Prussia 143; see also Germany
psalters 92, 102
Ptolemy, Claudius (90–168)
publishing see books
punishments see beating; boiling alive; branding; children; death penalty; fines; mutilation; peine fort et dure; pillory; stocks; whipping
purgatory 126
Puritanism, Puritans 43, 72, 73, 89–91, 99, 105, 126, 133, 159, 161, 167, 176, 333, 335, 338, 353
Purleigh 327
purses 145, 185, 298
Pye, John (d.1582) 331
Quadrivium 108
quarter sessions see courts
Queen’s Bench, Court of 301, 302
Queen’s Men see plays
queer-bird 298
Quintilian (c.35–c.100) 107
quoits 325
rabbits see meat
racism 117–20, 131; see also slavery
Radcliffe, Thomas (1526/7–83), earl of Sussex 222
Radwinter 231
Raleigh, Sir Walter (1554–1618) 3, 49, 74, 75, 94, 101, 112, 117, 120, 134, 185, 207, 347, 350
Rand, Helen 316–17
Randolph, Sir Thomas (1525/6–90) 200
rape see crime
rats 212, 213, 270
Ratsey, Gamaliel (d.1605) 100, 203, 296
Ravenscroft, Thomas (1591/2–after 1621) 339, 340
Reade, Alice 57
Reading 197
recipe books 102, 244, 250, 255–7, 260, 262, 285, 287
reeves 292
Reformation, the 77, 142, 339, 367
Renaissance, the 114, 228, 350, 358
rents 55, 57–9
Repton School 106
retailers 54; see also shops
Rettendon 195
Revels, Master of see Master
rhetoric 108
Rhineland 261
rhinoceros horn 321
Rhodes, Hugh (fl. 1545?) 142, 153, 154
Richard II (1367–1400), king of England 42
Richmond Palace 222, 268
Richmond, Dorothy 316
riding see horses
Ridolfi Plot (1571) 43, 46, 83
Ridolfi, Roberto (1531–1612) 83
rings 81, 142, 175, 185–6
Ripon 199
Rippon, William 192
Rishton, Edward (1550–85) 87
roads, condition of 18, 19, 32, 33, 194–8, 202, 203
Roanoke 112, 122
robbery see crime
Rochester 16, 193, 197, 200, 202, 205, 207
rock alum 276, 277
rogues 298, 300, 307, 355
Roman Catholicism see Catholicism
Rome 82, 83, 85, 115
Romney Marsh 278, 279, 285
rood crosses, destruction of 80
Rooke, Agnes 318
rosary beads 72
Rose, John (d.1591) 55
rosewater 177, 243, 256; 260, 286
Rousillon, Edict of (1564) 143
Rowecliffe, Margaret, Lady Rowecliffe 65
royal courts see Chancery; Common Pleas; Exchequer; Queen’s Bench; Star Chamber
Royal Exchange see London
royal menagerie 321
Royal Mint see Mint
Royal Navy see ships, navy
rubbers 172, 184
rufflers 297
Rugby School 106
Rushton 225, 27
Russell, Elizabeth, née Cooke (1528–1609), Lady Russell, later Lady Hoby 68
Russell, Francis (1526/7–85), earl of Bedford 29, 192
Russia see Muscovy
Rutland, earl of see Manners
rutters 209
Rye (Sussex) 85
rye see corn
Sackerson (a bear) 334, 335
Sackville, Thomas (c. 1536–1608), Lord Buckhurst, later earl of Dorset 223, 352
saddlers 53
St Andrew’s, University of 108
St Asaph, bishops of 50; see also Morgan
St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 116
St David’s, bishop of see Davies
St Paul’s School 107
salad see fruit and vegetables.
Salesbury, William (c.1520–c.1580) 135
Salisbury 15, 16
Salisbury Plain 203
Salisbury, bishop of see Jewel
Sallust (86–35 BC) 107
salt 109, 212, 231, 232, 243, 248–52, 255–7, 259
sanitation 12, 13, 24, 25, 32, 117, 152, 266–275
Santiago de Compostela 245
Satan see Devil, the
satin see silk
sauce chaudron 251, 252
Saxton, Christopher (1542x4–1610/11) 201
scarlet see woollens
Schifanoya, Il 76
schoolmasters 50, 52, 81, 84, 96, 106, 300, 309; see also tutors
schools 96, 106, 136, 177
science see natural philosophy
Scilly Isles 109
Scot, Reginald (d.1599) 119
Scotland, Scots 5, 20, 23, 40, 83, 90, 108, 109, 110, 127, 135, 143, 200, 201, 332
Scots, Mary queen of see Mary
scriveners 18, 53, 139, 353
sculpture 228–9, 236, 250
seamen see mariners
seaweed 285
secretary hand 137
seminary colleges see Douai; Rome; Seville; Valladolid
Seneca (4 BC–AD 65) 107
Serlio, Sebastiano (1475–1554) 223
sermons see preaching
Serten, Bridget (d.1562) 193
Seville 82
sexual intercourse 63–5, 106, 118, 134, 153, 283–4, 297–300, 302, 311, 315–20; see also crime; homosexuality; illegitimacy; illnesses (syphilis); marriage; pregnancy and childbirth; prostitution; sodomy
Seymour, Edward (1539?–1621), earl of Hertford 42, 367
Shakespeare, Anne, née Hathaway (1555/6–1623) 15, 348
Shakespeare, Joan (1569–1646) 12
Shakespeare, John (c.1530–1601) 12–14, 80, 174, 347
Shakespeare, Mary, née Arden (c.1537–1608) 12
Shakespeare, William (1564–1616) 3, 10, 11, 15, 35, 50, 52, 109, 165, 185, 186, 226, 240, 242, 258, 336, 341, 348–50, 353–8, 361–2, 366
Shakespeare, William, works of 114, 130, 132, 154, 276, 320, 355 (As you Like It 341, 354; Comedy of Errors 330; Hamlet 126, 354, 357; Henry IV Part 2 354; Henry IV Part I 354; Henry V 354; Henry VI Part 2 104, 276; King John 276; King Lear 331; Macbeth 126; Merchant of Venice 193, 354; Merry Wives of Windsor 334; Midsummer Night’s Dream 354, 356; Othello 119, 155; Rape of Lucrece 104, 348; Richard II 354; Richard III 101; Romeo & Juliet 65, 354, 356; sonnets 276, 348–9; Taming of the Shrew 273; Tempest 321; Titus Andronicus 9, 104, 119, 356; Twelfth Night 335, 341; Venus & Adonis 104, 348)
shaving see barbers, beards
sheep see livestock
Sheere, Richard 120
shepherds 187
Shepherdswell 55
sheriffs 27, 96, 98, 100, 109, 292, 295, 300
Shipdams (Norwich) 58–9, 238
ships 21, 23, 30, 45, 94, 96, 123, 129, 206–17, 303 (Ark Royal [formerly Ark Raleigh] 207, 208, 211; barges 204, 205, 208; Benedict 216; Bull 206; Christopher 216; cock boats 208; crayers 208; Desire 209; Dreadnought 206; dredgers 208; Edward Bonaventure 207; Elizabeth 216, 217; fishing 208; Foresight 206; Galleon Leicester 207; galleons 206, 207; galleys 215; Golden Hind 3, 118, 214, 216, 217, 320; hoys 208; ketches 208; lighters 208; Marigold 216; Mary 216; Merchant Royal 207; merchantmen 207–8, 216; Moon 207; navy 206, 207, 212, 258; Pelican see Golden Hind; pinnaces 207, 214; Rainbow 207; Revenge 94, 206; Roebuck 207; royal barge 30, 205, 293; skiffs 208; Swan 216; Swiftsure 206; tilt boats 204; Triumph 206, 207; Vanguard 207; wherries 29, 30, 204, 356)
shipwrights 207
shoehorns 169, 177
shoe-makers 18, 353
shoes and boots 163, 169–71, 177, 183, 187, 188 (buskins 169, 183; chopins 169; clogs 169; galoshes 183; gamaches 183; heeled 169–70; mules 169, 171; pantofles 162, 169, 188; pumps 162, 169, 183; slippers
162, 169, 178; start-ups 183; turn-over shoes 162; turn-shoes 169)
Shooter’s Hill 202–3
shops, shopping 12, 18, 34, 109, 139, 145–8, 150, 170, 236, 238, 336
Shottery 15
shovegroat 325, 326
Shrewsbury School 106
Shrewsbury, countess of see Bess of Hardwick
Shropshire 77, 368
Shute, John (d.1563) 223
shuttle-makers 54
Siberia 113
Sidney, Sir Philip (1554–86) 3, 185, 322, 346–9, 350 sightseeing 320–2
silk 146, 158, 162–5, 170, 174, 177–80, 182, 184, 188, 192, 226, 231 (damask 100, 111, 158, 162, 164, 170, 311; grosgrain 158; sarcenet 158, 182; satin 157, 158, 165, 168–70, 179, 188; taffeta 158, 161, 165, 169, 182, 184, 188, 226, 303; velvet 99, 157, 158, 161, 162, 165, 169, 170, 173, 175, 180, 182, 184, 188, 311); see also camlet; cyprus; tinsel
silkmen, silkwomen 53, 163–4
silverware 221, 231, 237, 247–50, 252, 253, 326
singing see music
Sittingbourne 200
skinners 53
Skinners Company see London
slaughtermen, slaughtering 145, 225, 244, 252, 336
slavery, slaves 118–20, 215, 217
sleigh-makers 53
Smallbone, Thomas (d.1608) 282
smallpox see illnesses
smell, sense of 176, 266–8, 269–71, 274, 276; see also perfume
Smith, Jefferie (d.1597) 233, 234
Smith, Richard 114–5
Smithfield see London
smiths see blackmiths
smoking see tobacco
Smythe, Christopher 58
Smythe, Dorothy 58
Smythson, Robert (1534/5–1614) 224, 227
snakeskin 287
soap 189, 231, 269; see also lye
Society of Antiquaries 130–1
Socrates (469–399 BC) 68
sodomy 75
soldiers 109, 202, 203, 297, 354
Somers, Joan 318
Somerset 23, 222
Somerville Plot (1583) 43
Sonning 197
Soriano, Michiel 95, 116
Southern Cross 210, 211
Southwark see London
Spain, Spanish 6, 21, 23, 83, 85, 94, 108, 111–14, 116, 117, 143, 159, 160, 183, 189, 206–8, 214–17, 223, 245, 254, 261, 262, 294–6, 329; see also Aragon; Castile; fashion
Spanish Armada 4, 41, 61, 206, 207, 279, 325
Spanish language 68
speed see travel
Spenser, Edmund (1552?–99) 3, 185, 346–9
spices 231, 245, 247, 255, 259, 263 (aniseed 276, 289; cinnamon 252, 255, 256, 261, 277; cloves 177, 256, 257, 276; cumin 177, 276; galingale 276; ginger 252, 261, see also gingerbread; mace 250, 256, 257, 285; nutmeg 177, 256, 286; pepper 248, 251, 252, 256, 257; saffron 254; sugar 109, 114, 243, 246, 249, 250, 252–5, 257, 261, 285, 322, 360)
spies 117, 294, 295
spinning wheels 232
sponges 274
spoons 212, 231, 232, 235, 247, 249, 254, 259, 269
spurs 187
Sri Lanka (Taprobane) 123
Staffordshire 130, 227, 230
stainers 53
Stanley, Henry (1531–93), earl of Derby 225
Staple Inn see London
Staple, Thomas (d.1558) 274
Star Chamber 44, 104, 294, 301, 319
starch 117, 159, 167
Starkyn, Elizabeth 58
Starkyn, Richard 58
starvation see food shortages
stationers 34, 53, 348
Stationers Company see London
Sternhold, Thomas (d.1549) 339
stocks 310, 311
Stonesfield 235
stoneware 260, 263
Stonor Park 84
Story, Dr John (1503/4–71) 295, 304
Stourbridge 199
Stow, John (1524/5–1605) 25, 33, 35, 82, 117, 130, 193, 327
Stowe, Eme 58
Stratford, John (c.1275–1348), archbishop of Canterbury 11
Stratford-upon-Avon 10–19, 35, 38, 56, 80, 109, 232, 241, 253, 289, 316, 355, 363 (Bridge Street 12; Church Street 11; Ely Street 12; grammar school 11, 107; Guild of the Holy Cross 11, 13; Henley Street 12–14, 348; High Street 12, 14; New Place 11, 15, 50; population of 15, 17; Sheep Street 12; Stratford Bridge 10, 11, 19, 197, 198; Wood Street 12)
Streate, Edward (d.1599) 55
Stubbes, Philip (c.1555–c.1610) 73, 99, 104, 105, 161–2, 167–70, 173, 176, 180–2, 184, 190, 330–1, 335, 343, 344
Stubbs, John (c.1541–90) 42, 104, 310
succession see Elizabeth
suckets see sweetmeats
Suffolk 349
sugar see spices
sulphuric acid 276
sumptuary laws 157–8, 178, 357
sundials 142, 228
superstition 123–8, 360
supper 246–8
Supremacy, Oath of see Oath
surgeons, surgery 18, 53, 62, 74, 103, 187, 212–3, 264, 277, 284, 287–91, 303, 368, 384; see also barber-surgeons
Surrey 55, 183, 195, 222, 232, 233, 235, 236, 320
Sussex 23, 85, 110, 195, 368
Sussex, earl of see Radcliffe
Sutton Courtenay 198
Sutton, Surrey 233
swallows 286
swans 30; see also meat
sweating sickness see illnesses
Sweden, Swedish 113, 143
sweetmeats 249, 254, 255
swimming 105–7, 274, 329
Switzerland, Swiss 25, 193; see also Platter
sword swallower 322
swords see weapons
Sylvester, Joshua (1562/3–1618) 346, 350
symbolism 159–160, 174, 175
syphilis see illnesses
table linen 98, 154, 219, 220, 247
tables (game) 213, 325
taffeta see silk
tailors 12, 18, 53, 161, 183, 184, 188
Talbot, Elizabeth (Bess of Hardwick) (1527?–1608), countess of Shrewsbury 198, 223, 225
Talbot, Thomas (c.1535–95x9) 130
Tallis, Thomas (c. 1505–85) 339, 340
Tally, Simon (d.1588) 237, 254, 260, 261
tanners, tanyards 13, 54
tapestries 28, 219, 220, 221, 225, 226, 231, 232, 237, 321, 326, 359
Taprobane see Sri Lanka
Tarlton, Richard (d.1588) 355
taverns see alehouses
taxation 25, 45, 48, 51, 61
Taylor, John (the Water Poet) (1578–1653) 194, 345, 349
Taylor, Thomas (d.1583) 236–7
teeth 154, 212, 272, 273, 275–7, 286, 382
Teign, River 196
tennis 106, 325, 346
Terence (d.159 BC) 107
Thames, River 27, 29, 30, 197, 204, 205, 239–40, 269, 274, 293
thatchers 56
Thavie’s Inn see London
theatre companies see plays
theatres see London
Theobalds 222, 226, 229, 234
theology 6, 75, 82, 90, 108
theriac 281
Thevet, André (1516–90) 118
thieves see crime, highwaymen
Thirty-Nine Articles 81, 83, 91
Thorndon Hall 152
Throgmorton Plot (1583) 43, 294
Thynne, Maria, née Touchet (c. 1578–1611) 124
Thynne, Sir John (1512/13–80) 222
Thynne, Sir Thomas (d.1639) 124
Tichborne, Chidiock (1563–86) 305, 344
tigers 114, 321
timber 21, 30–1, 113, 230, 236, 308
time, telling the 141–3, 213
tinderboxes 146
tinkers 53
tinsel 157
tinsmiths 18
tinware 30, 219, 231, 235
Tixall Manor 227, 230
tobacco 76, 323–4
Todd, Isabel 317
toilets see latrines
Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543–1616), shogun of Japan 113
> toothdrawer 277
Topsham 205
Torbay 113
torture 5, 48, 84, 85, 87–9, 92, 96, 294, 295, 321
transubstantiation 78, 83
travel 85, 109–115, 134, 161, 170, 218, 242, 274, 298, 315 (speed of 200–1; waterborne 203–17)
treason, high 2, 5, 31, 43, 46, 83–5, 101, 149, 293, 295, 296, 304–6, 320
treason, petty 5, 153, 306, 309
treen see woodenware
Tresham, Sir Thomas (1543–1605) 225
Trinity College Dublin 108
Trinity House 214
Tripoli 215
Trivium 108
Trumps 325
Truro 136
tuckers 53
Tully see Cicero
tumbrel 66, 311, 314
Tunis 215
Turkey, Turks 115, 117, 118, 237, 262, 295, 344; see also fashion
Turner, William (1509/10–68) 123
turpentine 285
Tusser, Thomas (c. 1524–80) 102, 258
tutors 105–7; see also Ascham; schoolmasters
Tyburn see London
Tyler, Margaret (fl. 1558–78) 68
Tyndale, William (c.1494–1536) 102
typhoid fever see illnesses
typhus see illnesses
Tyrrell, Anthony (1552–1615) 43, 84
unemployment 151
unicorn’s tail 321
units of measurement 143–5, 147
Unton, Sir Edward (1534–82) 114
Uppingham School 106
upright men 297, 300
urinals 227, 278
uroscopy 277–8
Utrecht 160
vagabonds see homelessness
vagrancy see homelessness
Valladolid 82
Vardine, Katherine 153, 284
Vaughan, William 247, 272, 276
vegetables see fruit and vegetables.
velvet see silk
Venice, Venetians 15, 114–6, 143, 204, 237, 259, 273; see also fashion; Magno; Schifanoya; Soriano
Vere, Edward de (1550–1604), earl of Oxford 100, 346
verjuice 231, 250, 255, 256, 259
Verzelini, Giacomo (1522–1607) 260
Vesalius, Andreas (1514–64) 120, 290
vestments, ecclesiastical 78, 79, 81, 89
victuallers 18, 53
vinegar 139, 159, 243, 249–51, 257, 259, 261, 277, 286
vintners 18, 53, 237, 254
Vintners’ Company see London
violence see crime
Virgil (70–19 BC) 107, 344
virginals maker 54
Virginia 112, 122
Vitruvius, Marcus (c.70-c.15 BC) 223
Vredemen de Vries, Hans (1527–c.1607) 223
Wager, Lewis (d.1562) 352
wages see incomes
wainscoting see panelling
waits see music
wakes 72
Wales, Welsh 22, 40, 108, 112, 115, 130, 135, 140, 200
Walker, Gilbert 326
Wallingford 197
Walsingham, Sir Francis (c.1532–90) 85, 222, 294, 295, 373
Walter, William (d. 1585) 232–4
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