After the Reich

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After the Reich Page 85

by Giles MacDonogh


  Stalingrad: battle of (1942-3); German prisoners

  Stange, Wilhelm

  Starbroke, Captain

  Starke, Gerhard

  Starlinger, Professor Wilhelm

  Stasi (Ministry of State Security, East Germany)

  Stauffenberg, Colonel Graf Claus Schenk von

  Steel, Christopher

  Steele, General Sir James

  Steengracht von Moyland, Freiherr Gustav Adolf von

  Stegerwald, Adam

  Stein, Frau von (Lehnsdorff’s aunt)

  Steiner, Frank

  Steinhardt (assistant mayor of Vienna)

  Stelzl, Johann

  Stephens, Colonel Robin

  Stern, James: on post-war fatalities; observes boys playing at bombing; on Americans’ behaviour in Germany; sees German destruction; on black market; hears Ledenfels play Beethoven at Auden’s house; on plunder by Moroccans; on feral children; on Schmorrell family; visits Prince Fugger von Glött; and German knowledge of atrocities; and Fragebogen; on prostitutes; gives chewing gum to children; on Polish DPs; The Hidden Damage

  Sternheim, Carl: Der Snob

  Stettin

  Stevens, Major Richard H.

  Steyr (motor manufacturer)

  Stiegelmar family

  Stiller, Obersturmführer

  Stillfried, Major

  Stimson, Henry L.

  Stolp (Słupsk)

  Stolz, Otto

  Storm, Ruth

  Strachey, John

  Strang, Sir William (later Baron)

  Stránský, Jaroslav

  Strasbourg

  Strauss, Emil Georg von

  Strauss, Richard; Die Metamorphosen

  Streicher, Julius

  Stremer Jewish Murder Case (Austria)

  Stroop, Jürgen

  Strüder, Dr (of Frankfurt)

  Stuckart, Wilhelm

  Stülpnagel, General Carl-Heinrich and Frau von

  Stumm, Johannes

  Stumpff, General Hans-Jürgen

  Sturgkh, Graf Alfred

  Stuttgart

  Stutthof concentration camp

  Styria

  Sudetenland

  Suhr, Otto

  Suhrkamp, Peter

  Sulzbach, Herbert

  Summersby, Kay

  Sunisch, Ernestine

  Susmann, Herr (of Teupitz)

  Svoboda, General Ludvik

  Swabians (ethnic Germans in Hungary)

  Sweet, Paul

  Swinemünde

  Switzerland: and Austrian territorial claims; responsible for German POWs

  Szokoll, Major Carl; Die Rettung Wiens

  T-Force (British)

  Talizy: ‘Antifa’ school

  Taylor, A. J. P.

  Taylor, Colonel Telford

  Tedder, Marshal of the RAF Arthurt Baron

  Tegel: airfield opened

  Teheran Conference (1945)

  Tempelhof (Berlin airfield): Howley visits

  Templer, General Sir Gerald

  Tetschen, Czechoslovakia

  Thadden, Elisabeth von

  Thadden-Trieglaff, Frau von

  theatre: in Soviet zone; in American zone; in Vienna

  Thekla, Leipzig

  Theresienstadt concentration camp

  Thibaut, Jacques

  Thierack, Otto-Georg

  Thiess, Franz

  Third Man, The (film)

  Thomas, General Georg

  Thomas, Captain Michael Alexander ( formerly Ulrich Holländer )

  Thomasdorf camp, Czechoslovakia

  Thompson, Commodore C. R.

  Thompson, Dorothy

  Thon, Harry

  Thorez, Maurice

  Thuringia

  Thurn und Taxis, Alexander, Prince

  Thurn und Taxis, ‘Hansi’, Prince

  Thurn und Taxis, Willy, Prince

  Thyssen, Fritz

  Tichy, Lieutenant

  Tiessen, Heinz

  Tietjen, Heinz

  Tito, Josip Broz: friction with Soviet Russia; Stalin restrains; partisans in Carinthia; claims to Trieste; fights domobranci; summer palace; breach with Stalin

  Tolbukhin, Marshal Fyodor Ivanovich

  Tolomei, Ettore

  Tomeš (Theresienstadt assistant commandant)

  Toscanini, Arturo

  Toynbee, Arnold

  transit camps: in Silesia

  treks: by refugees

  Treuter, Dr Helmut

  Trevor-Roper, Hugh; The Last Days of Hitler

  Trier

  Trieste: British-Yugoslav dispute over; reverts to Italy

  Trizonia (British-French-US zones)

  Troller, Georg Stefan

  Trotha, General Ivo Thilo von

  Trott, Adam von

  Truka (Czech Little Fortress guard)

  Truman, Harry S.: accepts Russian occupation of Mecklenburg and Saxony; Churchill sends ‘iron curtain’ telegram to; wariness of Soviet Russia; Doctrine; and German art treasures; and Morgenthau’s isolation; and trial of German war criminals; agrees to fall back to Yalta-agreed line; and exclusion of French at Potsdam; at Potsdam Conference; relations with Russians; relations with Churchill; accepts Morgenthau’s resignation; demands complete disarmament of Germany; and Polish frontiers; meets Bevin; ends Lease-Lend; and South Tyrol; supports holding Berlin; and Berlin blockade and airlift; federal officials dismissed and resign

  Truscott, General Lucien

  Tsarskoe Selo: Amber Room

  tuberculosis (TB)

  Tübingen

  Tulln, Austria

  Tulpanov, Sergey I. (‘the Colonel’ or ‘the Tulip’)

  Tunner, Major General

  Turks: population transfer (1913)

  Turnwald, Wilhelm

  typhus

  Tyrol; see also South Tyrol

  Udet, Colonel-General Ernst

  Ukraine: kulaks in

  Ulbricht, Walter: arrives in Berlin; and land reform; encourages culture; denies Russian rapes; and founding of GDR; provokes riots in Berlin; in East German government

  Ulitzka, Carl

  Ullstein publishing family

  Ullstein, Heinz

  Ullstein, Hermann

  Union of Independents (Austrian party)

  United Europe Congress, The Hague (May 1948)

  United Nations: Declaration upholding Atlantic Charter; Charter

  United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)

  United States of America: policy on occupation and treatment of Germany; advance and occupation in western Europe; refuses to recognise Renner regime in Austria; rapes by soldiers; rejects Dönitz government; black soldiers in Germany and Austria; and discovery and liberation of concentration camps; post-war deaths in Germany; conflict with Russians in Berlin; administers zone in Berlin; food plenty in Berlin; attitude to occupied Berlin; Berliners’ attitude to; liberation of western Czechoslovakia; United States of America - continued and Czech expulsions; sends food parcels to Europe; seizes German scientists; favours Adenauer; desire to withdraw from Germany; advance on Vienna; in Austria; administration in Vienna; radio stations; Jews serve in army; propaganda campaign in Germany; denazification programme; ban on fraternising with Germans; and German art treasures; art plunder and pillaging; retrieves and preserves stolen treasures; treatment of German POWs; prisoner-of-war camps; interrogation and torture methods; trial and punishment of Nazi war criminals; conduct of war; and Dachau trial; Bulganin declares enemy; policy on Germany at Potsdam Conference; possesses atom bomb; drops atom bombs; hostility to Soviet Russia; and Berlin airlift; post-war dismissals and resignations; see also American zone

  Unverzagt, Wilhelm

  Upper Austria

  Upper Silesia

  uranium: mined in Erzgebirge

  Üxküll-Gyllenbrand, Gräfin Alexandrine von

  Vaihingen

  Valchař (Czech Little Fortress guard)

  Vansittart, Robert, Baron

  Vassiltchikov, Princess Marie (‘Mi
ssie’)

  Veesenmayer, Edmund

  Veltheim, Hans-Hasso von

  Veltheim, Otti von

  venereal diseases

  Venlo Incident (1939)

  Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes (VVN)

  Vermehren, Isa

  Versailles, Treaty of (1919)

  Victoria, Princess

  Victoria Louise, Princess (Duchess of Brunswick)

  Vienna: partition and occupation; falls to Red Army; foreign workers in; looting; under Soviet occupation; women raped; cultural life; May Day parade (1945); destruction; housing; rationing and food supply; Western Allies advance on; zoned between Allies; concern for return to normality; administration under occupying powers; Soviet monument in; communist failure in 1945 election; lawlessness and banditry in; discussed at Potsdam Conference; food shortage in British sector; in severe winter (1946-7); blockade threatened; see also Austria

  Vietinghoff, General Heinrich von

  Vilfan, Josef

  Villach, Carinthia

  Vlasak Karel

  Vlasov, General Andrei

  Vogel, Hans

  Voikova (Russian camp)

  Voizard (governor of Tyrol-Vorarlberg)

  Volga Germans

  Volkspolizei (Vopos)

  Volkswagen factory, Wolfsburg

  Völpel, Gustav

  Vom Ghetto zur Freiheit: Die Zukunft der Juden im befreiten Österreich (pamphlet)

  Vorarlberg

  Voroshilov, Kliment Yefremovich

  Vorys, John

  Voss, Admiral Hans Erich

  Vrša, Commandant

  Vyshinsky, Andrei

  Wabra, Dr Franz

  Wagner, Franz

  Wagner, Friedelind

  Wagner, Hans

  Wagner, Josef

  Wagner, Richard

  Wagner, Wieland

  Wagner, Winifred; trial

  Wagner, Wolfgang

  Waite, Air Commodore Reginald Newnham

  Wallenberg (village)

  Wallenberg, Major Hans

  Walser, Martin

  Walter, Bruno

  Wandel, Paul

  Warlimont, General Walther

  Warner, Major Frederick (born Manfred Werner)

  Warsaw Uprising (1944)

  Waterhouse, Ellis

  Watt, Donald Cameron

  Watzka, Maximilian

  Watzke, Anton

  Wechsberg, Joseph

  Wedel, von (Prussian escapee)

  Wedgwood, Colonel Josiah Clement (later 1st Baron)

  Weeks, General Sir Ronald

  Wegener, Paul

  Wegner, Franz

  Weidling, General Helmuth

  Weimar

  Weimar, Grand Duchess of

  Weinberger, Lois

  Weinhand, Franz

  Weis, Franz

  Weisenborn, Günther; Berliner Requiem

  Weiss, Dany

  Weiss, Grigori

  Weiss, Martin

  Weiss, ‘Uncle Toni’

  ‘Weisse Rose’ Movement

  Weissenheim, Austria

  Weizsäcker, Carl Friedrich von

  Weizsäcker, Ernst von

  Weizsäcker, Richard von; Vier Zeiten: Erinnerungen

  Wellesz, Egon

  Wells, Dr C. J. I.

  Wendt, Erich

  Wensich, Franz

  Werewolves

  Werl, near Dortmund

  Werner, Dr Arthur

  Werth, Alexander

  Wesen, Hans

  West, F. C.

  West Germany see German Federal Republic

  Western European Union

  Wetzelsdorf, Austria

  Weygand, General Maxime

  White, Harry Dexter

  Wichmann, Lily

  Wiechert, Ernst

  Wiesbaden

  Wiesbaden Manifesto

  Wieselmann, Flight Sergeant

  Wiesenstein, Haus, Silesia

  Wiesner (Czech camp commandant)

  Wilhelm Gustloff (ship)

  Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands

  Wilkinson, Colonel Alexander

  Wilkinson, Peter

  Willenbucher, Dr

  William II, Kaiser

  Williams, Charles: Adenauer

  Williams, Air Marshal Sir Thomas Melling

  Wilson, Woodrow

  Wilton Park, Buckinghamshire

  Winchell, Walter

  Winckelnkemper, Peter

  Winterton, Major-General Sir John

  Wirths (prisoner in Russia)

  Wisliceny, Dieter

  Witgenstein, Werner

  Witzleben, Field Marshal Erwin von

  Woermann, Ernst

  Wolf, Markus

  Wolff, Jeanette

  Wolff, Karl

  Wolfsberg, Austria

  Wollin, Poland

  Woman in Berlin, A (anon.)

  women: raped ; attracted to conquerors& n; commit suicide; clear Berlin rubble; and hairdressing; abused in Prague; work for Allies; as voters in Austrian election; dehumanisation of Jewish; and ban on fraternising; in Berlin elections

  Worden, Blair

  Württemberg

  Würzburg

  Wyand, Paul

  Xavier, Prince of Bourbon-Parma

  Yalta Conference (1945): Roosevelt attends; defines Allied zones; allocates former Teutonic regions to Poland; agrees deportation of Russian citizens; and use of German POWs as forced labour; and Polish boundaries; Truman promises to accept agreement; agreement on Ruhr reparations to Russia

  Yorck, Marion, Gräfin

  Ysenburg, Prince

  Yugoslavia: dispute with Britain over Trieste; ethnic Germans expelled; claims part of Carinthia; vetoes Austria’s aid from UNRRA; nationals deported; threat to Venezia-Giulia; German POWs in; Stalin refuses to discuss at Potsdam; Soviet Russia backs demands for reparations

  Yurasov, Vladimir

  Zabern incident (1913)

  Zaglauer (Austrian hangman)

  Zahn, Werner

  Zborowski, Helmut von

  Zelder, Irene

  Zelenka, Professor (of Prague)

  Zerbst

  Zetterberg, Frau

  Zheltov, Colonel-General A. S.

  Zhukov, Marshal Georgi Konstantinovich: in occupation of Berlin; at signing of German surrender; authorises formation of German anti-fascist parties; control in Berlin; protects Hauptmann; Patton disparages; and Soviet art; tells Stalin of Hitler’s suicide; and return of Russian POWs; protests at supposed British reserving of German army; and Allied agreement on Berlin; at Potsdam Conference; given US Legion of Merit; meets Clay; on Attlee at Potsdam Conference; on Polish border agreement; and Western arming of Germans

  Ziemer, Gerhard: Deutsche Exodus

  Zimmermann (killer)

  Zitzewitz, Elvira von

  Zöberlein, Hans

  Zuckmayer, Alice

  Zuckmayer, Carl: and German awareness of moral bankruptcy; emigrates and flees to USA; sees destruction in Germany; on Werewolves; admires Russian contribution to arts; on German attitude to Americans; and revival of professional life; and German women’s attitude to German men; criticises US policy in Germany; reports on state of theatre and film; on Austrian culture; and German children’s behaviour; and success of Neue Zeitung; on German opponents of Hitler; on Jewish DPs; and German collective guilt; and denazification; witnesses food demonstration in Munich; advocates treating Germans with kindness; on black market; on man-in-street; on Polish theft of circus pig; on German ovens; on severe winter (1946-7); Deutschlandbericht für das Kriegsministerium der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika; Der Hauptmann von Köpenick; Des Teufels General

  Zuffenhausen camp

  Zühlsdorff, Volkmar von

  Zweig, Arnold

  a Gerhard Ziemer gives the figure of 2,280,000, Alfred de Zayas 2,211,000.

  b To some extent he based the book on his own family. As a teenager the author was privileged to meet his two brothers. One had literally shot himself
in the foot to avoid fighting Hitler’s war.

  c At this stage the Soviet share included eastern Germany within its 1937 borders. Much of this was later hived off and awarded to Poland.

  d This is disputed. Michael Balfour says Morgenthau wrote the first draft: Michael Balfour and John Mair, Four Power Control in Germany and Austria 1945-1946, Oxford 1956, 20 n3.

  e This was an Anglo-American brassière: the French word applies to a baby garment, and has no lumps.

  f Once again Bavaria was seen as the harmless part of Germany. The monster was always Prussia.

  g The assistant Soviet commander in Germany, Sokolovsky, specifically mentioned the Herrenvolk to justify the rapes. (See Norman M. Naimark, The Russians in Germany - A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949, Cambridge, Mass. and London 1995, 79.)

  h In February 1943 Hitler drove past a group of Russian slave-labourers working on the road outside Zaporozhe. Filled with loathing he remarked, ‘It is quite right to make Slavs do this, these robots! Otherwise they would have no right to their share of the sun!’ Henrik Eberle and Matthias Uhl, eds, The Hitler Book, translated by Giles MacDonogh, London 2005, 102.

  i A variant on a Venetian dish, risibisi (rice and peas), and popular in Vienna. The author came across it as a child, at a rare surviving Jewish home in the 2nd Bezirk.

  j Schärf had suffered at the hands of Dollfuss’s Corporate State when he had been put in the concentration camp at Wöllersdorf, and again under the Nazis when he had spent a few months in captivity after the Anschluss.

  k From Parteigenosse: Party comrade of member of the Nazi Party (NSDAP).

 

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