Chapter Sixteen
For a good all-round picture of life in France behind the lines, two recently published works; Ducasse, &c. and Chastenet (2); also Brogan, Bonnefous. The background in Germany; Kurenberg, Muller (ibid), Ambassador James W. Gerard (My Four Years in Germany), Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front, Falls, Kabisch (2).
Chapter Seventeen
There is a large bibliography on the air war in general. Among recent publications, Quentin Reynolds is extremely readable. Sources with particular reference to Verdun include: Lafont, de Chavagnes, Werner, Cuneo, Mortane, ‘Vigilant’ (French War Birds), Bordeaux (5), Air Ministry, Hoeppner, Supf, Kiernan, Ritter. Published sources on the Lafayette Squadron; Reynolds, Parsons, Hall & Nordhoff, McConnell, Lefebvre.
Chapter Eighteen
Chapman is the source of the aside on Shackleton returning from the South Pole. Principal sources for the dispute between Falkenhayn and the Crown Prince, as for Chapter Four; also of course Crown Prince (2) and Falkenhayn, Rupprecht, Army Quarterly, Bauer. The explosion in Fort Douaumont; RA (1), Rouquerol, Bansi, Ettighoffer, Kabisch (2). On the background of the Crown Prince, an objective work by a German-American professor, Klaus Jonas, published while this book was in preparation, proved most useful; Churchill also supplies a remarkable insight into the Crown Prince’s character; in addition, Ziegler, Sturgkh, Gerard (ibid), Zweig (for the more conventional view).
Chapter Nineteen
For Pétain’s strategical appreciation and his relations with Joffre, here and later; Pétain, Joffre, Pierrefeu, Liddell Hart (2). Biographical details on Nivelle and Mangin; Pierrefeu, Morel-Journel, Williams, Spears, Churchill, Hanotaux, Weygand (1). Mangin’s May attack on Douaumont; Pétain, Rouquerol, Menager, RA (1), Hallé, Lefebvre-Dibon, Brandis, Delvert (1).
Chapter Twenty
In the paragraphs referring to the symbolism of Verdun, I have drawn indirectly from a conversation with Captain Liddell Hart, as well as from the following sources: Brogan, Marchal, Valery, Zweig, Ducasse, Laurentin, Boasson, Cru, Junger, New York Times. German preparations for MAY CUP; Karl von Einem (Ein Armeeführer erlebt den Weltkrieg, Leipzig, 1938), Ziegler, RA (14). The eclipse of the ‘Big Berthas’ at Verdun; Menager, Bansi, Ziegler, Palat, Contre-Amiral Jehenne (Historique des Batteries de Canoniers Marines). The episode of R.1; Delvert (1).
Chapter Twenty-One
The account of the French defence of Vaux is very largely based on Raynal’s own story; also Bordeaux (1), Palat, Lefebvre, Pericard, Rouquerol, Pétain, Méléra. The German side; Klövekorn, RA (14), Kriegszeitschrift der 50 Division, Ettighoffer, Kabisch (2).
Chapter Twenty-Two
The early fighting for Thiaumont and accounts of the decline in French morale at the beginning of June; Palat, RA (14 & 15), Dupont, Thellier de Poncheville, Poincaré, Boasson, Pétain. The Tranchée des Baïonnettes; Bouvard, Lefebvre, Cru, Salisbury-Jones. The first Secret Session of the French Assembly; Allard, Ferry, Joffre, Desmazes.
Chapter Twenty-Three
Relations between Falkenhayn and Conrad; Zwehl (2), Gehre, Falls, Regele, Sturgkh, Goerlitz, Foerster, Wienskowski, Conrad, Falkenhayn, Duffour, Kabisch (2), Hoffmann, Liddell Hart (2), Wendt, Crown Prince (2).
Chapter Twenty-Four
The attack on Souville; Johnson, Bordeaux (3), Dupont, Mazenod, Fries & West (Chemical Warfare), Menager, Joffre, Witkop (for the account by the German ex-student; this does not however appear in the English edition), Thimmermann, Ziegler. The first day of the Somme; Blake, Rupprecht, Ducasse &c., Falls, Liddell Hart (1), Churchill, John Harris (Covenant with Death), Robin Gardner (The Big Push), Edmonds.
Chapter Twenty-Five
Final German efforts; Bordeaux (3), Zieser-Beringer, Ziegler, Ettighoffer, Thimmermann, Rouquerol, Passaga. Falkenhayn’s replacement; Crown Prince, Falkenhayn, Foerster, Kabisch (2), Wendt. The Tavannes Tunnel disaster; Hourticq, Delvert & Bouchor, Delvert (1), Rouquerol, Thellier de Poncheville.
Chapter Twenty-Six
The recapture of the forts; Marchal, Wendt, Rouquerol, Mangin, Caloni, Bordeaux (2), Gras, Menager, Bartlett, Chavagnes, Lafont, Passaga, Joffre, Zieser-Beringer, Zwehl (1), RA (1), Zweig, Ettighoffer, Ziegler, Hindenburg, Kabisch (2).
Chapter Twenty-Seven
The fall of Joffre and rise of Nivelle; Churchill, Pierrefeu, Williams, Caloni, Painlevé. The Nivelle Offensive and the Mutinies; Falls, Wolff, Churchill, Crown Prince (2), Morel-Journel, Hellot, Allard, Wintringham, Davidson, Blake, Boasson.
Chapter Twenty-Eight
The battlefields after 1916; Pericard, Hourticq, Passaga, Fonsagrive, Churchill, Irwin. Casualty estimates, here and elsewhere; Churchill, Wendt, Falls, Lefebvre, Service Historique, Ziegler, Chastenet (2), Ducasse &c., Ferry, Delvert & Bouchor, Edmonds (2). Assessment of German and French strategy; principally as per Chapters 4, 10, 18, 19. Subsequent careers of principals at Verdun; Pericard, Delvert & Bouchor, Crown Prince (2), Williams, Morel-Journel, Hanotaux, Brogan, Churchill, Desmazes, Blake, Cru, Brandis, J. Wheeler-Bennett (The Nemesis of Power), Zieser-Beringer, von Einem (ibid), Falls, Liddell Hart (2), Zwehl (2), Falkenhayn, Ziegler, Jonas. The fathering of the Maginot Line; Caloni, Menager, Laure, Belperron, Debeney, Pétain. Moral effects of Verdun; Ducasse &c., Mazenod, Boasson, Jubert, Brogan, Dutourd, RA (1), Falls, Witkop, Ettighoffer, Chavagnes, Martel. Verdun and German inter-war strategy; Bundeswehr Archives, Heinz Guderian (Panzer Leader), Goerlitz, Wheeler-Bennett (ibid), Wendt, Ettighoffer, General Weisenberger (Verdun, 1916–1940, Bonn, 1941), Churchill (The Second World War), De Gaulle (War Memoirs).
Epilogue
Von Stülpnagel’s suicide attempt; Wheeler-Bennett (ibid).
INDEX
Agadir crisis, 10
aircraft, French, 201
air reconnaissance, 53-4
air war, 45-6, 199-213, 336; and see Cigognes, Groupe de; ‘Flying Circus’; Lafayette Squadron; Zeppelins
Alamein, El, battle of, 130, 294n
Alenson, Maj. d’, 231-2, 265, 321, 332
Alexander of Serbia, Prince, 227
Alexander of Tunis, F.M. Earl, 22
Algeria, 348
Almeyreda, 196
American Ambulance Field Service, 209
‘Anastasie’, see censorship, French
André, Gen., 9
Annamite troops, 148
Arras, 25
artillery: French, 13, 15, 145, 152, 308-9, 318, 336; German, 15, 41-3, 151, 159, 247-8
Artois, 24-5
Asiago, 282
Attaque à outrance, see Grandmaison, Col. de
Austria-Hungary, 29, 35; relations with Germany, 277-83; army of, 279, 282
Avize, 129
Avocourt, 162-4
Balfourier, Gen., 13, 113-14, 143-4; and see XX Corps
balloons: observation, 199; ‘Drachen’, 205, 206
Balsley, Clyde, 185, 212
Baltimore American, The, 243-4
Bansi, Col., 285
Bapst, Gen., 59, 74-5, 84, 93-5, 98-9
Barés, Col., 203, 207
Barescut, Col. de, 144, 156
Bar-le-Duc, 119, 146, 203
barrage, creeping, 309, 318, 336
Barrès, Maurice, 10, 148
Battle of the Frontiers, 18
Battle of the Wings, 156
Bauer, Col., 33
Bazaine, Marshal, 3, 4
Bazelaire, Gen. de, 144, 157, 158
Beaumont, 96, 350
Bechu, Lt. Marcel, 285
Becker, Maj., 99
Beeg, Maj.-Gen., 43, 76
Belfort, 5, 36
Belleville; Fort, 48, 145; Ridge, 122, 284
Belrupt, Fort, 48
Bergson, Henri, 11
Bernard, Lt.-Col., 75, 98-9
Bernhardt, Sarah, 7, 194, 198
Berthou, Aspirant, 80-1
Bertrand, Maj., 84-5, 95, 98
Bethincourt, 165
Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von, 217-18, 243, 303
Bettignies, Louise de, 53
B
eumelburg, Werner, 326
‘Big Berthas’ (420s), 15, 42, 247-8
Binyon, Laurence, 184
Bismarck, Prince Otto von, 5-6, 7, 9
blockade, British, 190-1
Blumentritt, Gen., 342n
Boasson, Sgt. Marc, 186, 270, 274, 297, 324, 340
Boelcke, Oswald, 200, 202, 206-7
Bois Bourrus ridge, 48, 153, 171
Bois de la Caillette, 234, 249
Bois des Caures, 52, 71n, 77-9, 81, 83, 86-90, 325
Bois des Corbeaux, 157-9
Bois Fumin, 249
Bolo Pasha, 196
Bonnet Rouge, 198, 270
Bonneval, Gen. de, 59, 122; and see 37th African Division
Bonviolle, Lt.-Gen., 83-6
Boraston, Col., 294
Bordeaux, Henry, 205, 319
Bordeaux, Government move to, 19
Boulanger, Gen., 6
Boullangé, Gen., 59
bourreurs de crâne, 196
Boyer, Gen., 271
Brabant, 75, 93-5
brancardiers, 183
Brandis, Capt. von, 114, 116-18, 119, 120-1, 189, 334
Bras, 75, 93
Brauchitsch, F.M. Walther von, 342
Briand, Aristide, 126-7, 243, 275
Britain, 1, 34-5, 37, 295, 331; British Expeditionary Force, 16-17, 18, 105; ‘Kitchener Army’, 29, 294; blockade of Germany, 190-1; unpopularity in France, 274
Brocard, Capt., 203
Brusilov Offensive, 282-3
Buffet, Officer-Cadet, 259, 262, 334
Bulgaria, 280-1
Campana, 2nd-Lt. Roger, 166-7, 187
Casemate de Bourges, 107-8, 238-9
Castelnau, Gen. de: character and career, 127-8; 9, 55, 97, 125-31, 137, 143, 145, 203, 228, 234, 276, 320, 333
casualties: first five months, 18-19; (1916) 152, 161-2, 215, 216n, (Somme Offensive, July 1st), 294, 300, 304, 318; Verdun total, 327-8; first world war (French), 66
censorship, French, 121-2, 274
Chaine, Lt. Pierre, 306
Chamber of Deputies, 122; Secret Session (June 1916), 274-5, 319
Champagne, 25
Chantilly (G.Q.C.), 21, 23-4, 229-30
Chapman, Victor, 210, 211-12
Charleville-Mézières, 37
Chattancourt, 171
Chemin de Dames, 232, 321, 322, 332
Chenot, Gardien de Batterie, 113, 116, 118
Chrétien, Gen., 51, 59, 94, 103-4, 113-14
Churchill, Sir Winston, 27, 35, 130, 233, 332
Cigognes, Groupe des, 203-5, 206
Claudel, Col., 125
Clemenceau, Georges, 6, 66, 197, 289, 332, 333
Cochin, Capt. Augustin, 168-9
Combes, Émile, 8-9
communications, see motor transport; rail communications
Conrad von Hötzendorf, F.M., 35, 277-82
Consenvoye, Bois de, 84-5
Côte de l’Oie, 157
Côte 304, 162-3, 169-71, 343
Coty, President, 339
Coutanceau, Gen., 50
Cowdin, Elliot, 210
Crepey, Gen., 59
cuistots, 182-3
Cumières, 102, 171, 327
Damloup ‘High Battery’, 291, 296, 298, 325
Dandauw, Sgt.-Maj., 79-80, 83
Danton, 11
Darlan, Lt. (later Admiral), 248
‘Deadly Quadrilateral’, 214
Debeney, Gen., 338
‘decimation’, 64
Deimling, Gen. von, 249, 261
Deligny, Gen., 114
Dellmensingen, Gen. Krafft von, 284; and see Alpine Corps
Delvert, Capt. Charles, 179, 187, 194-5, 239, 249-51, 257, 259-60, 305-6
Derome, Lt., 85
Déroulède, Paul, 1, 6, 10, 16
Derville, Lt., 186
Desaubliaux, Robert, 235
Deschanel, Paul, 52
Desmazes, Gen., 21
Deuxième Bureau (Intelligence), 14, 24, 53-4, 229
Dorey, Capt., 315
Douaumont: village, 149, 327, 351; Fort, 48, 100; Germans take, 105-24; explosion at, 219-20; French attack, 235-41, and retake, 308-18; 338, 343
Dreyfus Affair, 8
Driant, Lt.-Col. Émile, 51-3, 60, 68, 74, 78-81, 87-90, 204
Dubail, Gen., 49-50
Dubrulle, Sgt. Paul, 123, 177, 186
Dugny, 143
Duhamel, Georges, 65-6, 184-5, 186-7
Dumont, Sapper, 315
Dupuy, Lt., 299-300, 352
Durassié, 119, 124
Dutourd, Jean, 308, 341
École de Guerre, 11, 136
Edward VII, King, 37, 223
embusqués, 195
Epp, Lt.-Col. Ritter von, 288, 334; and see Leib Regiment
Falkenhayn, F.M. Erich von: character and career, 29-34; strategy of, 34-40, 42, 44, 76-7, 82, 153-6, 328-30, 331; vacillations, 215-18, 219, 220-2; ‘May Cup’, 245-6; relations with Austrian command, 277-83; dismissal, 295-6, 300, 302-4; subsequent career, 334-5, 352
Falkenhayn, Gen. Eugene, 165-6, 171
Farrar, Geraldine, 223
Ferry, Abel, 134-5, 231
Flabas, 58
flame-throwers, 81-2, 162, 336
Flanders, 34
Fleury, 216, 246, 284, 288, 301, 314, 327, 350
‘Flying Circus’, 207, 291-2
Foch, Marshal, 4, 12, 13, 134, 136, 293-4, 320; supreme commander, 325
Fokker, Tony, 201-2
Fonck, René, 205
Fonsagrive, Staff-Sgt., 179, 326
Foreign Legion, 209-10
Forges, 157
Forster, Hans, 289-90
France, Anatole, 10, 197
François, Gen. von, 303
François-Poncet, André, 132, 133-4, 343
Franco-Prussian War, 2-3
French, Gen. Sir John (later Earl of Ypres), 17
French Army: catering, 62; discipline, 63-4; leave, 64; medical services, 65-6, 102-3, 183-7; morale, 67, 269-72, 322-5; officers and men, relationships, 63; territorials, 84; trench hygiene 61-2; uniform, 13, 60; welfare organisations, 64
French colonial empire, 7
Froideterre Ridge, 122, 267, 287
Gaede, Gen., 44
Galliéni, Joseph Simon, 18, 52-3, 126, 142, 201, 241
Gallipoli, 27
Gallwitz, Gen, von, 165, 169, 170
Gamelin, Gen., 320
gas gangrene, 185
Gaudy, Lt. Georges, 188
Gaulle, Capt, (later Gen.) Charles de, 132, 136, 149, 334, 339, 343
Gehre, Ludwig, 329
Gerard, James W., 218, 223-4
German Army, 15; morale, 164-5, 310-11
Girard, Lt., 258, 260
Goose Ridge, 157
Gorlice Offensive, 280
Gough, Gen. Sir Hubert, 336
Gouraud, Gen., 142
Grandmaison, Col. de, 11-14, 127, 321
Grand Quartier Général (G.Q.G.), 4; and see Chantilly; Deuxième Bureau; Troisième Bureau
Grasset, Col., 87, 91
‘Green Cross’ gas, see poison gas
Gros, Dr. Edmund L., 209
Guderian, Col.-Gen. Heinz, 342
Guretzky-Cornitz, Gen. von, 160
Guynemer, Georges, 200, 204-5
Haig, Gen. Sir Douglas (later Earl), 21, 22, 24, 29, 30, 100, 138, 144-5, 280, 293-4; on Pétain, 137, 325; on Joffre, 333
Hall, Bert, 210, 211
Hall, James, 210
Hallé, Sgt. Guy, 237
Hassoule Wood, 109
Haucourt, 165
Haudromont, 149, 215
Haumont, Bois d’, 77-8, 82, 85-6
Haupt, Capt., 114, 115-16, 117-18, 119, 120-1
Henches, Maj., 179
Henry, Prince of Bavaria, 290
Herbebois, 59, 96; Bois d’, 80
Herduin, 2nd Lt., 271-2
Herr, Gen., 50-1, 99, 113, 129, 142, 143
Heymann, Lt-Col. von, 219
Hindenburg, F.M. von, 25, 35, 280; repla
ces Falkenhayn, 304, 317
Hitler, Adolf, 342n
Hoeppner, Gen., 209
Hoffmann, Gen. von, 281n
home front conditions in: Britain, 192; France, 193-8; Germany, 190-2
Hourticq, Lt. Louis, 305, 306-7, 326
Humbert, Capt., 180
Illustration, L’, 182, 318
Immelmann, Max, 200, 207
Indo-China, 348
inflation, in France, 195
Italy, 29, 280-2
Jagdstaffel, see ‘Flying Circus’
Jellicoe, Admiral (later Earl), 27
Joffre, Marshal Joseph: character and career, 19-23, 136; appointed C.in-C., 12; mobilisation, 16; at the Marne, 18; strategy, 29, 269, 330, misjudgements, 53, 55, 203, 308; and de Castelnau, 125-7, 129; Pétain, 138, 142, 160, 227-30, 234-5, 236, 272-4; and Haig, 293; downfall, 275-6, 288-9, 318, 319-20, 333
Joubaire, 2nd Lt., Alfred, 239-40
Journal de Genève, Le, 196
Jubert, 2nd Lt., Raymond, 167-8, 181, 187-8, 199, 326, 340
Junger, Ernst, 242
Karl, Archduke, 278-9
Keitel, F.M. Wilhelm, 342
Kitchener, F.M. Earl, 13; ‘Kitchener Army’, see Britain
Kluck, F.M. von, 18, 201
Klüfer, Maj. von, 120-1
Kluge, F.M. Günther von, 342
Kneussl, Gen. von, 163
Knobelsdorf, Gen. Schmidt von: relations with Falkenhayn, 38-40, 75-6, 82, 83, 86, 215-16; von Mudra, 218, 219; Crown Prince, 220-2, 225, 243, 282-3; ‘May Cup’, 246, 267, 284-5, 291, 295-6; replaced, 302-3, 334
Koenig, Gen., 344
Kuhl, Gen. von, 39, 277-8
Kunze, Sgt., 109-113, 115-16, 121
Kut, 214
Laage de Meux, Lt. de, 209
Lafayette Squadron, 209-13
Lafont, Observer Bernard, 200
Land and Water, 161
Langle de Cary, Gen. de, 125, 234
Laon, 322
Lattre de Tassigny, Marshal de, 268, 335-6, 348
Laval, Pierre, 197, 344
Lebas, Gen., 127
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