by Sue Black
Harris, Thomas, The Silence of the Lambs, 238
Harris lines, 196–198, 201
Harry, 135–137, 212
Haut de la Garenne, 21–22
head, 13–85
babies, 23, 42, 183–184
decapitation, 111, 206
neurocranium, 21, 26, 30, 43
nodding, 99
viscerocranium, 24, 64, 72
‘head in the shed’ murder, 21
heart
growth of outside sternum, 128
role of the thorax, 123
heel bones, 254
height
determining from feet, 203, 264, 267, 289
long bones and, 194–195, 203, 213
shoe size and, 203, 206, 257, 264, 267
vertebrae and, 104, 121
Henry VIII, King, 178
herbivores, 80
Hernandez, Jeison, 265
heroin addiction, 132, 272
Hewart, Baron of Bury, 291
Hill, Dr Ian, 144
Hindley, Myra, 7
hip bones, 159, 181
hippocampus, 74
hips, 209–211, 214, 266
Hirst, Damien, For the Love of God, 16
History Hit TV, 92
Hogarth, William, 91, 94
Holden, Luther, 261
holy bone, 95
Huckle, Richard, 124–126
Human Tissue Authority, 241
humerus, 175, 194, 212, 217
Hunter, Professor John, 172
hyaline cartilage, 131
hyoid bone, 151, 153–154, 289
iconography of skulls, 15
identification, 8–9
after death, 153
dermal prints, 289
disaster victim identification (DVI), 57
DNA and, 9
facial recognition, 53, 57, 63
finger and palm prints, 247
from faces, 49
from hands, 49
from limbs, 220
from teeth, 76, 79–80
orthopaedic surgery, 210
stable isotope analysis, 45, 270
Identikit, 56
ilium, 181–182, 184
illegitimacy, 161, 165–166
implants
facial, 72
identification, 72, 84, 210
joint, 185, 210–211
reference numbers, 210
‘Inca’ bones, 44
incisors, 80–81, 85
incus, 45
infanticide, 165–166
injuries
defence wounds, 70, 212
determining what caused them and when, 37, 85
inner ear, 45–46, 52
innominates, 181–182, 189, 191
intercostal muscles, 137
intercostal nerve, 141
INTERPOL, 61
intrauterine contraceptive devices, 192
ischial tuberosities, 98, 181–183
ischium, 181–182
Jack the Ripper, 105–107
Jafar, 24
Jamal, 112–114
‘Japanese wood saw’ case, 120–121, 132
jaw, 24, 71, 79, 82, 117
Jefferson, Jon, 1
Jenny, 152–154
jewellery
human fingers as, 240
‘jigsaw murder’, 111
Jin Hyo Jung, 62, 128
jockeys, 160
joints, 209–210
kangaroos, 193
Kazantzakis, Nikos, 15
Kercher, Meredith, 257
Kerr, Isabella (Bella). See Ruxton, Isabella
Kilmarnock, Earl of, 92
Kim Kyu Soo, 62
Kinnear, Dr William, 106, 109
kneecaps, 17, 215
knees, 209–210, 214–216
Knox, Amanda, 257–258
Krieger, Nancy, 279
lacrimal bone, 71
Laetoli footprints, 255
Lamduan (Lady of the Hills), 250–251
laryngeal growth, 155
larynx, 151–155
laterality, 216
Leakey, Mary, 255
Lear, Edward, 253
left-limb dominance, 217
legs, 194–195, 218, 242
Lennox, Dr David, 106, 109
Lenten, Hannah, 83
Leonardo da Vinci, 227
Leveson, Rt Hon Sir Brian, 259
ligamentum nuchae, 43
ligature strangulation, 104
the limbs, 157–278
amniotic banding, 17
amputated, 17, 226, 239, 242
laterality, 216
loss of, 137, 175, 230
movement of, 209
limps, 29, 216
lip piercings, 84
lithopaedia, 185–186
liver, 127, 143, 221, 247
liver spots, 221, 247
Loch Lomond body, 202, 204
long bones, 193–223
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 151
lotus feet, 265
Lovat, Lord (Simon Fraser), 91, 92, 94, 96–97
Loyalist paramilitaries, 216
lumbar puncture, 99
lumbar vertebrae, 99, 118–120
Lundberg, Eric, 96
lungs, 73, 119, 123, 128, 137, 142
McGwire, Mark, 279
McKie, DC Shirley, 247
Macpherson, Euan, 107
macrodactyly, 238
Majid, 245–246
malleus, 45
malnutrition, 196
Malpighi, Marcello, 247
Manchester method, 57
mandible, 46, 84, 111, 114, 142
manubrium, 126–127
Marcella, 171–175
Marwood, William, 103
Mary, 28, 30–32, 34
Mary Rose, 178–179
mastoid processes, 44, 46
Matthews, Lord Hugh, 108
Maxfield, Sarah Frances, 81
Maxfield, Captain William, 81
maxilla bone, 71
Maximilian II, 262
Mayan culture, 15
Mayer, Johann Christoph Andreas, 247
Mearns, Dr Alexander, 291
measles, 196
medical tourism, 210
Meier-Augenstein, Professor Wolfram, 270
melanin, 221
men
brow ridging, 72
chin shape and growth, 65
clavicles, 174
external occipital protuberance, 43, 46
ischial tuberosities, 98, 181–183
mastoid processes, 44, 46
orbits, 24–25, 71–73
pelvis, 183, 186
sacrum, 183
scapulae, 177–178
skull, 52, 132
spheno-occipital synchondrosis, 47
sternum, 129
thyroid cartilage, 155
mesosternum, 126–127
metacarpals, 190–191, 229, 237, 249, 261
metatarsals, 254, 261, 269
Metropolitan Police, 62
Michael, 208–209, 297–298
Michelangelo, 193
microchips, 251
middle ear, 45
middle meningeal vessels, 30
miscarriages, 134, 162
MNI (minimum number of individuals), 166
molars, 77–78, 80–84
moles, 125, 221–222, 247
Monster of Terrazzo. See Stevanin, Gianfranco
Moore, Henry, 227
mouths, 52, 56, 75, 77, 83–84
nasal washings, 74
natal cleft, 101
necrosis, 74
neonatal lines, 78–79
nerves, 73, 75, 99, 141, 176, 183, 186, 217, 226–229, 262, 272
nervous system, 25
neurocranium, 15–47, 117
neurodegenerative disease, smell and, 74
nevus, 221
New Jewel Movement (NJM), 143
niqabs, 49, 51
nitrogen, 45
North Yorkshire Police, 62
/>
Northern Ireland troubles, 216
nose, 73
as clue to ancestry, 75
effects of cocaine on, 74
fractures, 136
genetic predisposition, 58
growth of, 52
nasal washings, 74
piercings, 75
prosthetic, 55
nutrition, 270
toenails and, 270
Obama, President Barack, 278
objets d’art, skulls as, 15
occipital bones, 47
occipital spurs, 43
odontoid process, 102–103
odontologists, 10, 12, 78–79, 174–175
oestrogen, 3, 131–132, 183
olfactory cortex, 74
olfactory epithelium, 73
olfactory nerves, 73, 75
oligodactyly, 238
omnivores, 80
omovertebral bone, 177
Operation Urgent Fury, 144
orbital margins, 65
orbital plate, 30
orbits, 71–73
orthopaedic surgery joints, 211
os acromiale, 178–179
ossicles, 45, 178
ossification, 129, 131, 154–155, 177
osteoarthritis, 90, 101, 177
osteophytes, 90
osteoporosis, 3, 101, 212, 240
otic capsule, 45
Otway, Elroy, 260
Outlander, 92–93, 96
oxygen, 45
palate, 74, 77, 83
palatine bone, 71
Palestinian hanging. See strappado
palm prints, 139, 247
paraesthesia, 137, 175
parietal bones, 26–27
parotid glands, 57
Patel, Trupti, 134
patella, 215
Paterson, Professor Andrew Melville, 107–108
Pavlovic, Biljana, 66–67
pectoral girdle, 159–179
pectoralis major, 129
pectus carinatum, 128
pectus excavatum, 128
Peel, Sir Robert, 160
pelvic floor, 101
pelvic girdle, 159, 181–192
determining sex from, 183
development of, 182
female, 183–185
fractures, 186, 189–191
male, 183–184, 191
number of bones, 181–186, 188–191
pelvic brim/inlet, 182
pelvic outlet, 183
shooting injuries, 186–188
penicillin, 79
perimortem injuries, 10, 153, 211
periorbital fat, 71
phalanges, 229, 237, 244, 261
phalanx, 241, 243
phenotyping, 58
phimosis, 125
phocomelia, 195
phosphorus, 1, 3, 45
Photofits, 56
piercings, 72, 75, 84, 191, 249, 251
pigeon chest, 128
Pilates, Joseph, 89
Piltdown hoax, 15
pinna, 45
pirate’s treasure, 128
pisiform bone, 243
plastron, 130–131
Pobble amputation, 263
Police Service of Northern Ireland, 190
pollen, identifying, 74
pollex, 228, 262
polydactyly, 237–238
postcranial appendicular bones, 157–295
postcranial axial bones, 87–155
postmenopausal women, 3
postmortem injuries, 153, 211–212, 214
postmortems
first PMs, 59–60
nasal washings, 74
second PMs, 59
posture, 43, 98–99
pre-Columbian era skulls, 15
pregnancies
fetomaternal mortality, 185
lithopaedia, 185–186
See also fetuses
premortem injuries, 153
Prentice, Alex QC, 108
PRG (People’s Revolutionary Government, Grenada), 143–144
prosopagnosia, 53–54
prosthetics, 55, 208, 262–263
proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint, 249
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 132
puberty
chin growth in boys, 85
clavicle ossification, 129, 154
growth during, 194
pelvic girdle, 181
ridging above eyes and, 71
the spine, 101
sternum development, 129
thyroid cartilage, 154
tooth development and, 77
pubic bones, 181–184, 189–191
pubic symphysis, 182
punctate pigmentation, 125, 221–222
Purity Ring, 123
Qatar, 272, 274–275, 278
quadriceps femoris muscle, 215
radiocarbon dating, 8, 47, 164
radiographs, 60, 72, 244, 246
radius, 194
fractures of, 212–213
Reagan, Ronald, 144
reconstruction
facial, 57–58, 63–64
skeletal, 117
skulls, 57, 63–64
refugees, determining age of, 78
relaxin, 184
reproductive organs, 182–183
Republican paramilitaries, 216
respiratory epithelium, 72
respiratory tract, 73
reverse hanging. See strappado
RFID (radio frequency identification) trackers, 84
Ribeyro, Julio Ramón, 225
ribs, 123, 133–149
additional, 138
animals, 6, 95, 138, 140
babies, 94, 133–134, 141
cervical ribs, 137
children, 134–135
costal cartilages, 129, 131, 142
determining age from, 67, 76, 78, 134
drug use and, 271
fractures, 133–137, 160, 189
identifying, 140, 142
number of, 128
pectus carinatum, 128
seriating, 141, 143
rickets, 4, 44, 128
right-limb dominance, 217
Rogerson, Mary, 281–282, 286
Royal College of Surgeons, 280
Royal Society of Edinburgh, 92, 96
running, 260
Ruxton, Dr Buck (Bukhtyar Rustomji Ratanji Hakim), 65, 281, 287–288, 291
Ruxton, Isabella, 65
Ryal, Gayle, 221–222
Ryal, Peter, 221–222
sacral vertebrae, 90,181
sacro-iliac joints, 182
sacrum, 95
female, 97, 183–184
fusion of during puberty, 101
number of bones, 181, 183–184
pits and grooves in, 184
sacrum vertebrae, 101
Saddleworth Moor, 7
St Barnabas church, London, 81, 84
Salisbury poisonings, 53
saliva glands, 57
salvage hunters, 268–269
Saudi Arabia Society for Forensic Science, 49
scapula, 159, 175–179
scar patterns, surgical, 210
scars of parturition, 184
Scheuer, Louise, 89, 298
Schweicker, Thomas, 262
sciatic nerve, 183
sclera, 72
Scottish Criminal Records Office, 247
scrotal ladder, 191
sea, bodies and skulls found in the, 46–47, 231
seal flippers, 230–231, 240
Second World War pilot, 267
senses, 23, 52, 74, 236
septum, 73–75
serratus anterior, 228
sesamoid bones, 215, 229
sex
babies’ sex, 164, 185
determining from skeletal remains, 130–131
the innominate and, 182, 189
the orbits and, 71
the pelvis and, 130, 182–183
mastoid processes, 44
scapula and, 177
skulls and, 43, 5
7
spheno-occipital synchondrosis and, 47
sternum and, 129
vertebrae and, 121
sexual abuse, 197, 221
shaken baby syndrome, 134
sharp-force trauma, 123
Shepherd, Dr Richard, 68, 109
SHFM (split hand/split foot formation), 238
shoes
height and shoe size, 264–265
shoe prints, 256
shooting, 186–188
shoulder girdle, 159
shoulders, 209
SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome), 134
Singleton, Mr Justice Sir John, 291
sitting bones, See ischial tuberosities
‘six-pack’ punishment, 216
skeleton
composition of, 1–2
ethics of buying and selling, 16
identifying as real, 12, 21
investigating skeletal remains, 130
number of bones in, 1
regeneration of, 3
skin colouration, 58
Skripal, Sergei, 53
Skripal, Yulia, 53
skull
ability to nod head, 102
adult, 23
anencephaly, 25
babies’ skulls, 42, 184
children’s skulls, 22, 291
ethics of buying and selling, 16
fake, 15
For the Love of God (Hirst), 16
formation of, 45
holes in the, 23, 26–27
iconography of, 15
identifying injuries to, 35, 38–39
identifying isolated, 46
identifying sex from, 43
objets d’art, 15
perimortem injuries, 207
Piltdown hoax, 15
primary functions of, 23
reconstructing, 23, 63–65, 207
superimposition, 65, 67
symbolism of, 16
smell, 52, 73–74
Smith, Sydney, 287
Smoljo, Blazenka, 67
Snow, Dan, 92, 94, 95–96, 109, 111
socks, 266
Sollecito, Raffaele, 257–258
Southsea body, 118–120
spheno-occipital synchondrosis, 47
sphenoid bone, 25, 30–32
spina bifida, 102
spinal canal, 102
spinal cord, 98–99, 103, 117, 228
spinal tap, 99
spine, 89–121
age and, 90, 98, 100
‘Angel of the Meadow’ case, 116–117
decapitation and, 111, 113, 115
development of, 92
evolution of, 98
Jamal case, 112
osteophytes, 90
posture and standing, 98–99
Spitfire, 268
spondylolisthesis, 101
spondylolysis, 101
Sprengel’s deformity, 177
stabbing, 90, 123
stable isotope analysis, 45, 270
Stalker, Dr Alexander, 105, 108–109
standing, 99, 265–266
stapes, 45
sternocleidomastoid muscle, 44
sternum, 123, 126–127
age determination and, 128–129, 189
children, 126
clavicle and, 127
costal cartilages, 129–130
development, 127–128
fractures, 126–127, 133, 171, 189
ribs and, 142
sex determination and, 129, 171, 189
Stevanin, Gianfranco (Monster of Terrazzo), 65–66, 69–71