Indian Medical Service (IMS), 127–28
Indonesia, 152, 163, 276, 277
infectious disease:
applied mathematics in research on, 129–35, 141–48
artificiality of distinction between zoonotic and nonzoonotic, 137
basic reproduction rate in, see R0
Burnet on, 234–37
critical community size in, 129–30, 349
dead-end hosts and, 83, 164, 294, 343, 373, 480
ecological disturbance and, 23, 40, 41
as ecosystems, 247, 251
emergent and re-emergent, 42–45
eradication of, 517–18
future of, 42, 45
germ theory of, 130, 265, 517
immunity to, 129–30
and population size of hosts, 303–6
recovery rate in, 305
superspreaders of, 172–73, 176–77, 206, 519
thresholds of, 36, 144, 480
traditional wisdom and, 88–89
infectious disease (continued)
ubiquity of, 20
see also epidemics; pandemics; specific diseases and pathogens
Infectious Diseases of Humans (Anderson and May), 303
Infectious Diseases Society of America (ISDA), 238–39, 259
antitrust investigation of, 239
infectivity, 130, 143–44, 146, 372
loss of, 133–34
pre- vs. postsymptomatic, 207–8
influenza viruses, 237, 499, 512
in birds, 313, 314, 505–6, 507–10
characteristics of, 504, 507
genomes of, 268, 307, 504
mutation rate of, 506
in pigs, 21, 39, 374, 507
reassortment in, 506–8
reservoir hosts of, 313, 505
transmissibility of, 291
as viruses, 24, 270
as zoonoses, 14, 21, 42, 164, 505
see also specific strains
Institut Pasteur, 390
interferon, 108
intermediate roundleaf bat (Hipposideros larvatus), 201
International Commission, 69–70
International Primatological Society, 286
intravenous drug users:
AIDS in, 390, 391
hepatitis B in, 388
intrinsic evolvability, 512–13
intubation, 173–74
Ipoh, Malaysia, 314, 315, 317
Islam, Arif, 334, 335, 339–42
isolation, of viruses, 25, 38
Ivanofsky, Dmitri, 265–66
Ivindo River, 53, 54, 55, 87, 88, 111, 117
Ixodes scapularis, see deer (blacklegged) tick
Jaax, Nancy, 101
Jamot, Eugène, 479, 480
Jane Goodall Institute, 468, 472–73
Japanese encephalitis (JE), 314–16, 317, 318
Johannesburg, South Africa, 62
Johnson, Karl, 37, 69–70, 74, 346
on pathology of Ebola, 93–96
in search for Ebola reservoir, 70–72, 77
Jolo (boatman), 449, 450
Jones, Kate E., 44
Jones-Engel, Lisa, 277–81, 283–89
Joosten, Astrid, 357–59, 360, 362–63, 364
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 72, 75
Journal of Virology, 194, 464
Junin, 24, 270, 307
Justin, Ekeme, 440
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 241
Kabila, Laurent, 418
Kabongo, Jean-Marie M., 410–12, 421
Kadéï River, 434
Kakao people, 435–36
Kanki, Phyllis, 394–98, 416
Kapit, Malaysia, 154
P. knowlesi infections in, 156–59
Kaposi’s sarcoma, 386–87, 389
Karesh, William B. “Billy,” 64–68, 89, 91, 122, 466
Kasai River, 118
Keele, Brandon F., 424–27, 428, 437, 472–73, 475, 476
Kemp, Alan, 352, 354, 364
Kenya, 399
Kermack, William Ogilvy, 141–44, 146, 236, 303, 367, 518
Khan, Rasheda, 378–79
Khulna, Bangladesh, 335, 336, 339
Kibale National Park, Uganda, 467
Kika, Cameroon, 440, 449
Kikwit, DRC, 72–75, 80, 91–92, 93, 113, 117
Kinshasa (Léopoldville), DRC, 389
emergence of AIDS pandemic in, 428–29, 430–31, 462, 463, 477–78, 481–84
Kinshasa, University of, 410, 417
Kisangani, DRC, 414, 418, 483
Kitaka Cave, 85, 351–55, 358
mark-recapture tagging of bats at, 355, 365
Knowles, Robert, 149–50
Koch, Robert, 131–32, 234, 263, 265, 517
Koprowski, Hilary, 21, 414–15, 417, 418
Korber, Bette, 409
Korea, 24
Kota language, 90
Kowloon, China, 170, 193
Krief, Sabrina, 139–40
Ksiazek, Tom, 364–65
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 276
Kuching, Malaysia, 153–54, 156–57
Kyasanur Forest virus, 21, 313
Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, 391
Lacks, Henrietta, 184
La Crosse virus, 346
LAGA (Last Great Ape Organization), 432
Lam, Sai Kit “Ken,” 315–16, 317, 318, 319
Lancet, 160
Laos, 163
larch budmoths, 496
Lassa virus, 21, 39, 40, 67, 270, 307, 313, 358
LAV (lymphadenopathy virus), 392–93
see also HIV
Laver, William Graeme, 505–6
Laveran, Alphonse, 128
Leakey, Louis, 470
least horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus pusillus), 201, 202, 206
Leeuwenhoek, Anton van, 263
Legionaire’s disease, 43–44
Legionella pneumophila, 43–44
Lentivirus, 297, 308
Léopoldville, see Kinshasa, DRC
Lepidoptera, outbreaks in, 495–96, 498
crashes in, 498–503
leprosy, 400–401, 478
Leroy, Eric M., 54, 114–17, 118, 120–22, 370–73, 403
Lesotho, 483
Levy, Jay A., 393
Li, Wendong, 194–95, 202
Libreville, Gabon, 62, 119
Lipkin, Ian, 514–15
Lipu, China, 203–5
Lister, Joseph, 131–32, 265
Litchfield National Park, Australia, 366
Little Mulgrave, Australia, 46, 48
Liu, Weimin, 140–41
Liu Jianlun, 174–75, 206
Lloyd-Smith, J. O., 172
Lobeke, Cameroon, 426
Lobeke National Park, Cameroon, 435, 438
Loeffler, Friedrich, 266
logging, 67, 433–35, 439
London, 1858 cholera outbreak in, 131
Lonsdorf, Elizabeth, 474–75
Los Angeles, Calif., early AIDS cases in, 385–86, 388, 389, 489
Lossi Gorilla Sanctuary, 63, 64, 65, 91, 120, 124
Lubumbashi, DRC, 483
Luby, Stephen, 328–33, 375
Luebo, DRC, 370–73
Lumumba, Patrice, 484
Luzon, Philippines, SARS in, 167
Lymantria dispar (gypsy moths), 496, 499, 500–501, 520–21
Lyme, Conn., 212, 241
Lyme disease, 21, 23, 238–59, 511
biogeography of, 256–59
biological diversity and risk of, 255–56
“chronic,” 238–39, 259
and deer population levels, 246–47
deer ticks as vector for, 212–13, 241–42, 255
as ecosystem, 247, 251, 253–54
prehistory of, 239–42
as vector-borne disease, 238
Lyme disease (continued)
and white-footed mouse population levels, 252, 253–54
Lyme Disease: The Ecology of a Complex System (Ostfeld), 246, 257
lymphocytes, 488
depleted
levels of, 385, 386–87, 474–75, 477
see also T cells
lyssaviruses, 351
Macacine herpesvirus 1, see herpes B
macaques:
in AIDS research, 274
bonnet, 149
herpes B in, 272–79, 313
at Hindu and Buddhist temples, 24, 276–77
long-tailed (Macaca fascicularis), 77–78, 149, 157, 160, 162, 163, 276, 277–78
malaria in, 148–53, 156, 157–58, 160
pig-tailed, 149, 161, 162
in polio research, 272–74
precautionary slaughter of, 275–76, 286
Reston virus in, 8, 77–78, 861
rhesus (M. mulatta), 149, 162, 185, 401, 414
SFV in, 24, 287–89
SIV in, 395
SV40 in, 414
at Sylhet majars, 280–85
MacArthur, Robert, 302–3
Macau, China, 170
MacDonald, George, 145–48, 172, 303, 518
Machupo virus, 24, 38–39, 69–70, 270, 307, 346
Mackay, Australia, 28, 29–30, 45
Madagascar, 515
mad cow disease, 23–24
Madras, India, 128
Makokou General Hospital, Gabon,
57
Makovetskaya, Nadezhda Alekseevna, 99–100
Malacosoma, M. californicum (western tent caterpillar), 493–96
M. disstria (forest tent caterpillar), 493–96, 520
malaria, 127–28, 237, 381, 478
Anopheles mosquito as vector of, 135–36, 138
attempted eradication of, 133–34, 145–46, 147, 517–18
cause of, see Plasmodium
critical community size of, 138
falciparum (malignant), 136–41, 418
and invention of agriculture, 137–38, 139
in nonhuman species, 135
P. knowlesi, 149–53, 156–64, 381, 480, 514, 518
reservoir hosts of, 161–62
simian, 148–53
as supposedly nonzoonotic, 135
as zoonotic disease, 42, 140, 152, 158, 160
malaria prophylaxis, 361–62
Malaya, University of, 315–16, 317
Malaysia:
malaria in, 151–54, 156–63
mass culling of pigs in, 320
Nipah virus in, 21, 44, 314–25, 331, 334, 367
Mambele, Cameroon, 426, 437–38
Mambili River, 63, 64, 68, 89, 122
“Manchester sailor,” 407–8
mandrills, SIV in, 114
mangabeys:
red-capped, 464, 465
sooty (Cercocebus atys), 399–401, 404, 406, 413
Maramagambo Forest, 357–58, 361
Marburg virus, 21, 22, 39, 40, 70, 92, 93, 116, 268, 307, 489
bats as reservoirs of, 313, 351–65, 370, 372
Martin, Lillian, 212, 214
Marx, Preston, 480
mass action principle of epidemics, 132
MassTag PCR, 514
mathematics, in infectious disease research, 129–35, 141–48
May, Robert M., 302–6, 518
Mayibout 2, Gabon, 53–54, 56–57, 60, 63, 72, 73, 80–81, 112–13, 114, 117, 443
Mbah, Neville, 432, 439–40, 450
Mbomo, Republic of the Congo, 89–91, 92, 118, 122–24
M’Both, Thony, 56–57, 112–13, 114
McCormack, Joseph, 29
McCoy, George W., 215
McKendrick, Anderson G., 141–44, 146, 236, 303, 367, 518
McNeill, William H., 41, 296
measles, 19, 67, 68, 88, 129, 264, 270, 349, 381
immunity to, 129–30
as nonzoonotic, 130
reservoir hosts of, 313
Medawar, Peter, 268, 271
Médecins Sans Frontières, 89
Megatransect (biological survey), 54, 59–60
Mékouka, Gabon, 87–88
Melaka virus, 314
Menangle virus, 314, 367
meningitis, 28, 240
merozoites, 136, 138
metapopulations, 367–68
Metropole Hotel, Hong Kong, 174–75, 177, 193, 206
Mexican free-tailed bats, 350
Mexico, 486
Miami, Fla., early AIDS cases in, 386–87, 389
Microbiological Research Establishment (Porton Down), 97–98
Millbrook, N.Y., 247–48, 252, 255, 257
Ministry of Health, DRC, 370, 417
Ministry of Health, Malaysia, 317
Ministry of Health, Zaire, 73
Minkébé forest, 56, 59, 60, 91, 111–12, 120
Moba Bai complex, 64–68, 89, 91, 120, 122, 466
Mobutu Sese Seko, 418, 484–85
Mok, Esther, 175–77, 180–81
molecular biology, 517
molecular phylogenetics, 137, 422, 463, 488
Moloundou, Cameroon, 439, 455
Mombo Mounene 2, DRC, 371
Mongo people, 139
monkeypox, 21, 22–23, 40, 71–72, 313, 499
Montagnier, Luc, 390–91, 392–93, 394, 397–98
Montana, Q fever in, 220–21, 231
Montgomery, Joel M., 327
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 386, 390, 486
morbilliviruses, 19, 130
Morse, Stephen S., 24
mosquitoes:
as disease vectors, 23, 43, 128–29, 135, 263, 266, 314–15, 346
see also Anopheles mosquitoes
mountain gorillas, 67, 68, 357, 360
Moyen-Congo, see Congo, Republic of the
Mozambique, 483
“Mr. X,” 218, 237
Muller, Martin, 467–68, 471
mumps, 270
Munga, Albert, 438
Municipal Health Service, Den Bosch, 224
Murphey-Corb, Michael Anne, 401–2
Murray River, 298
Muslims, 281–82
mutation:
of HIV-1, 420–21, 446, 482–83
natural selection and, 271, 446, 507
of viruses, 119, 270–71, 308, 309–10, 344, 345, 375, 506, 512
Muyembe, Jean-Jacques, 417, 419, 421
Mviri, Max, 432, 439–40, 449, 450–52
Myanmar, 163
Mycobacterium leprae, 400–401
Myers, Judith H., 498–99
myxoma virus, 298–302, 305–6
N95 masks, 179, 200, 202, 376–77
Naogaon District, Bangladesh, 326
National Cancer Institute, 391
National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (March of Dimes), 274
National Geographic, 55, 135, 470
National Institute for Communicable Diseases, South Africa, 352
National Institutes of Health, 221
Natural History of Infectious Disease (Burnet), 236
natural hosts, see reservoir hosts
natural selection, 302
mutation and, 271, 446, 507
zoonoses and, 23, 345
Nature, 44, 116, 140–41, 172, 399, 421, 423
ndumbas, see free women
Negley, Diane, 105, 107, 109
Negri Sembilan, Malaysia, 314–15, 317
Netherlands, 357, 363
Q fever in, 222, 223–34
neuraminidase, 504
neurosyphilis, 149, 150
New England Journal of Medicine, 386
New England Regional Primate Research Center, 395
New Guinea, 515
New Iberia, La., 400
New South Wales, Australia, 298
convict colony at, 37
New Straits Times, 315
Newton, Isaac, 118
New York, N.Y.:
early AIDS cases in, 386, 388
psittacosis in, 214
New York Times, 486
Next Big One, 42, 208, 289–90, 322, 503
as zoonosis, 511–13
ngangas (traditional healers), 61, 62, 63
Ngbala, Cameroon, 447, 455
Ngoko River, 438, 439, 445, 449–50
Nigeria, 22
Nijmegen, Netherlands, 229–30, 232–33
Nine Mile (CCC camp), 220–21
Nipah virus, 21, 24, 39, 44, 130, 179, 270, 307, 365, 381, 512
in Bangladesh, 325–42, 375–79, 514
bats as reservoirs of, 323–25, 327, 331–32, 334, 351, 367, 514–15
case fatality rate of, 316, 330
human-to-human transmission of, 325, 326, 328, 330, 375–79
in Malaysia, 314–25, 331, 334, 367
in pigs, 314, 316–17, 319–20, 322, 367
spillover mechanism of, 324–25
Nishihara, Tomo, 55–56
Njiforti, Hanson, 435
Nki National Park, Cameroon, 435
“Noble Goals, Unforeseen Consequences” (Pepin), 478
noninvasive sample collecting, 140, 423–24, 467, 470–71
Noord-Brabant province, Netherlands, 223–34, 357
Nottingham, University of, 465, 466
NPVs (nuclear polyhedrosis viruses), 499–503, 520
nucleotides, 154, 156, 159, 268, 270, 309
ocular larva migrans, 21
Odzala National Park, ROC, 89, 91
Okware, Sam, 85–86
Ondzie, Alain, 66–67, 91, 123
ookinetes, 136
opepe (epidemic), 90
opportunity, spillover and, 162, 278, 326, 343–45, 375, 378, 429, 431, 445, 484, 488, 516–17
oral candidiasis, 385–86, 389, 489
oral polio vaccine (OPV) hypothesis, 413–17, 421–22, 480–81
Origins of AIDS, The (Pepin), 478
orthomyxoviruses, 512
Oryctolagus cuniculus (European rabbit), 298–302
Ostfeld, Richard S., 245–58
Oubangui-Chari, FEA, 479
Oubangui River, 423
Ouesso, ROC, 438, 439, 447, 450–52, 453, 456–58
outbreaks (population explosions):
crashes in, 498, 520
human population growth as, 496–97, 503
in Lepidoptera, see Lepidoptera, outbreaks in
population density and, 499
Padma River, 326
Pakistan, 22
pandemics:
emerging diseases and threat of, 21, 507, 517
see also AIDS; epidemics; infectious disease; Spanish influenza pandemic
Panum, Peter, 264–65
papillomaviruses, 270
parakeets (budgerigars), 216, 237
paramyxoviruses (Paramyxoviridae), 19, 27, 30, 130, 318, 512
parasites, 40
Parasitology, 304–5
parrot fever, see psittacosis
Pasteur, Louis, 131–32, 234, 263, 265, 295, 517
pathogenicity, see virulence
pathogens:
antibiotic-resistant, 239
ecology and evolution of, 235–37, 302–10, 344–45, 366–69, 499, 515–17
habitual hosts of, 20, 41
see also bacteria; viruses
pathogens, emergent, 38–39
definition of, 42–43
human population growth and, 41
mutation of, 375
as preponderantly zoonotic, 43–44
as unintended results of human activity, 39–42, 45, 161–62, 164, 237, 258, 343, 344–45
Spillover Page 61