356. “is only one of many such cave populations”: Towner et al. (2009), 2.
372. “Patient C was the father of a 4-year-old girl”: Leroy et al. (2009), 5.
372. “Thus, virus transmission may have occurred”: Leroy et al. (2009), 6.
373. “In fact, it is highly likely that several other persons”: Leroy et al. (2009), 5.
VIII. The Chimp and the River
385. “profoundly depressed” in number: Gottlieb et al. (1981), 251.
387. “strikingly similar to the syndrome of immunodeficiency”: Pitchenik et al. (1983), 277.
387. written about as the man who “carried the virus out of Africa”: e.g., Wikipedia, “Gaëtan Dugas,” citing Auerbach et al. (1984), although Auerbach et al. do not make that assertion.
387. vain but charming, even “gorgeous” in some eyes: Shilts (1987), 47.
388. “I’ve got gay cancer”: Shilts (1987), 165.
388. “Although the cause of AIDS is unknown”: Auerbach et al. (1984), 490.
388. to the more resonant “Patient Zero” of his book: Shilts (1987), 23.
389. “I’d better go home to die”: Shilts (1987), 6.
391. “AIDS could not be caused by a conventional bacterium”: Montagnier (2000), 42.
393. “more than 4000 individuals in the world”: Levy et al. (1984), 840.
393. “Our data cannot reflect a contamination”: Levy et al. (1984), 842.
396. “In 1985, the highest rates of HIV were reported”: Essex and Kanki (1988), 68.
396. “must have evolved mechanisms”: Essex and Kanki (1988), 68.
396. “not close enough to make it likely that SIV”: Essex and Kanki (1988), 69.
399. HUMAN AIDS VIRUS NOT FROM MONKEYS: Mulder (1988), 396.
399. sampled by the Japanese team, because it was “of Kenyan origin”: Fukasawa et al. (1988), 457.
401. revealed that the virus was “endemic” among them: Murphey-Corb et al. (1986), 437.
402. “These results suggest that SIVsm has infected macaques”: Hirsch et al. (1989), 389.
414. with material direct from a “vaccinal sore”: Willrich (2011), 181.
415. “The origin of the AIDS virus is of no importance”: Quoted in Curtis (1992), 21.
415. “It’s distracting, it’s nonproductive, it’s confusing”: Quoted in Curtis (1992), 21.
416. “The controversy surrounding the source of the Nile”: Hooper (1999), 4.
421. “Our estimation of divergence times”: Worobey et al. (2008), 663.
423. “the most persuasive evidence yet”: Weiss and Wrangham (1999), 385.
428. “We show here that the SIVcpzPtt strain that gave rise”: Keele at al. (2006), 526.
428. “In humans, direct exposure to animal blood”: Hahn et al. (2000), 611.
428. “The likeliest route of chimpanzee-to-human transmission”: Sharp and Hahn (2010), 2492.
429. “a hard mission field,” according to one Swedish missionary: Quoted in Martin (2002), 25.
430. “a low-risk type of prostitution”: Pepin (2011), 90.
437. “Until recently, the Bakweles have been using chimps”: From the typewritten, unpublished report of my anonymous source in Yokadouma.
464. “survived their own AIDS-like pandemic”: Cohen (2002), 15.
477. “that SIVcpz has a substantial negative impact”: Keele et al. (2009), 515.
479. “The Congo contains various health institutions”: Beheyt (1953), quoted in Pepin (2011), 164.
479. “The large number of patients and the small quantity of syringes”: Beheyt (1953), quoted in Pepin (2011), 164.
481. “consisted of thousands of asymptomatic free women”: Pepin (2011), 161.
485. “there must have been a very effective amplification mechanism”: Pepin (2011), 196.
IX. It Depends
496. “From the ecological point of view an outbreak”: Berryman (1987), 3.
497. “When Homo sapiens passed the six-billion mark”: Wilson (2002), 86.
498. “seems to imply a dominant force”: Myers (1993), 240.
512. “The first criterion is the most obvious”: Burke (1998), 7.
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