James and Dolley Madison

by Bruce Chadwick

  2. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, 1812, in Dolley Madison Papers, North American Women's Letters and Diaries, digital collection, doc. 27.

  3. New York Columbian, special edition, June 21, 1812.

  4. James Madison to Congress, November 1, 1812, in Messages and Papers of the President, comp. James Richardson (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1897–1917), 2:505.

  5. Ibid.

  6. John Calhoun to James McBride, April 4, 1812, in Papers of John C. Calhoun, ed. Robert Meriwether (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1959), pp. 99–100.

  7. John Keemle to James Madison, January 11, 1810, in The Papers of James Madison: Secretary of State Series, Presidential Series, Retirement Series, Personal Papers, ed. Robert Brugger et al. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986) (hereafter cited as PJM), presidential ser. 2:172–74.

  8. John Stark to James Madison, January 21, 1810, in ibid., pp. 200–201.

  9. George Washington Parke Custis to James Madison, May 31, 1810, in ibid., presidential ser. 2:363–65.

  10. Alfred Madison to James Madison, January 13, 1810, in ibid., presidential ser. 2:176–77.

  11. John Tyler to James Madison, January 15, 1810, in ibid., p. 179.

  12. Caesar Rodney to James Madison, January 16, 1810, in ibid., presidential ser. 2:181–87.

  13. National Intelligencer, February 5, 1810.

  14. New York Columbian, June 22 and 23, 1812.

  15. National Intelligencer, June 27, 1812.

  16. Republican Meeting of Cecil County, Maryland, to James Madison, February 21, 1810, in PJM, presidential ser. 2:252–53.

  17. New York Columbian, June 23, 1812; Aurora, July 1, 1812.

  18. New York Columbian, June 27, 1812.

  19. Ibid.

  20. Ibid., June 30, 1812.

  21. Palladium, June 30, 1812.

  22. Ibid., June 19 and July 28, 1812.

  23. Ibid., June 23, 1812.

  24. Ibid.

  25. Ibid.

  26. Ibid.

  27. George Logan to James Madison, January 10, 1810, in PJM, presidential ser. 2:169–72.

  28. Mrs. William Gale to her mother, spring 1812 in Social Life in the Early Republic, by Anne Hollingsworth Wharton (Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott, 1903), pp. 159–60.

  29. Palladium, July 3, 1812.

  30. Ibid., July 1812; Irving Brant, James Madison (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941–1946), 6:24–31; Boston Evening Post, July 31–August 10, 1812.

  31. Palladium, July 3, 1812.

  32. Ibid., July 7, 1812.

  33. Ibid., July 10, 1812.

  34. Ibid., July 21, 1812.

  35. Ibid., July 21 and 31, and August 7, 1812; Salem Gazette, June 23, 1812.

  36. Palladium, August 14, 1812.

  37. Ibid., August 11, 1812.

  38. Letter of Edwin Gray, in ibid., July 10, 1812.

  39. Virginia Moore, The Madisons: A Biography (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979), p. 244.

  40. New York Columbian, July 1, 1812.

  41. Ibid., July 3, 1812.

  42. Palladium, July 24, 1812.

  43. Paul F. Boller Jr., Presidential Campaigns (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 27.

  44. National Intelligencer, July 1, 1812; New York Columbian, July 3, 1812.

  45. Katherine Anthony, Dolley Madison: Her Life and Times (New York: Doubleday, 1949), pp. 222–23.

  46. Daniel Barnard, Lecture on the Character and Services of James Madison (Albany, NY: Power Press of Hoffman and White, 1837), pp. 42–43.

  CHAPTER 17. THE WAR YEARS

  1. Rexford G. Tugwell, The Enlargement of the Presidency (Garden City, NJ: Doubleday, 1960), pp. 63–65; Dolley Madison to Phoebe Morris, March 6, 1813, in Dolley Madison Digital Edition, ed. Holly C. Shulman (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Online Rotunda Edition, 2010–2013) (hereafter referred to as DMDE).

  2. Dolley Madison to Phoebe Morris, October 17, 1812, in DMDE.

  3. Dolley Madison to Mrs. Joel Barlow, November 15, 1811, in ibid.

  4. Katherine Anthony, Dolley Madison: Her Life and Times (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1949), pp. 235–36.

  5. Dolley Madison to Phoebe Morris, October 17, 1812, in DMDE.

  6. Anne Hollingsworth Wharton, Social Life in the Early Republic (Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott, 1903), p. 163.

  7. James Madison to Congress, February 24, 1813, in The Papers of James Madison: Secretary of State Series, Presidential Series, Retirement Series, Personal Papers, ed. Robert Brugger et al. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986) (hereafter cited as PJM), presidential ser. 6:61–62.

  8. James Madison to John Nicholas, April 2, 1813, in ibid., presidential ser. 6:175–76.

  9. James Madison to Isaac Shelby, August 12, 1813, in ibid., presidential ser. 6:513.

  10. James Madison to John Armstrong, September 8, 1813, in ibid., presidential ser. 6:602–604.

  11. Henry Dearborn to James Madison, April 7, 1813, in ibid., presidential ser. 6:179–80.

  12. James Madison to William Plumer, April 14, 1813, in ibid., presidential ser. 6:197–98.

  13. Tench Coxe to James Madison, April 20, 1813, in ibid., presidential ser. 6:217–18.

  14. Daniel Webster to various friends, June 1813, in Webster Papers, New Hampshire Historical Society.

  15. James Monroe to Thomas Jefferson, June 28, 1813, in Writings of Monroe, by Stanislaus Hamilton (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1898–1903), 6:271–73; Louis Serrurier to Hugues Bassano, June 21, 1813, in James Madison, by Irving Brant (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941–1946) 6:184; Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1971), p. 561.

  16. Phoebe Morris to Dolley Madison, June 24, 1813, in DMDE.

  17. Noel Gerson, The Velvet Glove: A Life of Dolley Madison (Nashville: Thomas and Nelson, 1975), p. 213.

  18. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, April 8, 1812, in DMDE.

  19. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, July 13, 1813, in PJM, presidential ser. 6:434–35; Jonathan Dayton to James Madison, in PJM, presidential ser. 6:436–38.

  20. Dolley Madison to Phoebe Morris, October 17, 1812, in DMDE.

  21. Anthony, Dolley Madison, p. 205.

  22. Dolley Madison to Edward Coles, June 15, 1811, in DMDE; Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, June 8, 1811, in DMDE; Dolley Madison to Phoebe Morris, July 29, 1812, in DMDE.

  23. Phoebe Morris to Dolley Madison, May 6, 1811, in ibid.; Dolley Madison to Phoebe Morris, May 10, 1811, in ibid.

  24. Elisha Scott to Dolley Madison, April 1, 1813, in ibid.; Stephen Sayre to Dolley Madison, March 8, 1809, in ibid.; Aaron Palmer to Dolley Madison, March 3, 1811, in ibid.; Lucy Rummey to Dolley Madison, July 10, 1813, in ibid.; Deborah Stabler to Dolley Madison, sometime in 1813, in ibid.

  25. Molly Randolph to Dolley Madison, June 6, 1809, in ibid.

  26. Dolley Madison to Hannah Gallatin, July 29, 1813, in ibid.; Dolley Madison to Mary Cutts, February 21, 1812, in ibid.

  27. Anthony, Dolley Madison, pp. 200–201.

  28. Jonathan Roberts to M. Roberts, November 17 and 25, 1811, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

  29. Dolley Madison to John Payne, September 21, 1809, in DMDE.

  30. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, June 8, 1811, and April 8, 1812, in ibid.

  31. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, December 22, 1811, and April 8, 1812, in ibid.

  32. Edward Coles to Dolley Madison, June 10, 1811, in ibid.; Dolley Madison to Edward Coles, June 15, 1811, in ibid.

  33. Dolley Madison to Phoebe Morris, April 24, 1813, and May 6, 1813, in ibid.; Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, July 15, 1811, in ibid. (italics in the original).

  34. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, April 8, 1812, in ibid.

  35. Ibid.

  36. Catherine Allgor, A Perfect Union: Dolley Madison and the Creation of the American Nation (New York: Henry Holt, 2006), pp. 230–31; Dolley Madison to (presumably) John J. Astor, June 3, 1810, in DMDE.

  37. W
harton, Social Life in the Early Republic, p. 253.

  38. Mason Weems to Dolley Madison, July 22, 1813, in DMDE.

  39. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, March 20, 1812, in Dolley Madison Papers, North American Women's Letters and Diaries, digital collection, doc. 25.

  40. Lucy Todd to Dolley Madison, May 29, 1812, in DMDE.

  41. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, April 8, 1812, in ibid.

  42. Dolley Madison to Phoebe Morris, January 14, 1813, and March 6, 1813, in ibid.

  43. Dolley Madison to James Taylor, March 13, 1811, in ibid.; Dolley Madison to Edward Coles, May 13, 1813, in ibid.

  44. London Courier, December 5, 1811.

  45. Anthony, Dolley Madison, p. 202.

  46. Richard Rush to John Binns, February 1812, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Richard Rush to C. J. Ingersoll, February 26, 1812, and March 15, 1812, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

  47. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, May 12, 1812, in Dolley Madison Papers, North American Women's Letters and Diaries, digital collection, doc. 28; Dolley Madison to James Taylor, November 10, 1810, in DMDE.

  48. C. C. Moore to his mother, June 4, 1812, Museum of the City of New York; Brant, James Madison, 6:73.

  49. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, May 12, 1812, in Dolley Madison Papers, North American Women's Letters and Diaries, digital collection, doc. 28.

  50. Sally d'Yrugo to Dolley Madison, June 20, 1812, in ibid., doc. 39.

  51. Dolley Madison to Edward Coles, May 12, 1813, in ibid., doc. 31.

  52. Ibid.

  53. Elbridge Gerry Jr., The Diary of Elbridge Gerry Jr. (New York: Brentano's, 1927).

  54. Wharton, Social Life in the Early Republic, pp. 212–13; The War (newspaper), December 10, 1812.

  55. Dolley Madison to Payne Todd, August 6, 1814, in DMDE.

  56. Dolley Madison to Hannah Gallatin, 1814, in ibid.; Wharton, Social Life in the Early Republic, p. 216.

  57. Maud Goodwin, Dolly Madison (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940), pp. 162–65.

  58. Josephine Seaton, William Winston Seaton: A Biographical Sketch (Boston: J. R. Osgood, 1971), p. 141.

  CHAPTER 18. THE EARLY YEARS OF THE WAR

  1. Irving Brant, James Madison (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941–1946), 6:60.

  2. Richard Rush to Ralph Ingersoll, August 19, 1812, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

  3. Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1971), pp. 535–42; Boston Chronicle, November 22, 1813; Isaac Brock to George Provost, July 12, 1812, in Select British Documents of the Canadian War of 1812, ed. William Wood (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1920–1928), 1:352; Louis-Marie Turreau to Charles Talleyrand, July 1805, in The Madisons: A Biography, by Virginia Moore (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979), p. 275.

  4. Albert Gallatin to James Madison, October 11, 1812, in Writings of Albert Gallatin, by Albert Gallatin and Henry Adams (New York: Antiquarian Press, 1960), 1:526–31.

  5. Donald Hickey, The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1990), p. 76; Paul Jennings, A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison (Brooklyn, NY: George C. Beadle, 1865), p. 8.

  6. Louis Serrurier to Hugues Bassano, January 8, 1813, in Brant, James Madison, 6:126; Richard Rush to Ralph Ingersoll, January 13, 1813, in Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

  7. Richard Rush to Ralph Ingersoll, October 18, 1812, and November 17, 1812, sent to Madison later, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

  8. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 556.

  9. Brant, James Madison, 6:158–63.

  10. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 546; Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, February 8, 1813, in The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 1776–1826, ed. James Smith (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), 3:1714–15.

  11. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, February 21, 1813, in Smith, Republic of Letters 3:1715–17.

  12. Dolley Madison to Edward Coles, August 31, 1812, in Dolley Madison Digital Edition, ed. Holly C. Shulman (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Online Rotunda Edition, 2010–2013) (hereafter cited as DMDE); Richard Rush to Charles Ingersoll, August 29, 1812, in Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Firestone Library, Princeton University; Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, November 6, 1812, in The Papers of James Madison: Secretary of State Series, Presidential Series, Retirement Series, Personal Papers, ed. Robert Brugger et al. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986), presidential ser. 3:440–41.

  13. Donald Hickey, The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1990), p. 90.

  14. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 562.

  15. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, June 22, 1812, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Richard Rush to Ralph Ingersoll, July 23, 1812, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

  16. Richard Rush to Alexander Ingersoll, September 15, 1812, in ibid.

  17. Dolley Madison, The Selected Letters of Dolley Payne Madison, ed. David Mattern and Holly Schulman (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2003), p. 340.

  CHAPTER 19. WAR

  1. Stephen Van Rensselaer to Daniel Tompkins, August 31, 1812, and Henry Dearborn to Stephen Van Rensselaer, September 2, 1812, and September 26, 1812, in History of the United States during the First Administration of James Madison, by Henry Adams (New York: Literary Classics of the United States, Library of America, 1986), 6:342–45.

  2. London Times, January 12, 1813.

  3. Donald Hickey, The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1990), p. 156.

  4. Harry Coles, The War of 1812 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), pp. 86–88.

  5. Hickey, War of 1812, p. 165.

  6. Ibid., pp. 95–96.

  7. Essex Register, December 16, 1812 (reprint from a Halifax paper); London Times, January 1, 1813.

  8. Hickey, War of 1812, pp. 132–33.

  9. London Times, January 6, 1813.

  10. Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1971), p. 566.

  11. Ibid.

  12. Ibid.

  13. Coles, War of 1812, pp. 116–17; Hickey, War of 1812, p. 154; John Elting, Amateurs, to Arms! (New York: DaCapo Press, 1995), pp. 80–81.

  14. James Madison to Congress, December 7, 1813, in Annals of Congress: Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States, 1789–1824 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing House, 1834–1856), 13:538–44.

  15. Coles, War of 1812, p.152.

  16. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 572; Louis Serrurier to Antoine LeForest, June 27, 1814, in James Madison, by Irving Brant (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941–1946), 6:268–69.

  17. Ibid., pp. 170–71.

  18. Lexington Reporter, August 7, 1813.

  19. Niles Register, April 22, 1815.

  20. London Courier, January 1814.

  CHAPTER 20. THE MONTPELIER OF THE PRESIDENT

  1. George Shattuck, Diary, 1834–1842, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston.

  2. Charles Ingersoll, “A Visit to Mr. Madison at Montpelier, May 2, 1836,” in The Madisons at Montpelier: Reflections on the Founding Couple, by Ralph Ketcham (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2009), p. 165.

  3. Harriet Martineau, Retrospect on Western Travel (1838; repr., New York: Greenwood Press, 1969), 2:233–40.

  4. Catherine Allgor, The Queen of America: Mary Cutts's Life of Dolley Madison (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2012), pp. 160–61; Anna Thornton, Diary of Anna Marie Thornton, 1793–1863, in Dolley Madison Digital Edition, ed. Holly C. Shulman (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Online Rotunda Edition, 2010–2013) (hereafter referred to as DMDE).

  5. Ketcham, Madisons at Montpelier, pp. 4–12.

  6. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, August 1811, in DMDE.

  7. Margaret Bayard Smith, The First Forty Years of Washington Society, ed. Gaillard Hunt (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1906), p. 81.

  8. Ibid., p.
82; Anna Thornton to Dolley Madison, August 24, 1802, in DMDE.

  9. Nelly Willis to Dolley Madison, June 8, 1813, in ibid.

  10. Matthew Hyland, Montpelier and the Madisons: House, Home and American Heritage (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2007), p. 28.

  11. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, August 19, 1811, in DMDE.

  12. Virginia Moore, The Madisons: A Biography (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979), p. 393.

  13. Hyland, Montpelier and the Madisons, pp. 51–52.

  14. James Madison to James Monroe, December 11, 1798, in The Papers of James Madison: Secretary of State Series, Presidential Series, Retirement Series, Personal Papers, ed. Robert Brugger et al. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986) (hereafter cited as PJM), 17:73–75; Robert Livingston to James Madison, November 10, 1798, in PJM, 17:161–62.

  15. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, August 19, 1811, in DMDE.

  16. Anna Thornton to Dolley Madison, August 21, 1809, in ibid.

  17. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, July 15, 1811, in ibid.

  18. Margaret Smith to a friend, August 4, 1809, in ibid.

  19. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, December 22, 1811, in ibid.

  20. Anna Thornton Diary, September 5, 1802, entry, Montpelier Archives.

  21. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, June 19, 1793, in PJM, 15:33–34.

  22. Hyland, Montpelier and the Madisons, p. 38.

  23. Ibid., p. 39.

  CHAPTER 21. INTO THE WAR'S STRETCH

  1. Gaillard Hunt, The Life of James Madison (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1902), pp. 350–51.

  2. Robert Rutland, The Presidency of James Madison (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990), pp. 184–85.

  3. Alexandria Gazette, September 15, 1814; Margaret Bayard Smith, The First Forty Years of Washington Society, ed. Gaillard Hunt (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1906), pp. 101–15.

  4. William Wirt to Elizabeth Wirt, October 14, 1814, in Wirt Papers, Maryland Historical Society, and in Marriage in the Early Republic: Elizabeth and William Wirt and the Companionate Ideal, by Anya Jabour (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998); Catherine Allgor, A Perfect Union: Dolley Madison and the Creation of the American Nation (New York: Henry Holt, 2006), pp. 319–20.

  5. Dolley Madison to Mary Latrobe, December 3, 1814, in Dolley Madison Digital Edition, ed. Holly C. Shulman (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Online Rotunda Edition, 2010–2013) (hereafter referred to as DMDE).