p. 244. Liutprand: Antapodosis, 6.5, in The Complete Works of Liudprand of Cremona, trans. P. Squatriti (Washington, 2007), pp. 197 - 8.
p. 245. Villages: before 800, see in general C. Wickham, Framing the Early Middle Ages (Oxford, 2005), pp. 442 - 518. Limestone Massif and Serjilla: H. C. Butler, Syria, vol. 2B (Leiden, 1920), pp. 113 - 33; G. Tchalenko, Villages antiques de la Syrie du Nord, 3 vols. (Paris, 1953 - 8); G. Tate, Les Campagnes de la Syrie du Nord du IIe au VIIe siècle, vol. 1 (Paris, 1992); G. Charpentier, ‘Les Bains de Sergilla’, Syria, 71 (1994), pp. 113-42.
p. 246. Western villages: see esp. H. Hamerow, Early Medieval Settlements (Oxford, 2002); É. Peytremann, Archéologie de l’habitat rural dans le nord de la France du IVe au XIIe siècle (Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 2003).
p. 247. Vorbasse: for a brief overview in English, see S. Hvass, in K. Randsborg (ed.), The Birth of Europe (Rome, 1989), pp. 91 - 9.
p. 247. Lauchheim: in English, see F. Damminger, in I. Wood (ed.), Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian Period (Woodbridge, 1998), pp. 60 - 64.
p. 248. Churches: for England, see Blair, Church, esp. pp. 383-425.
p. 249. Montarrenti: see F. Cantini, Il castello di Montarrenti (Florence, 2003), with the generalizations to the rest of Tuscany in M. Valenti, L’insediamento altomedievale nelle campagne toscane (Florence, 2004), and to the rest of Italy in R. Francovich and R. Hodges, Villa to Village (London, 2003). For a general context for internal village spatial hierarchi- zation, see L. Feller, Paysans et seigneurs au Moyen ge, VIIIe-XVe siècles (Paris, 2007), pp. 76-81.
Chapter 11
There are many histories of Byzantium in English. The best one-volume starting point is M. Whittow, The Making of Orthodox Byzantium, 600-1025 (Basingstoke, 1996); the best monographic surveys of this period are J. F. Haldon, Byzantium in the Seventh Century, 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 1997) and L. Brubaker and J. F. Haldon, Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era (ca.680-ca.850) (Cambridge, 2009); I am grateful to the authors for letting me see the typescript. C. Mango, Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome (London, 1980), A. Cameron, The Byzantines (Oxford, 2006) and J. Herrin, Byzantium (Princeton, 2008), are insightful. J. Herrin, The Formation of Christendom (Princeton, 1987) is important for the church. ODB is an invaluable reference book.
p. 255. Parastaseis: A. Cameron and J. Herrin (eds.), Constantinople in the Early Eighth Century (Leiden, 1984). Cited in order are cc. 61, 28, 61, 65, 75.
p. 257. Maurice: see esp. M. Whitby, The Emperor Maurice and his Historian (Oxford, 1988).
p. 257. Avars: W. Pohl, Die Awaren (Munich, 1988).
p. 257. Coups: W. E. Kaegi, Byzantine Military Unrest 471-843 (Amsterdam, 1981); for army ideology, J. F. Haldon, in Klio, 68 (1986), pp. 139-90. For hereditary succession and legitimacy, G. Dagron, Emperor and Priest (Cambridge, 2003), pp. 13-45, 54-83.
p. 258. Phocas: see D. M. Olster, The Politics of Usurpation in the Seventh Century (Amsterdam, 1993), a very up-beat account.
p. 258. Heraclius: see W. E. Kaegi, Heraclius (Cambridge, 2003), another up-beat account.
p. 259. George of Pisidia: Giorgio di Pisidia, Poemi, vol. 1, ed. and trans. A. Pertusi (Ettal, 1959), p. 109.
p. 259. Michael Hendy: M. F. Hendy, Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy, c.300 - 1450 (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 619-67 (quote from p. 620).
p. 260. Byzantine navy: H. Ahrweiler, Byzance et la mer (Paris, 1966), pp. 17 - 92.
p. 260. Apocalyptic writing: see e.g. G. Dagron and V. Déroche, ‘Juifs et Chrétiens dans l’Orient du VIIe siècle’, Travaux et memoires, 11 (1991), pp. 17-273, esp. pp. 38-43; R. G. Hoyland, Seeing Islam as Others Saw It (Princeton, 1997), pp. 257-316; an important example, pseudo-Methodios, is partially trans. by S. P. Brock, in A. Palmer, The Seventh Century in the West-Syrian Chronicles (Liverpool, 1993), pp. 230-42. For the highly religious nature of the writings of this period, see A. Cameron, J. Haldon, G. J. Reinink, in A. Cameron and L. I. Conrad (eds.), The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, vol. 1 (Princeton, 1992), pp. 81 - 187.
p. 261. Army: see Haldon, Byzantium in the Seventh Century, pp. 208 - 32; idem, in Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 47 (1993), pp. 1 - 67, idem, Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine world 565-1204 (London, 1999), pp. 71 - 123.
p. 262. Aristocracies: C. Wickham, Framing the Early Middle Ages (Oxford, 2005), pp. 233 - 9 gives a brief survey with bibliography.
p. 263. St Artemios: The Miracles of St Artemios, ed. and trans. V. S. Crisafulli and J. W. Nesbitt (Leiden, 1997), esp. cc. 7, 10, 17, 18, 26, 27, 29, 32, 44, and pp. 19-21.
p. 263. Platon: ODB, vol. 3, p. 1684.
p. 263. Bureaucracy: Haldon, Byzantium in the Seventh Century, pp. 180 - 207; W. Brandes, Finanzverwaltung in Krisenzeiten (Frankfurt, 2002), pp. 116 - 238.
p. 264. Public space: M. McCormick, Eternal Victory (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 131-230; L. Brubaker, in M. de Jong and F. Theuws (eds.), Topographies of Power in the Early Middle Ages (Leiden, 2001), pp. 31-43; Dagron, Emperor and Priest, pp. 103-14. For 765, The Chronicle of Theophanes, trans. C. Mango and R. Scott (Oxford, 1997), p. 605.
p. 264. Roman form to the city: P. Magdalino, Constantinople médiévale (Paris, 1996), pp. 48-50.
p. 265. Leo III: Dagron, Emperor and Priest, pp. 158-91.
p. 266. Army and councils: Brubaker and Haldon, Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era, ch. 1; for the 681 events, Chronicle of Theophanes, pp. 491 - 2 (misdated to 669).
p. 267. Ekloga: A Manual of Roman Law, trans. E. H. Freshfield (Cambridge, 1926); quote from p. 67.
p. 268. Constantine V reforms: Chronicle of Theophanes, pp. 608, 611; J. F. Haldon, Byzantine Praetorians (Bonn, 1984), pp. 228-56.
p. 268. Iconoclasm: see in general Brubaker and Haldon, Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era (see ch. 1 for before 720); and also iidem, Byzantium in the Iconoclast era (ca.680-850): The Sources (Aldershot, 2001). For early icons, I follow L. Brubaker, ‘Icons before Iconoclasm? ’, Settimane di studio, 45 (1998), pp. 1215-54, against the classic E. Kitzinger, ‘The Cult of Images in the Age before Iconoclasm’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 8 (1954), pp. 85-150. For 626, see B. V. Pentcheva, in Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 26 (2002), pp. 2-41. For other contributions, see the bibliographies in these works; but A. Bryer and J. Herrin (eds.), Iconoclasm (Birmingham, 1977) is a valuable survey of the then state of knowledge, and P. Brown, ‘A Dark-age Crisis’, English Historical Review, 88 (1973), pp. 1-34 is a brilliant reinterpretation. The Gregory the Great quote is cited and contextualized by H. L. Kessler, in Studies in the History of Art, 16 (1985), pp. 75-91.
p. 269. Constantine V and Nikephoros: Nikephoros, Antirrhesis, trans. M.-J. Mondzain- Baudinet, Nicéphore, Discours contre les Iconoclastes (Paris, 1989); p. 325 has a list of the Constantine citations.
p. 269. ‘Unlawful art’: D. J. Sahas, Icon and Logos (Toronto, 1986), a translation of the acts of Second Nicaea, p. 75.
p. 269. Stephen the Younger: La Vie d’Étienne le Jeune par Étienne le diacre, ed. and trans. M.-F. Auzépy (Aldershot, 1997), cc. 69 (death), 28 (flight).
p. 270. Eirene: see, in addition to the general surveys, L. James, Empresses and Power in Early Byzantium (Leicester, 2001), esp. pp. 54-6, 68-72, 89-92, 112-14, 125-7; a detailed account of her reign, as of her successors, not fully critical of the primary sources, is W. Treadgold, The Byzantine Revival 780-842 (Stanford, Calif., 1988).
p. 271. Nikephoros I: Treadgold, Byzantine Revival, pp. 127 - 95; Chronicle of Theophanes, pp. 655 (802), 667-9 (vexations).
p. 272. The Balkans: J. V. A. Fine, The Early Medieval Balkans (Ann Arbor, 1983), pp. 66-105, and F. Curta, Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250 (Cambridge, 2006), pp. 70 - 110, 147-65, give recent narrative accounts; the classic, D. Obolensky, The Byzantine Commonwealth (London, 1971) is less detailed on this period. For casual references to Slavic languages in the tenth century, Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando Imperio, ed. and trans. G. Moravcsik and R. J. H. Jenkins (Washington, 1967), cc. 31, 32, 34, 36.
p. 273. Constantine V’s memory: Chronicl
e of Theophanes, pp. 679-80, 684 - 5.
p. 274. Alexander and Caesar: Nikephoros, Antirrhesis, 3.73 (Nicéphore, Discours, pp. 281-3).
p. 274. Bishops as mainly Iconoclast: see M. Kaplan, in idem (ed.), Monaste‘res, images, pouvoirs et societe à Byzance (Paris, 2006), pp. 183-205.
p. 274. Graptoi: Treadgold, Byzantine Revival, pp. 311, 447; several sources recount the event.
p. 274. Great Fence: see P. Squatriti, in Past and Present, 176 (2002), pp. 11-65.
p. 275. Eirene’s body: J. Herrin, Women in Purple (London, 2001), p. 213.
p. 275. Nikephoros: Nikephoros, Antirrhesis, 1.20, 30, 43, 2.18 (Nicéphore, Discours, pp. 87, 110, 135, 178). Ignatios: The Correspondence of Ignatios the Deacon, ed. and trans. C. Mango (Washington, 1997), letter 21 for Pythagoras; pp. 239 - 41 for non-biblical citations. For all these figures, see above all P. Lemerle, Byzantine Humanism (Canberra, 1986), pp. 137-204. For Ignatios’ career, see Correspondence of Ignatios, pp. 3-24; letters cited are 30 (Nikephoros), 46 (location of exile), 39 (poverty), 38 (straying).
p. 277. Theophilos and building: Brubaker and Haldon, Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era, ch. 5.
p. 277. Peter Brown: ‘A Dark-age Crisis’; p. 8 for quote.
p. 278. Palestinian Christians: Brubaker and Haldon, Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era: The Sources, pp. 30-36; R. Schick, The Christian Communities of Palestine from Byzantine to Islamic Rule (Princeton, 1995), pp. 180-219.
Chapter 12
A general framing for some of the problems of Arab history is R. S. Humphreys, Islamic History, revised edn. (Princeton, 1991). For narratives to 750, see H. Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates (London, 1986); G. R. Hawting, The First Dynasty of Islam (Carbondale, Ill., 1987); P. Crone, Slaves on Horses (Cambridge, 1980), very crisp and succinct, but requiring prior knowledge; M. A. Shaban, Islamic History: A New Interpretation , vol. 1 (Cambridge, 1971), older and more problematic; and the old classic, J. Wellhausen, The Arab Kingdom and its Fall (Calcutta, 1927). An essential research tool is the Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edn. (Leiden, 1954 - 2001).
p. 279. Murder of ‘Uthman: texts include The Armenian History Attributed to Sebeos, trans. R. W. Thomson et al. (Liverpool, 1999), vol. 1, p. 154; The History of al-Tabari, trans. E. Yar-Shater et al., 39 vols. (Albany, NY, 1985-2000), vol. 15, pp. 145-252. For reconstructions of the events and their problems, see R. S. Humphreys, in F. M. Clover and R. S. Humphreys (eds.), Tradition and Innovation in Late Antiquity (Madison, 1989), pp. 271-90 (the more critical); M. Hinds, Studies in Early Islamic History (Princeton, 1996), pp. 29-55. For some context, Humphreys, Islamic History, pp. 98-103; E. L. Petersen, ‘Alí and Mu‘awiya in Early Arabic Tradition (Copenhagen, 1964); P. Crone, Medieval Islamic Political Thought (Edinburgh, 2004), pp. 17-32. For Sayf, E. Landau-Tasseron, in Der Islam, 67 (1990), pp. 6-26; P. Crone, in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 3 ser., 6 (1996), pp. 237 - 40.
p. 281. Narrative sources: see C. F. Robinson, Islamic Historiography (Cambridge, 2003); A. Noth, The Early Arabic Historical Tradition, ed. L. I. Conrad (Princeton, 1994); F. M. Donner, Narratives of Islamic Origins (Princeton, 1998). All these engage with the most critical recent historiography from different positions, and show what Arab sources look like. Important examples of that historiography include Crone, Slaves on Horses, pp. 3 - 17; L. I. Conrad, ‘The Conquest of Arwad’, in A. Cameron and L. I. Conrad (eds.), The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, vol. 1 (Princeton, 1992), pp. 317-401. Non-Muslim sources are discussed in R. G. Hoyland, Seeing Islam as Others Saw It (Princeton, 1997).
p. 282. Muhammad: a good short introduction is M. A. Cook, Muhammad (Oxford, 1983).
p. 282. Constitution of Medina: Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad, trans. A. Guillaume (London, 1955), pp. 231 - 3; see Humphreys, Islamic History, pp. 92 - 8.
p. 282. Qur’an: trans. A. J. Arberry, The Koran Interpreted (London, 1955), among many. For dates, J. Wansbrough, Quranic Studies (Oxford, 1977), pp. 43-52; P. Crone, in Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 18 (1994), pp. 1-37; Donner, Narratives, pp. 35-63. For the Dome of the Rock texts, Hoyland, Seeing Islam, pp. 696-9 (cf. 545 - 59, 591 - 8).
p. 283. 643 text: A. Grohmann, From the World of Arabic Papyri (Cairo, 1952), pp. 113-15.
p. 283. Khalfa: see P. Crone and M. Hinds, God’s Caliph (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 4-23 (the first contemporary references are for ‘Abd al-Malik).
p. 283. Conquests: see F. M. Donner, The Early Islamic Conquests (Princeton, 1981), more trusting of the sources than his later Narratives; the basic Arabic text is al-Baladhuri, The Origins of the Islamic State, trans. P. K. Hitti and F. C. Murgotten (New York, 1916 - 24).
p. 285. Dwn: see esp. H. Kennedy, The Armies of the Caliphs (London, 2001), pp. 59-78.
p. 285. Arab landowning: see among others Donner, Conquests, pp. 239-50; Kennedy, Armies, pp. 81-5; K. Morimoto, ‘Land Tenure in Egypt during the Early Islamic Period’, Orient, 11 (1975), pp. 109-53. The numerous individual examples of land cessions do not undermine the main point.
p. 285. Tax: see in general, among many, J. B. Simonsen, Studies in the Genesis and Early Development of the Caliphal Taxation System (Copenhagen, 1988).
p. 285. Mansur family: see M. F. Auzépy, in Travaux et memoires, 12 (1994), pp. 194 - 203. The 700 date comes from al-Baladhuri, Origins, vol. 1, p. 301.
p. 286. Mawl: there is a huge debate over their role. I follow P. Crone in talking down their political importance, as, for example, in Slaves on Horses, pp. 49-57.
p. 286. Conversion: see esp. R. W. Bulliet, Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period (Cambridge, Mass., 1979).
p. 286. Egypt: see e.g. C. Wickham, Framing the Early Middle Ages (Oxford, 2005), pp. 133 - 44, 251 - 5, 419 - 28; for early Arabization, see esp. now P. M. Sijpesteijn, Shaping a Muslim State (Oxford, in press); eadem in Proceedings of the British Academy, 136 (2007), pp. 183 - 200 for administrative continuities.
p. 287. Syria: see several articles in P. Canivet and J. P. Rey-Cocquais (eds.), La Syrie de Byzance à l’Islam, VIIe-VIIIe siècles (Damascus, 1992); J. B. Segal, Edessa (Oxford, 1970), pp. 202-3. For papyri, C. J. Kraemer (ed.), Excavations at Nessana, vol. 3 (Princeton, 1958), nn. 55-88, 92-3 (the dwn text); A. Grohmann (ed.), Arabic Papyri from Hirbet el-Mird (Louvain, 1963). For archaeological continuities and the occasional change, A. Walmsley, Early Islamic Syria (London, 2007); J. Magness, The Archaeology of the Early Islamic Settlement in Palestine (Winona Lake, Ind., 2003). For the Arabs in the Jazira and Iraq, not discussed here, the key books are C. F. Robinson, Empire and Élites after the Muslim Conquest (Cambridge, 2000), and M. G. Morony, Iraq after the Muslim Conquest (Princeton, 1984); there is no good book on Iran.
p. 288. Samuel: Kraemer (ed.), Excavations at Nessana, vol. 3, n. 75.
p. 288. Egyptian tax revolts: K. Morimoto, The Fiscal Administration of Egypt in the Early Islamic Period (Dohosha, 1981), pp. 145 - 72.
p. 288. Incomplete cultural separation: T. Sizgorich, in Past and Present, 85 (2004), pp. 9 - 42; for Rusafa, E. K. Fowden, The Barbarian Plain (Berkeley, 1999), esp. pp. 60 - 100, 130-91. Bahira discussed by Christians: Hoyland, Seeing Islam, esp. pp. 270-76. Sinai: Kraemer (ed.), Excavations at Nessana, vol. 3, nn. 72 - 3; R. Schick, The Christian Communities of Palestine from Byzantine to Islamic Rule (Princeton, 1995), pp. 410 - 12.
p. 289. Mu‘awiya: see R. S. Humphreys, Mu‘awiya ibn Abi Sufyan (Oxford, 2006).
p. 289. Second Civil War: see the narrative surveys cited in the introduction, and also C. F. Robinson, ‘Abd al-Malik (Oxford, 2005), a basic account of that ruler.
p. 290. Africa: see M. Brett, in The Cambridge History of Africa, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1978), pp. 490 - 555.
p. 291. Kalb/Yaman vs. Qays: see above all P. Crone, ‘Were the Qays and Yemen of the Umayyad Period Political Parties?’, Der Islam, 71 (1994), pp. 1-57.
p. 291. ‘Abd al-Hamid: see W. al-Qdin Cameron and Conrad, Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, vol. 1, pp. 215-75. For ‘Abd al-Malik and Islamization, see F. M. Donner, ‘The Fo
rmation of the Islamic State’, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 106 (1986), pp. 283-96; Robinson, ‘Abd al Malik; Crone and Hinds, God’s Caliph, pp. 24 - 57.
p. 292. Buildings: R. Ettinghausen and O. Grabar, The Art and Architecture of Islam: 650-1250 (Harmondsworth, 1987), pp. 28 - 71.
p. 292. Representation of humans: Qur’an, esp. 5.92, 6.74; cf. O. Grabar, The Formation of Islamic Art (New Haven, 1973), pp. 75-103.
p. 293. Al-Walid II and Yazid III on their religious roles: see texts trans. in Crone and Hinds, God’s Caliph, pp. 115 - 28 (pp. 124, 123 for quotes).
p. 293. Qusayr ‘Amra: G. Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth (Princeton, 1993), pp. 143 - 9, developed in idem, Qusayr ‘Amra (Berkeley, 2004).
p. 294. Sa‘id: S. Bashear, Arabs and Others in Early Islam (Princeton, 1997), p. 36; the whole book explores Arab ethnic attitudes. For the non-tribal nature of factions, see Crone, ‘Were the Qays’; earlier, Donner, Conquests, pp. 251-63.
p. 294. Al-Farazdaq: Divan de Férazdak, trans. R. Boucher (Paris, 1870), quotes from n. 21, p. 94 and n. 8, p. 32; see in general Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. 2, pp. 788-9; S. K. Jayyusi, in A. F. L. Beeston et al. (eds.), Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 401-12; Crone and Hinds, God’s Caliph, pp. 30-40.
p. 295. Hisham: see the political narrative in K. Y. Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State (Albany, NY, 1994), a far too apocalyptic account. For Hisham as short of money, cf. Kennedy, Armies, pp. 74-6.
p. 295. Yazid III and tax: Crone, ‘Were the Qays’, p. 41.
p. 295. ‘Abbasid ‘revolution’: the enormous historiography includes Wellhausen, Arab Kingdom , pp. 456-566; M. A. Shaban, The ‘Abbsid Revolution (Cambridge, 1970); M. Sharon, Black Banners from the East (Jerusalem, 1983); J. Lassner, in Clover and Humphreys, Tradition and Innovation, pp. 247-70. See the sensible literature survey in Humphreys, Islamic History, pp. 104 - 27.
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