In Asia: Sazaly AbuBakar, Brenda Ang, Mohammad Aziz, Aleksei Chmura, Janet Cox-Singh, Jim Desmond, Gregory Engel, Jonathan Epstein, Mustafa Feeroz, Martin Gilbert, Emily Gurley, Johangir Hossain, Arif Islam, Yang Jian, Lisa Jones-Engel, Rasheda Khan, Salah Uddin Khan, Steve Luby, Sue Meng, Joe Meyer, Nazmun Nahar, Malik Peiris, Leo Poon, Mahmudur Rahman, Muhammad Rahman, Sohayati Rahman, Sorn San, Balbir Singh, Gavin Smith, Juliet Tseng, and Guangjian Zhu.
In Europe: Rob Besselink, Arnout de Bruin, Pierre Formenty, Fabian Leendertz, Viktor Molnar, Martine Peeters, Hendrik-Jan Roest, Barbara Schimmer, Jaap Taal, Dirk Teuwen, Wim van der Hoek, Yvonne van Duynhoven, Jim van Steenbergen, and Ineke Weers.
In the United States: Brian Amman, Kevin Anderson, Mike Antolin, Jesse Brunner, Charlie Calisher, Deborah Cannon, Darin Carroll, David Daigle, Inger Damon, Peter Daszak, Andy Dobson, Tony Dolan, Rick Douglass, Shannon Duerr, Ginny Emerson, Eileen Farnon, Robert Gallo, Tom Gillespie, Barney Graham, Beatrice Hahn, Barbara Harkins, Eddie Homes, Pete Hudson, Vivek Kapur, Kevin Karem, Billy Karesh, Brandon Keele, Ali Khan, Marm Kilpatrick, Lonnie King, Tom Ksiazek, Amy Kuenzi, Jens Kuhn, Edith Lederman, Julie Ledgerwood, Jill Lepore, Ian Lipkin, Andrew Lloyd-Smith, Elizabeth Lonsdorf, Adam MacNeil, Jennifer McQuiston, Nina Marano, Jim Mills, Russ Mittermeier, Jennifer Morcone, Stephen Morse, Martin Muller, Stuart Nichol, Rick Ostfeld, Mary Pearl, Mary Poss, Andrew Price-Smith, Juliet Pulliam, Anne Pusey, Andrew Read, Les Real, Zach Reed, Russ Regnery, Anne Rimoin, Pierre Rollin, Charles Rupprecht, Anthony Sanchez, Tony Schountz, Nancy Sullivan, Karen Terio, Jonathan Towner, Giliane Trindade, Murray Trostle, Abbigail Tumpey, Sally and Robert Uhlmann, Caree Vander Linden, Kelly Warfield, Robert Webster, Nathan Wolfe, and Michael Worobey.
There were others who helped too, omitted here only because my memory is bad and my notebooks and journals, just slightly more orderly than a Congolese forest, still hold some secrets even from me. Apologies for the omission, and thank you,
Maria Guarnaschelli, of W. W. Norton, my editor through many years and half a dozen books, has played her usual keen-eyed, penetrating, structurally astute, and deeply supportive role with this one. Her contributions are no less precious to me for having continued so reliably over decades. Amanda Urban of ICM, my agent, helped shape the project from the stage of a first-draft proposal and has blessed it with her ferocious advocacy ever since. These two formidable women make it possible for me to write the sort of books (requiring a bit of time and travel) that I want to write. A third, Renée Wayne Golden, played that role in earlier times and without her too this book wouldn’t exist. Melanie Tortoroli, Maria’s assistant, and their colleagues at Norton have given this project the focus, support, and professionalism for which an author always wishes. Daphne Gillam, creator of the maps (www.handcraftedmaps.com), put the artistry of human touch to the lineaments of geography. Chip Kidd’s jacket reminded us all what a spooky subject this is. Emily Krieger combined assiduous research with a reader’s sense of flow, both crucial attributes, in serving as my fact-checker. Gloria Thiede, faithful Gloria, again helped me immensely with secretarial tasks, including the transcription of interviews recorded while air conditioners, coffee grinders, street traffic, and cockatoos screeched in the background. Jodi Solomon, my lecture agent, has brokered the way to live audiences. Dan Smith, Dan Krza, Danny Schotthoefer (my three Daniels), and Don Killian assisted me greatly in the digital dimension, handling tasks of Web site design, computer repair and data rescue, and social media wrangling, most of which are even more mysterious to me than the mathematics of Anderson and May. The late Chuck West will be very much missed. Betsy my amazing wife, and Harry and Kevin and Skipper (and Nelson, now departed), our dependents, warmed the home in which this book was written.
Index
Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, 79
Abong Mbang, Cameroon, 433
Abraham, Thomas, 173–74
AbuBakar (Prof. Sazaly), 317–18, 319
acarologists, 250
Acholi people, 88, 90
adenine, 156, 270, 306, 309
Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens, British, 275
Aedes aegypti, 23, 43
Afghanistan, 22
Africa:
Central, see Central Africa
East, 360, 471, 483
southern, 483
sub-Saharan, 24, 136, 399
West, 402, 404, 471, 483
African green monkey (Chlorocebus), 396–97, 398–99
African horse sickness (AHS), 16–17, 18
Afzelius, Arvid, 240
agriculture, invention of, malaria and, 137–38, 139
AIDS, 67, 274, 385–489, 511
in chimpanzees, 466, 469, 474–77
emergence of, 42, 43, 385–90,
407–89
in gay men, 42, 385–86, 390, 391, 407, 489, 519
geographical dissemination of, 482–89
in Haitians, 386–87, 389, 484–88
in hemophiliacs, 390, 391, 489
Kinshasa emergence of, 428–29, 430–31, 462, 463, 477–78, 481–84
as pandemic, 24, 41–42, 290, 403, 437, 477, 512
R0 of, 390, 429, 431, 445, 462
sexual mores and, 429, 463, 478
sexual transmission of, 388, 391, 463, 480
syringe reuse and, 390, 391, 463, 478–82, 489
threshold density of, 480
transmissibility of, 388
as zoonotic disease, 14, 21, 381, 385, 477
see also HIV-1
Ailes, Elizabeth, 465
Amazon basin, 515
Amman, Brian, 352–55, 364–65
Ammann, Karl, 434, 437
amplifier hosts, 34, 36, 191, 195, 236, 314, 316–17, 319–20
Anderson, Roy M., 302, 303–6, 518
And the Band Played On (Shilts), 387–88, 486
Ang, Brenda, 176–77, 179–81, 207
Angola, 483
Annapolis, Md., 212, 214
Anopheles mosquitoes, 135–36, 138, 146
A. latens, 158, 161
A. leucosphyrus, 161, 163
DDT resistance in, 147
anthrax, 21, 24, 102, 265, 517
anthroponosis, 67
antibiotics, 290
as ineffective on viruses, 24, 211, 269
antibodies, effectiveness of, 350
antibodies, screening for, 424, 425
to Ebola, 65, 66, 74, 91, 115, 351, 371
to Hendra, 27, 28, 31, 32, 48–49
to herpes B, 278–79
to HIV, 397, 403
to Marburg, 356
to Nipah, 320, 322, 331
to SFV, 288–89
to SIV, 396, 467
Argentina, 214, 216
Armstrong, Charles, 215
asmani bala (curse of Allah), 376, 378
atoxyl, 480
Atsangandako, Catherine, 123
Auerbach, David M., 388, 389
Austin, Thomas, 298
Australia:
Hendra virus in, see Hendra virus
human habitation of, 37
land clearance in, 369, 515
myxoma virus in, 298–302, 305–6
psittacosis in, 216–19
Q fever in, 219–20
Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), 18–19, 25, 28, 319
Australian bat lyssavirus, 314, 367
avian (bird) flu, see H5N1 virus
bacteria, 23, 24, 40, 102, 265, 290
intracellular, 230
viruses vs., 211
zoonotic, 211–59
see also pathogens
bacterial diarrhea, 325
Bakola people, 87–88, 89–90
Bakwele people, 436–37
Bali, 277–78, 286, 288
Balkan grippe, 221–22
Balo, Estelle, 123–24
Balo, Prosper, 65, 66, 122, 123–24
Bambendjellé people, 55
banded leaf monkeys, 161, 162
Bangalore, India, 128
Bangladesh, 163, 281
Nipah virus in, 325–42, 514
population density of, 325, 330
bar-headed goose, 509, 510
Barnes, Michelle, 360–63, 364
Barré-Sinoussi, Françoise, 393
basic reproduction rate, see R0
bats:
diversity of, 348–49
evolution of, 349–50
as Hendra reservoirs, 27, 30–31, 37, 43, 48, 115, 313, 331, 351, 366–67, 499
immunology of, 347–48, 350–51
insectivorous, 350
as Marburg reservoirs, 313, 351–65, 370, 372
mark-recapture tagging of, 355, 365
as Nipah reservoirs, 322, 323–25, 327, 331–32, 334, 351, 514–15
as possible Ebola reservoirs, 115–16, 122, 313–14, 351, 370, 371–72
as rabies reservoirs, 31, 313, 351
as SARS reservoirs, 194–96, 199–202, 206, 313, 334, 347, 351, 514–15
as virus reservoirs, 313–14, 345–51, 514–15
“Bats: Important Reservoir Hosts of Emerging Viruses” (Calisher et al.), 348–51
Beijerinck, Martinus, 265–66
Beijing, SARS in, 168
beka (initiation ceremony), 436–37
Belgian Congo, see Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Belgium, 484
Berlin Union of Canary Fanciers, 214
Bernoulli, Daniel, 130–31
Berryman, Alan A., 496
Besselink, Rob, 223–24, 225–26
ß (transmission rate), 374
Bhutan, 163
Biek, Roman, 117, 121
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 518
biogeography, 256–59
biohazard level 4, 275–76
biological and chemical weapons, 97
Biological Aspects of Infectious Disease (Burnet), 235–36
biological diversity, 23, 255–56
biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) laboratories, 102, 230, 412
biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) laboratories, 74, 102–5, 110, 111, 275, 356
bioterrorism, 227, 513
bird flu, see H5N1 virus
birds, influenza in, 313, 314, 505–6, 507–10
Black Death, 63, 290, 496
blacklegged ticks, see deer (blacklegged) tick
blood plasma trade, 485–86
blood transfusions, hepatitis B and, 388
Blumenthal, Richard, 239
Bobangi people, 458–60
Boesch, Christophe, 79
Bolivia, 38–39, 69–70
Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, 21
bonobo (Pan paniscus), 139–40
Booué, Gabon, 61–62, 73, 81, 117
Borna, 24
Borneo, 153, 160
deforestation of, 161–62, 515
Borrelia burgdorferi, 213, 238–39, 240, 244, 246, 251, 256, 257
as bacterium, 258–59
humans as dead-end hosts of, 253
life history of, 213, 248, 249–51, 255
noninheritability of, 251
round-body form of, 258–59
B. duttonii, 243
Boumba Bek National Park, Cameroon, 435
bovine tuberculosis, 21
Bradshaw, Bob, 17
Brazzaville, ROC, 429–30, 432, 461–62, 463, 477
Brebner, William, 272–74, 278, 286
Brisbane, Australia, 13, 211, 219
British Columbia, 498
Brownie (horse), 46–48
Brownlee, John, 132–33, 134, 518
Brundtland, Gro Harlem, 169
Brunner, Jesse, 254–55, 257
bubonic plague, see plague
Buddhist temples, macaques at, 24, 276–77
Buenos Aires, Argentina, 214
Bumba Zone, 69, 71
Bundibugyo, Uganda, 84
ostracism of, 86
Bundibugyo virus, 84–87
unanswered questions about, 86
Burgdorfer, Willy, 213, 243–44
Burke, Donald S., 512–13, 514
Burnet, Frank Macfarlane, 216–17, 268, 302, 304, 346, 505
infectious disease theories of, 234–37, 295–96
psittacosis and, 217–19, 236–37
Q fever and, 219–20, 221–22, 231, 234, 264
Burundi, 414
bushmeat, 344, 413, 432, 434, 451–52, 515
great apes as, 53, 57, 67, 89, 435–37, 438–39, 451
Buy’em–Sell’ems, 435, 447–48, 449–50
“BW” (surveyor), 151–53, 157, 160
Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, 357, 360
Cairns, Australia, 45–48
Calisher, Charles H., 345–46
Cambodia, 163
camels, rabies in, 296–97
Cameroon, 71, 478, 480
HIV in, 406
as locus of HIV spillover, 42, 425, 426–31, 437, 463, 471, 477
logging in, 433–35
poaching in, 432–33, 438
Candida yeast, 385–86, 389
canine distemper virus, 19
Cannon Hill paddock, 14, 19–20, 27–28, 29, 30, 45
Cape Verde, 398
capsids, 268, 269, 270
Carlsbad Caverns, 350
Carroll, Serena, 352
Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, 247
Cat’s Cradle (Vonnegut), 24
cattle, FMD in, 35–36
CD4 protein receptor, 443
Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, 306
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 39, 89, 186, 190, 377, 513
AIDS and, 388, 488
BSL-4 labs at, 74, 356
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases,
318
Ebola and, 69–70, 72, 73, 74, 76
Special Pathogens Branch, 70, 93, 352
Central Africa, 40, 68, 293
biological survey of, 54, 59–60
ebolavirus outbreaks in, 53–54, 56–57, 60–63, 68, 86, 118–19
gorillas in, 67–68
HIV in, 406, 483
as locus of HIV-1 spillover, 396, 423
trypanosomiasis innoculations in, 478–81
Central African Republic, 438, 483
Central Veterinary Institute, Netherlands, 230
Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), 54, 56, 59, 67, 114, 117, 403
Cercocebus atys (sooty mangabey), 399–401, 404, 406, 413
Ceylon, see Sri Lanka
Chandpur, Bangladesh, 326, 328
Chashnipeer, 282
Chashnipeer Majar, 280–85, 287
Chatou Wildlife Market, 188, 191, 197
chickenpox, 67, 308
chikungunya, 24, 270, 307
Childs, James E., 348
“Chimpanzee Reservoirs of Pandemic and Nonpandemic HIV-1” (Keele et al.), 427–28
chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), 42, 120
AIDS in, 466, 469
bushmeat from, 53, 57, 435–37, 451
central (P. t. troglodytes), 423, 425,
428
eastern (P. t. schweinfurthii), 424
ebolaviruses in, 53, 54, 79–80
as HIV reservoirs, 313, 403–5, 423
malaria in, 138–39
P. t. vellerosus, 425
SFV in, 288
SIV in, see simian immunovirus (SIV), in chimpanzees
Chimpanzees of Gombe, The (Goodall), 468
China, 514–15
A. leucosphyrus in, 163
blood plasma donors in, 486
Era of Wild Flavor in, 187–88, 191, 197–98, 433
polio in, 22
SARS in, 44, 168–74, 207, 374
China Airlines flight 112, 168, 169
China Syndrome (Greenfeld), 187
Chinese bamboo rats, 203–5, 206
chipmunks, deer ticks and, 252
chlamydia, 183, 186
Chlamydophila psittaci, 216, 237, 238
Chlorocebus (African green monkeys), 396–97, 398–99
Chmura, Aleksei, 196–2
05, 206, 208, 333, 514
cholera, 131, 237, 265, 325, 380, 381
Cholera Hospital, Dhaka, see ICDDR,B
Chua, Paul, 317–18, 319, 324, 334
Cipro, 362
Ciuca, Mihai, 149–50, 151, 157, 480
civet cat (Paguma larvata; masked palm civet), 187, 189–91, 192–93, 195, 198, 206, 343
classical swine fever (hog cholera), 316
“Coevolution of Hosts and Parasites” (Anderson and May), 304–5
Colorado State University, 345–46
Columbia University, 514
common cold, 35, 270
common tern (Sterna hirundo), 505, 507
Congo, Democratic Republic of the (DRC; Zaire), 139–40, 414, 417, 478
Ebola in, 69–75, 76–77, 118, 370–73
emergence of AIDS pandemic in, 389, 407, 428–29, 430–31, 462, 463, 477–78
Haitians in, 484–85
Congo, Republic of the (ROC), 53, 55, 426, 432, 438, 439, 450, 466
Ebola in, 63, 115, 118, 120
emergent AIDS cases in, 429–30
logging in, 439
Congo basin, 431, 434, 515
Congolese Red Cross, 481
Congo River, 139, 423, 428, 429–31, 460–61, 477
Connecticut Department of Health, 212
Consortium for Conservation Medicine, 194, 196, 333
consumptive coagulopathy, 95–96, 108
“Contribution to the Mathematical Theory of Epidemics, A” (Kermack and McKendrick), 141–44
Cook, James, 37
coronaviruses, 185, 193, 194, 270, 512
Côte d’Ivoire, 60, 79, 82, 359, 406
Cox, Herald, 220–21, 243
Coxiella burnetii, 220, 221–34, 238
as intracellular bacterium, 230
windborne transmission of, 228–29, 259
Cox-Singh, Janet, 153–54, 156, 158–64, 514
crested mona monkey, 112
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, 94
critical community size (CCS), 129–30, 349
Cuba, yellow fever eliminated from, 263, 266
Cunneen, Ben, 33
Curtis, Tom, 415, 416
Cut Hunter, 442–45, 478
cut-hunter hypothesis, 413, 428, 440, 442–48, 453–62, 466, 478
cytosine, 156, 270, 306, 309
Danish Pest Infestation Laboratory, 74
Daszak, Peter, 514–15
date-palm sap, 329, 331–32
Davis, Gordon, 220–21, 243
DDT, 145, 147
dead-end hosts, 83, 164, 294, 343, 373, 480
de Bruin, Arnout, 227–30
deer (blacklegged) tick (Ixodes scapularis), 212–13, 241–42, 243, 244–47, 257
diverse hosts of, 249
life history of, 242, 248–50, 252, 255
as Lyme disease vector, 212–13, 241–42, 255
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