20. Dolley Madison to Eliza Collins Lee, February 26, 1808, in DMDE.
21. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, June 3, 1808, in ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Dolley Madison to James Madison, October 23, 1805, in ibid.
24. National Intelligencer, October 15, 1801, and October 20, 1801; Washington Federalist, February 2, 1806.
25. National Intelligencer, October 30, 1801.
26. Aurora, February 11, 1809.
27. John Randolph to James Monroe, January 1, 1809, in James Madison, by Irving Brant (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941–1946), 5:22–27.
28. William Wirt, Letters of a British Spy (New York: 1803; Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1970), in James Monroe: The Quest for National Identity, by Harry Ammon (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971), p. 369.
29. Fawn Brodie, Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1974), pp. 178–79; Ammon, James Monroe, p. 276; Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, March 30, 1809, and May 25, 1809, in The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 1776–1826, ed. James Smith (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), 3:1579–80.
30. Ammon, James Monroe, pp. 278–82.
31. Henry Adams, History of the United States during the First Administration of James Madison (New York: Literary Classics of the United States, Library of America, 1986), p. 369; Ammon, James Monroe, p. 246.
32. Jean Fritz, The Great Little Madison (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1989), pp. 107–108.
33. Goodwin, Dolly Madison, pp. 140–41.
34. David Ress, Governor Edward Coles and the Vote to Forbid Slavery in Illinois, 1823–1824 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2006), p. 37; Leichtle and Carveth, Crusade against Slavery, pp. 30–35; Preston, quoted in Dolley Madison: Her Life and Times, by Katherine Anthony (New York: Doubleday, 1949), p. 204.
35. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, May 25, 1804, in DMDE; Anne Hollingsworth Wharton, Social Life in the Early Republic (Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott, 1903), pp. 144–45.
36. William Preston, “Journal,” in E. F. Eliet, Court Circles of the Republic (Hartford, CT: Hartford Publishing, 1869), p. 84.
37. William Parker Cutler, Life, Journals and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler, LL.D. (Cincinnati, 1888), pp. 142–43.
38. George Watterston to Dolley Madison, in DMDE; Ethel Arnett, Mrs. James Madison: The Incomparable Dolley (Greensboro, NC: Piedmont Press, 1972), pp. 116–17; anonymous authors to Dolley Madison, July 14, 1811, in DMDE.
39. David Warden to Dolley Madison, July 19, 1811, in DMDE; George Washington Steptoe to Dolley Madison, March 10, 1809, in DMDE.
40. Lucia Cutts, Memoirs and Letters of Dolley Madison, Wife of James Madison, President of the United States (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1971), vol. 2, date unknown.
41. Arnett, Mrs. James Madison, p. 118; Joseph Milligan to Dolley Madison, December 13, 1809, in DMDE.
42. Benjamin Latrobe to Dolley Madison, April 12, 1809, in DMDE; John Jacob Astor to Dolley Madison, February 20, 1811, in DMDE; Dolley Madison to John Jacob Astor, March 13, 1811, in DMDE; Joel Barlow to Dolley Madison, December 21, 1811, in DMDE; Dolley Beckwith to Dolley Madison, May 4, 1807, in DMDE.
43. Anthony, Dolley Madison, p. 120.
44. Harriet Martineau, Retrospect on Western Travel (1838; repr., New York: Greenwood Press, 1969), 1:193.
45. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, December 22, 1811, in DMDE.
46. Wharton, Social Life in the Early Republic, p. 153.
47. Goodwin, Dolley Madison, p. 142.
48. Dolley Madison to James Madison, November 1, 1805, and August 28, 1808, in DMDE.
49. Ibid.; William Thornton to James Madison, March 3, 1817, in PJM; Founding Era Collection, University of Virginia.
50. Dolley Madison to Elizabeth Ellicott, December 1788, in DMDE; Dolley Madison to Mary Cutts, March 1833, in DMDE; Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, June 18, 1806, in DMDE; Dolley Madison to Anna Thornton, September 1808, in DMDE; Dolley Madison to James Madison, November 12, 1805, in DMDE.
51. Sally McKean to Dolley Madison, June 7, 1797, and August 3, 1797, in DMDE; Dolley Beckwith to Dolley Madison, May 4, 1807, in DMDE.
52. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, July 15, 1811, in ibid.
53. Edward Coles to Dolley Madison, June 10, 1811, in ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. Dolley Madison to Ed Coles, June 15, 1811, in ibid.
56. William Story, ed., The Life and Letters of Joseph Story (Boston: Charles Little and James Brown, 1851), p. 218.
57. Noel Gerson, The Velvet Glove: A Life of Dolley Madison (Nashville: Thomas and Nelson, 1975), pp. 125–26.
58. Margaret Bayard Smith, The First Forty Years of Washington Society, ed. Gaillard Hunt (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1906), p. 26.
59. William Seale, The President's House: A History (Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, White House Historical Association, 1986), 1:129.
60. Goodwin, Dolley Madison, pp. 88–89.
61. Ibid., p. 140.
62. Gerson, Velvet Glove, pp. 150–51.
63. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, July 5, 1816, in DMDE.
64. Madison at the Republican Meeting of Cecil County, Maryland, March 5, 1810, in PJM, presidential ser. 2:263.
65. Baron de Montlezun, “A Frenchman Visits…Orange County,” September 16, 1816, diary entry, in DMDE.
CHAPTER 13. THE NEVER-ENDING DISPUTE WITH GREAT BRITAIN
1. John Quincy Adams, Lives of Celebrated Statesmen (New York: W. H. Graham, 1846), p. 38.
2. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, November 26, 1809, in Republic of Letters: The Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 1776–1826, ed. James Smith (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), 3:1607–1608.
3. Robert Livingston to James Madison, January 1810, in The Papers of James Madison: Secretary of State Series, Presidential Series, Retirement Series, Personal Papers, ed. Robert Brugger et al. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986) (hereafter cited as PJM), presidential ser. 2:166–68.
4. James Madison to the secretary of the Republican Meeting of South Carolina, October 17, 1809, in PJM, presidential ser. 2:16–17.
5. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, May 25, 1810, in Smith, Republic of Letters, 3:1630–31.
6. James Madison to William Raynolds, October 20, 1809, in PJM, presidential ser. 2:23.
7. James Madison to William Pinkney, October 23, 1809, in ibid., pp. 27–28.
8. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, November 6, 1809, in ibid., pp. 55–56.
9. William Duane to James Madison, December 1, 1809, in ibid., pp. 97–102.
10. John Jackson to James Madison, October 12, 1809, in ibid., pp. 13–14.
11. William Pinkney to James Madison, December 10, 1809, in ibid., pp. 121–24.
12. James Madison to Congress, November 29, 1809, in ibid., pp. 90–94.
13. Aurora, January 5, 1809.
14. North Carolina Assembly to James Madison, December 23, 1809, in PJM, presidential ser. 2:156.
15. John Adams letters, in National Intelligencer, April 4, 1809, and May 3, 1809.
16. National Intelligencer, April 21, 1810.
17. James Madison's message to Congress, May 23, 1809, in PJM, presidential ser. 1:75–100.
18. National Intelligencer, October 16, 1809.
19. New York Commercial Advertiser, July 12, 1809, and July 19, 1809; National Intelligencer, September 6, 1809.
20. Aurora, April 14, 1809.
21. Albert Gallatin to James Madison, September 5, 1810, in The Writings of Albert Gallatin, ed. Henry Adams (Philadelphia, PA: J. P. Lippincott, 1879), 1:485–86.
22. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, April 17, 1809, in Smith, Republic of Letters, 3:1585–86; Albert Gallatin to James Madison, September 17, 1810, in ibid., 1:490–91.
23. National Intelligencer, April 19, 1809.
24. National Intelligencer, April 1809.
25. Thomas Jefferson to Jame
s Madison, April 19, 1808, and April 24, 1809, in Smith, Republic of Letters, 3:1582–84, 1584–85.
26. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, August 3, 1809, and Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, September 12, 1809, in Smith, Republic of Letters 3:1596–97, 1602.
27. Caesar Rodney to James Madison, October 17, 1809, in PJM, presidential ser. 2:16–17.
CHAPTER 14. THE EVER-CHANGING AMERICA
1. National Intelligencer, June 3, 1801.
2. Robert Kapsch, The Potomac Canal (Morgantown: West Virginia University Press, 2007), back cover quote; Robert Payne, The Canal Builders: The Story of Canal Engineers through the Ages (New York: MacMillan, 1959), p. 140.
3. Robert McClellan, The Delaware Canal: A Picture Story (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1967), introduction.
4. George Washington to James Madison, December 3, 1784, in The Writings of George Washington, by George Washington, ed. John Fitzpatrick (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1932), 2:165–68; Kapsch, Potomac Canal, pp. 50–51.
5. George Washington to Benjamin Harrison, in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, by Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Ford (New York: 1892–1899), 10:406;Wayland Dunaway, History of the James River and Kanawha Co. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1922), pp. 14–17.
6. Payne, Canal Builders, pp. 142–45.
7. Jefferson's annual message to Congress, December 2, 1806, in Political Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Merrill Peterson (Charlottesville, VA: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, 1993), 2:529.
8. Christy Borth, Mankind on the Move: The Story of Highways (Washington, DC: Automotive Safety Foundation, 1969), p. 148.
9. Madison speech to Congress, April 1792, in The Papers of James Madison: Secretary of State Series, Presidential Series, Retirement Series, Personal Papers, ed. Robert Brugger et al. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986) (hereafter cited as PJM), 7:304; National Gazette, March 3, 1792; John Quincy Adams, The Diary of John Quincy Adams, 1794–1845: American Diplomacy, and Political, Social, and Intellectual Life, from Washington to Polk, ed. Allan Nevins (New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing, 1928), p. 47.
10. Joseph Macasek, Guide to the Morris Canal in Morris County (Mendham, NJ: Morris County Heritage Commission, 1996), p. 50.
11. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, May 15, 1808, in James Madison Papers, Library of Congress.
12. Noel Gerson, The Velvet Glove: A Life of Dolley Madison (Nashville, Thomas and Nelson, 1975), p. 178; Walter Jones to Dolley Madison, sometime in 1811, in Dolley Madison Digital Edition, ed. Holly C. Shulman (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Online Rotunda Edition, 2010–2013) (hereafter referred to as DMDE).
13. Dolley Beckwith to Dolley Madison, May 4, 1807, in DMDE.
14. James Madison to Dolley Madison, December 4, 1826, in ibid.
15. Borth, Mankind on the Move, pp. 120, 122, 126.
16. George Bernard and others to James Madison, October 1809, in PJM, presidential ser. 2:1–2.
17. Thomas Jefferson to Congress, December 2, 1806, in Peterson, Political Writings of Thomas Jefferson, p. 539.
18. Washington Federalist, February 6, 1805.
19. Philip Jordan, The National Road (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1948), pp. 76–79.
20. Merrit Ierley, Traveling the National Road: Across the Centuries on America's First Highway (Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, 1990), pp. 54–56.
21. J. L. Ringwalt, Development of Transportation Systems in the United States (Philadelphia, 1888), p. 31; Jordan, National Road, p. 86.
22. Jeremiah Young, A Political and Constitutional Study of the Cumberland Road (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1902), p. 106.
23. Jordan, National Road, pp. 106–107.
24. Ierley, Traveling the National Road, pp. 113–14.
25. Ibid., pp. 73–75.
26. Ibid., p. 48.
27. New York Columbian, June 19, 1812.
28. James Madison to Congress, “Special Message to Congress,” December 23, 1811, in The Writings of James Madison, by James Madison and Gaillard Hunt (New York: Russell and Russell, 1968), 8:172–73; Richard Brookhiser, Gentleman Revolutionary: Gouverneur Morris, the Rake Who Wrote the Constitution (New York: Free Press, 2003), p. 190.
29. Payne, Canal Builders, p. 146.
30. Ann Bartholomew, ed., The Delaware and Lehigh Canals (Easton, PA: Center for Canal History, 1989), introduction.
31. James Madison to Albert Picket, September 1821; David Mattern and Holly Schulman, The Selected Letters of Dolley Payne Madison (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2003), p. 109.
32. Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1971), pp. 472–73.
33. Madison speech at Virginia ratifying convention for the Constitution, June 20, 1788, in PJM, p. 163.
34. Madison's annual message to Congress, December 5, 1810, in PJM, presidential ser. 3:52.
35. James Longacre and James Herring, eds., “Mrs. Madison,” in National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans (New York: Herman Bancroft, 1836), 1:21.
CHAPTER 15. WAR LOOMS EVERYWHERE OVER AMERICA
1. Washington Federalist, January 9, 1808.
2. Washington Expositor, April 16, 1808; Aurora, April 23, 1809.
3. Washington Federalist, February 20, 1808.
4. Albany Register, May 1809, reprinted in Aurora, May 23, 1809; William Pinkney to James Madison, December 20, 1809, in The Papers of James Madison: Secretary of State Series, Presidential Series, Retirement Series, Personal Papers, ed. Robert Brugger et al. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986) (hereafter cited as PJM), presidential ser. 2:121–22.
5. Spirit of Seventy Six, January 16, 1810, and January 26, 1809.
6. James Madison to the Vermont General Assembly, December 26, 1809, in PJM, presidential ser. 2:145–46.
7. J. C. A. Stagg, Mr. Madison's War: Politics, Diplomacy and Warfare in the Early American Republic, 1783–1830 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), pp. 177–87.
8. Thomas Jefferson to John Armstrong, March 5, 1809, in Cutts Family Papers, Library of Congress.
9. James Madison to Dolley Madison, August 7, 1809, in Dolley Madison Digital Edition, ed. Holly C. Shulman (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Online Rotunda Edition, 2010–2013) (hereafter cited as DMDE).
10. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, December 20, 1811, Dolley Madison Papers, North American Women's Letters and Diaries, digital collection, doc. 24.
11. Francis Jackson to his mother, October 7, 1809, and Francis Jackson to George Jackson, October 14, 1809, in The Bath Archives: A Further Selection from the Diaries and Letters of Sir George Jackson, ed. Lady Jackson (London, 1873), 1:17, 26; Lady Jackson to George Jackson, November 22, 1809, in Jackson, Bath Archives, 1:28.
12. James Madison to William Pinkney, October 23, 1809, in Madison Papers, Princeton University Library.
13. Ezekiel Bacon to Joseph Story, November 27, 1809, in Papers of Joseph Story, Library of Congress; Virginia Moore, The Madisons: A Biography (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979), p. 231; Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1971), pp. 499–500.
14. Thomas Jefferson to Walter Jones, March 5, 1810, in Writings of Thomas Jefferson, by A. A. Lipscomb and A. E. Bergh (Washington, DC: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association of the United States, 1903), 9:274.
15. Dolley Madison to a friend, March 27, 1812, in Dolley Madison Papers, North American Women's Letters and Diaries, digital collection, doc. 26.
16. Edward Coles to John Coles, November 30, [year unknown], in David Ress, Governor Edward Coles and the Vote to Forbid Slavery in Illinois, 1823–1824 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2006), p. 39.
17. Moore, Madisons, p. 249; Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, July 15, 1811, in DMDE.
18. Dolley Madison to a friend, March 27, 1812, in Dolley Madison Papers, North American Women's Letters and Diaries, digital collection, doc. 26.
19. James Madison on Dolley Madiso
n, in Cutts Family Papers, Library of Congress; Moore, Madisons, p. 231.
20. John Pancake, Samuel Smith and the Politics of Business, 1752–1839 (Birmingham: University of Alabama Press, 1972), p. 85.
21. Aurora, June 2, 1809.
22. Aurora, June 6, 1809; Baltimore American, May 1809.
23. Connecticut congressman Roger Nelson resolution in the House of Representatives, December 26, 1808, as reported in National Intelligencer, December 29, 1808.
24. Washington Federalist, November 7, 1807.
25. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 499.
26. James Madison to William Pinkney, October 10, 1810, in The Writings of James Madison, by James Madison and Galliard Hunt (New York: Russell and Russell, 1968), 8:121–22.
27. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, October 19, 1810, in Madison and Hunt, Writings of James Madison, 8:109; Ketcham, James Madison, pp. 504–506.
28. Henry Clay to C. A. Rodney, August 17, 1811, in Roger Brown, 1812: The Republic in Peril, by Roger Brown (New York: Columbia University Press, 1964), pp. 30–31; Ketcham, James Madison, pp. 508–509.
29. James Madison to William Raynolds, October 20, 1809, in PJM, presidential ser. 2:23.
30. James Madison to William Pinkney, October 23, 1809, in ibid., presidential ser. 2:27–28.
31. Vermont General Assembly to James Madison, November 1809, in ibid., presidential ser. 2:68–71.
32. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, November 26, 1809, in ibid., presidential ser. 2:84–85.
33. William Duane to James Madison, December 1, 1809, in ibid., presidential ser. 2:97–98.
34. James Madison to Congress, November 29, 1809, in ibid., presidential ser. 2:90–95.
35. James Madison to Pierre Samuel DuPont de Nemours, December 3, 1809, in ibid., presidential ser. 2:104.
36. Henry Clay to W. Worsley, May 24, 1812 in James Madison, by Irving Brant (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941–1946), 5:469.
CHAPTER 16. THE FIRST DAYS OF THE WAR OF 1812
1. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, March 26, 1812, in The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 1776–1826, ed. James Smith (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), 3:1690–91; New York Columbian, June 19, 1812.
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