Forum, 2020, http://www.worldcitiescultureforum.com/cities/milan/.
74 Coman, Julian. “How the Megacities of Europe Stole a Continent’s Wealth,” Guardian, November 10, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/nov/10/how-europes-cities-stole-continents-wealth.
MARISENA
75 The World Factbook, “Haiti,” Central Intelligence Agency, 2019, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html.
76 Ibid.
77 “Haiti Earthquake Fast Facts,” CNN, December 12, 2018, https://www.cnn.com/2013/12/12/world/haiti-earthquake-fast-facts/index.html.
78 “UN Admits Role in Haiti Cholera Outbreak,” BBC News, August 19, 2016, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-37126747.
79 Thomassaint Joseph, Ralph. “Without Venezuela’s Oil, Haiti Struggles to Keep Lights On,” AP News, May 17, 2019, https://apnewscom/1f261ed6fc964244af509cf09ed0a863.
MIRIAM
80 United Nations Development Programme, “Gender Inequality Index,” Human Development Reports, 2017, http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/GII.
81 “Country Ranking,” Rainbow Europe, 2019, https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking.
82 Bränström, Richard. The Health and Situation of Young LGBTQ People in Sweden—What Do We Know and Where Is More Research Needed? Forte: Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life, and Welfare, 2019, https://forte.se/en/publication/health-situation-young-lgbtq-people-sweden-know-research-needed/.
83 “Out Online: The Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Youth,” GLSEN, July 10, 2013, https://www.glsen.org/news/out-online-experiences-lgbt-youth-internet
NAYA
84 “Figures at a Glance: Statistical Yearbooks,” UN Refugee Agency, 2019, https://www.unhcr.org/uk/figures-at-a-glance.html.
85 “Child Displacement,” UNICEF Data, December 2018, https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-migration-and-displacement/migration/.
RAKSA
86 “WFP Cambodia Country Brief,” World Food Programme, June 2019, https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000106853/download/?_ga=2.165748030.1677689029.1564432037-1244524808.1563636734.
87 Ibid.
88 “The World Bank in Cambodia,” World Bank, 2019. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/cambodia/overview.
RUKSAR
89 Saldanha, Alison. “India’s Richest Young Women Fear Public Transport Most; Poorest Fear Cinema Halls,” IndiaSpend, July 2, 2018, https://www.indiaspend.com/indias-richest-young-women-fear-public-transport-most-poorest-fear-cinema-halls-52916/.
90 Doshi, Vidhi. “ ‘What Is Rape, Mom?’: A Small Town in India Grapples with How to Protect Children,” Washingto
n Post, July 23, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/what-is-rape-mom-a-small-town-in-india-grapples-with-how-to-protect-children/2018/07/23/e01b5000-4e1c-11e8-85c1-9326c4511033_story.html.
91 Kundu, Tadit, and Pramit Bhattacharya. “99% Cases of Sexual Assaults Go Unreported, Govt Data Shows,” Live Mint, April 24, 2018, https://www.livemint.com/PoliticsAV3sIKoEBAGZozALMX8THK
/99-cases-of-sexual-assaults-go-unreported-govt-data-shows.html.
92 Gowen, Annie. “India Has 63 Million ‘Missing’ Women and 21 Million Unwanted Girls, Government Says,” Washington Post, April 24, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/01/29/india-has-63-million-missing-women-and-21-million-unwanted-girls-government-says/.
93 Ibid.
Ruoxiao
94 Fifield, Anna. “Beijing’s One-Child Policy Is Gone. But Many Chinese Are Still Reluctant to Have More,” Washington Post, May 2, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/beijings-one-child-policy-is-gone-but-many-chinese-are-still-reluctant-to-have-more/2019/05/02/c722e568-604f-11e9-bf24-db4b9fb62aa2_story.html.
95 Denyer, Simon, and Annie Gowen. “Too Many Men,” Washington Post, April 18, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/world/too-many-men/.
96 Zraick, Karen. “China Will Feel One-Child Policy’s Effects for Decades, Experts Say,” New York Times, October 30, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/31/world/asia/china-will-feel-one-child-policys-effects-for-decades-experts-say.html.
97 Denyer, Simon, and Annie Gowen. “Too Many Men.”
Ruqaya
98 “Guide: What’s Happening in Iraq?” BBC Newsround. November 29, 2016, https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/27868389.
99 “Iraq—Child Marriage Around the World,” Girls Not Brides, 2019, https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/iraq/.
Sattigul
100 Trankmann, Beate. “Nomads No More,” United Nations Development Programme, September 25, 2018, https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/blog/2018/Nomads-no-more.html.
101 Kingsley, Patrick. “Nomads No More: Why Mongolian Herders Are Moving to the City,” Guardian, January 5, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/05/mongolian-herders-moving-to-city-climate-change.