by Sonia Shah
Italy; cholera; plague
Jains, nonviolence and
Japan
Jefferson, Thomas
Jews, hygienic rituals and; immigrants
Joseph, Mario
Katoch, Vishwa
Kenya
kidneys; disease; infections
King, Nicole
Kipling, Rudyard
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Koch, Robert; germ theory
Kochi, Arata
Koch’s postulates
Kuhn, Thomas
Laënnec, René-Théophile-Hyacinthe
Lambeth Company
Lancet, The
Laos
latrines
lazarettos
Leeuwenhoek, Anton van
Leishmania
Lenape
leprosy
Liberia
Lind, James
Liu Jianlun
Livermore, David
lizards
Lloyd-Smith, James
lobsters
Locke, John
locomotion. See transportation
logic of pandemics
London; cholera; flush toilets; Great Stink; sewers
London Daily Mail
London Medical Society
London Times
Los Angeles
Louis XIV, King of France
Low, Nicholas
lupus
Luther, Martin
Lyme disease; scapegoating
Maclean, Charles
Madiou, Thomas
Madrid
malaria
Malaysia
Manhattan Company
Manley, James R.
Mann, Thomas; Death in Venice
Maryland
Massachusetts
mate choice, and attractiveness
Mbeki, Thabo
McKenna, Maryn
McNeill, William H.
measles
Mecca
Medanta Hospital
Médecins Sans Frontières
medical tourists
medicine; cures for cholera; germ theory; Hippocratic; history of; miasmatism and; modern biomedicine
mercury
MERS
methicillin
Mexico
Miami Herald, The
miasmatism; germ theory vs.
microbes; animal; evolution and; immortality; immune behavior and; logic of pandemics; sea and; transportation. See also specific microbes
microbiome
microscopy
Middle East
milk
Mississippi
Mississippi River
Mitteldorf, Joshua
MMR vaccine
monkeypox
Montreal
Morocco
Morse, Stephen
Moscow
mosquitoes
Mothering
MRSA; cure; drug resistance; USA300 strain
Mubarak, Hosni
multiple sclerosis
Mumbai
Muslims, hygienic rituals and; pilgrimage of; scapegoating; vaccination and
Myanmar
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Nabarro, David
Nantucket
Naples
Napoleonic Wars
National Science Foundation
Native Americans
natural selection
NDM-1 infections; cover-ups
necrotizing infections
Nepal
Netherlands
Neu5Gc
New Amsterdam
New Delhi
New Jersey
New Orleans
New Testament
New World
New York Academy of Sciences
New York City; Bronx River water; cholera; Collect Pond; colonial; containment strategies; Croton water supply; crowds; fires; Five Points slum; flooding; Irish immigrants; political corruption and water policy; public alerts on disease; public waterworks; quarantines; September 11 terror attacks; sewers; tenements; water systems and fecal pollution; West Nile virus
New Yorker, The
New York State
New York Times, The
NGOs
Nigeria
Nipah virus
North Sea
Norway
obesity
octopus
Office, The (TV show)
Ohio
oil
ola
Old Testament
Old World
Omran, Abdel
One Health movement
O104:H4
opossums
Oregon
Orent, Wendy
organ transplants
O’Shaughnessy, William
Osterholm, Michael
outhouses
oysters
Pacini, Filippo
Pakistan
pandemics; cholera; climate change and; cooperative strategies; cover-ups; crowds and; early detection; Ebola; enemy-victor dichotomy; evolution and; fear of; fungal; future of; genetics and; Hippocratic medicine and; immune behavior and; influenza; logic of; medicine and; modern biomedicine and; political corruption and; quarantines; SARS; scapegoating and; sea and; surveillance system; transportation and. See also specific pandemics
Panton-Valentine leukocidin
paracholera
paradigms; germ theory; Hippocratic medicine and
Paraguay
parasites
Paré, Ambroise
Paris; cholera
Pasteur, Louis
pasteurization
pathogen-recognition genes
pathogens; animal microbes turn into human pathogens; antibiotic overuse and; cholera; climate change and; cooperative strategies and; crowds and; death and; dengue; drug-resistant; early detection; Ebola; enemy-victor dichotomy; evolution and; fecal pollution; fungal; future; genetics and; Hippocratic medicine and; horizontal gene transfer; immune behavior and; influenza; logic of pandemics; Lyme disease; medicine and; modern biomedicine and; monkeypox; MRSA; NDM-1; political corruption and; quarantines; rising power of private interests and; SARS; scapegoating and; sea and; sexual reproduction and; STEC; surveillance system; tickborne; transportation; virulence; “war” against; waterborne; West Nile; zoonotic. See also specific pathogens
peacocks
Peiris, Malik
penicillin
Pennsylvania
Persia
pertussis
Peru; cholera
Pettenkofer, Max von
Philadelphia
Philippines
Phythophthora infestans
pigs and hogs; China; excreta; influenza and; scapegoating
Pintard, John
plague; quarantines
plankton
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium reichenowi
pneumonia; necrotizing
Poe, Edgar Allan, “Masque of the Red Death”
Poland
polio; vaccine
politics; containment strategies and; corruption and disease; New York City; patronage
Polk, James
Port-au-Prince
Porter, Roy
“postinfection” era
potato blight
poudrette
Prague
prairie dogs
predators
pregnancy
Preston, Richard
private interests, rising power of
private water companies, corruption of
privies; waste dumped into rivers
Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases (Pro-MED)
prostitution
protozoa
Pseudogymnoascus destructans
public alerts on disease
quarantines; Ebola; history of
Quebec City
rabies
railroads
rails
rainfall
Ramadan, Mikhael
Red Cross
red meat
Red Queen Hypothesis
reductionism
rehydration therapy
religion
reptiles
Republican Party
Revolutionary War
Ridley, Matthew
Riis, Jacob; How the Other Half Lives
Rimoin, Anne
rivers; fecal pollution; London; New York City. See also specific rivers
roads
robins
rodents
Rogers, Leonard
Roman aqueducts
Rome, ancient
roundworms
Royal Humane Society
Rush, Benjamin
Russia
Russian immigrants
Rwanda
salmonella
saltwater cure
San Francisco
sanitary lines
sanitation; animal excreta; fecal pollution; history of; New York City
SARS; air travel and; cover-up; death; scapegoating
Saudi Arabia
scale insects
scapegoating; cholera; Ebola; immigrants; influenza; Lyme disease; Muslims; SARS; vaccines; West Nile virus
Schadt, Eric
schistosomiasis
Science
Scott, Robert Falcon
scurvy
sea; cholera and; climate change and; El Niño; pathogens and
selfish gene theory
self-repair
September 11 terror attacks
“sewage farming”
sexual reproduction
Shackleton, Ernest
Shanghai
ships; containment strategies on; disease on; quarantines; trade; transatlantic voyages
sialic acids
Siberia
sickle-cell anemia
Sierra Leone
simian foamy virus
simian T-lymphotropic virus
Simpson, W. J.
slavery
Slifka, Mark
slow-sand filtration
slums, growth of
smallpox; vaccine
snails
snakes
Snow, John
Snowden, Frank
social media
society; attractiveness and; cholera and; cooperative strategies; corruption and disease; crowds; future of pandemics and; immune behavior and; medicine and; scapegoating and; sea and. See also specific societies
Sontag, Susan
South Africa; HIV/AIDS
South America; cholera. See also specific countries
Southwark and Vauxhall Company
Spain
specialist species
Spellberg, Brad
Spermonde
Sphaeroma terebrans
spontaneous abortion
squirrels
Stahl, Rolf
Staphylococcus aureus
starfish
steam power
steamships
STEC
stethoscope
Stevens, William
Stuyvesant, Peter
Sudan
suicide genes
Sulawesi
Sundarbans
surveillance system, future of
swans
Sweden
Switzerland
Sydenham, Thomas
syphilis
Syria; ancient
Taliban
tapeworms
Taylor, George
Taylor, Zachary
Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich
technology
Tenement House Act (1901)
tenements; reform
testosterone
tetracycline
Thailand
Thames River; fecal pollution; Great Stink
Thornhill, Randy
tickborne pathogens
tigecycline
Toronto
toxin coregulated pilus
Toxocara canis
Toxoplasma gondii
trachoma
trade; Atlantic triangle; containment strategies and; quarantines and; shipping
transatlantic voyages
transportation; airplane; canals; cholera and; containment strategies and; ships; transatlantic voyages
tree snails
tuberculosis
Turkey
turtles
type A influenza viruses
type B influenza viruses
type C influenza viruses
Uganda
United Nations
United States; antibiotic overuse; cholera; climate change; containment strategies; dengue fever; Ebola; HIV/AIDS; Lyme disease; urbanization and crowds; vaccine refusals; water systems and fecal pollution; West Nile virus
untreatable infections
urbanization; crowds and disease
urinary tract infection
USAID, Emerging Pandemic Threat Program
vaccines; autism and; cholera; drug companies and; polio; rabies; refusals; scapegoating; smallpox
Valley Fever
variola
Varki, Ajit
vectors, disease-carrying. See animals; birds; insects; specific vectors
Venice
venous thromboembolism
Vibrio cholerae; decline of; discovery of. See also cholera
Vietnam
virulence
viruses; Ebola; H5N1; HIV; influenza; monkeypox; SARS; West Nile. See also specific viruses
vomiting
Walsh, Timothy
“war” against pathogens
warm-bloodedness
Warsaw
Washington, George
waste management; animal excreta; fecal pollution and; history of; New York City
water; ballast; clean; contaminated; fecal pollution; filtration; history of waste removal and; New York City systems and contamination; pathogens in; sea
weasels
West Nile virus; scapegoating
Weston, William
wet markets
white blood cells
white-nose syndrome
Willis, N. P.
Wilson, James
Winslow, Jean-Jacques
Wolfe, Nathan
wooden pipes
woodpeckers
Wootton, David
World Bank
World Health Organization (WHO); donors; Ebola epidemic and; private interests and
World War I
worms
Wyoming
yellow fever
yewei cuisine
Zaki, Ali Mohamed
Zambia
zoonosis
zoonotic pathogens
A scanning electron microscope image of Vibrio cholerae 01 (CDC / Janice Haney Carr, 2005)
A simulated flu pandemic on a map depicting locations and cases according to their temporal distance on the air travel network (Dirk Brockmann)
The 1832 cholera outbreak in New York City. At its peak, cholera killed more than one hundred New Yorkers every day. (Sources: The Cholera Bulletin, Conducted by an Association of Physicians, vol. 1, nos. 1–24, 1832; base map adapted from Map of the City of New York, 1854 … For D. T. Valentine’s Manual 1854 using New York Public Library’s Map Warper. Adapted by Philippe Rivière and Philippe Rekacewicz at Visionscarto.net from “Mapping Cholera” by the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting at http://choleramap.pulitzercenter.org)
The 1832 cholera outbreak in New York City. The Manhattan Company, now JPMorganChase, sank its well amid the privies and cesspools of the Five Points slum, atop the site of the Collect Pond, which had been filled in with garbage. This water was distributed to one-third of the city of New York. (Sources: The Cholera Bulletin, Conducted by an Association of Physicians, vol. 1, nos. 1–24, 1832; base maps adapted from Map of the City of New York, 1854 … For D. T. Valentine’s Manual 1854 and John Hutchings, Origin of Steam Navigation, a View of Collect Pond and Its Vicinity in the City of New York in 1793, 1846, using New Yor
k Public Library’s Map Warper. Adapted by Philippe Rivière and Philippe Rekacewicz at Visionscarto.net from “Mapping Cholera” by the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting at http://choleramap.pulitzercenter.org)
The sparkling interior of Medanta Hospital, New Delhi. The hospital caters to some of the hundreds of thousands of medical tourists who visit India for surgeries and other medical procedures. By 2012, medical tourism had spread the antibiotic-resistant superbug New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) to twenty-nine countries around the world. (Sonia Shah)
A drain pipe from Medanta Hospital grounds exiting into a trash-strewn gutter. Pathogens such as NDM-1 have been found in New Delhi’s drinking water and surface waters. (Sonia Shah)
Packing up birds at the Jiangcun poultry market, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, China. H5N1 influenza emerged in Guangdong in 1996 thanks in part to transmission opportunities provided by giant poultry farms. (Sonia Shah)
An illegal pig farming colony, Laocun, Gongming, Shenzen, Guangdong. The farmers, their families, and the pigs live together in the low shacks. Epidemiologists speculate that pigs coinfected with human and avian influenzas may have allowed H5N1 influenza to acquire the ability to infect humans. (Sonia Shah)
The waterfront at Cité Soleil, Port-au-Prince, Haiti. In 2006, less than 20 percent of the population of Haiti had access to toilets or latrines. Human waste dumped on empty lots blocked by garbage threatened drinking-water supplies, much to cholera’s advantage. (Sean Roubens Jean Sacra)
The sole tap with regularly running water in Belle-Anse, Haiti. A pig wallows in the muck. (Sonia Shah)
Cholera cases along the Erie Canal, 1832. Government physicians collected this data in 1832 but denied that the canal or the Hudson River had anything to do with the spread of cholera. Neither was quarantined. (Sources: Data compiled by Ashleigh Tuite from Lewis Beck, Report on Cholera. Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of New York, 1832. Adapted by Philippe Rivière and Philippe Rekacewicz at Visionscarto.net from “Mapping Cholera” by the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting at http://choleramap.pulitzercenter.org)
The anesthetist John Snow’s map of the 1854 cholera outbreak in Soho, London, in relation to the Broad Street pump. Snow proved that cholera was transmitted in contaminated water, but the medical establishment didn’t accept his findings until the 1890s. (Wellcome Library, London)
The cholera epidemic in Port-au-Prince, after Nepalese soldiers working as UN peace-keepers introduced cholera into Haiti in 2010. Within a year, there were more cholera victims in Haiti than everywhere else in the world combined. (Source: Weekly tallies of cholera cases treated at MSF clinics provided by Médecins sans Frontières, 2014; base map from OpenStreetMap. Adapted by Philippe Rivière and Philippe Rekacewicz at Visionscarto.net from “Mapping Cholera” by the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting at http://choleramap.pulitzercenter.org)