by Andrew Marr
Portugal/Portuguese ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
and colonization ref 1, ref 2
and imperialism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
rivalry with Spain ref 1
and slave trade ref 1
and trade ref 1
Potemkin, Prince ref 1
Potosí (Bolivia) ref 1
Prague Spring (1968) ref 1
press-gangs ref 1
Priestley, Joseph ref 1
Prinsep, James ref 1
printing press, invention of ref 1
Protestants ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Dutch ref 1, ref 2
expulsion from Antwerp (1585) ref 1
in France ref 1
see also Reformation
Prussia ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, see also Frederick the Great
Ptolemy I, King of Egypt ref 1
Ptolemy II ref 1
Ptolemy III ref 1
Ptolemy XII ref 1
Ptolemy XIII ref 1
Punic wars ref 1, ref 2
puritanism ref 1, ref 2
Pyrrhus, King of Epirus ref 1
Qianlong, Emperor ref 1
Qing dynasty ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
racism ref 1
railways
Britain ref 1
United States ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Rameses III ref 1
Rape of Nanking (1938) ref 1
Reagan, Ronald ref 1
Red Brigades ref 1
Rees, Martin ref 1
Reformation ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Register, Katherine ref 1
religion ref 1
Africa ref 1
ancient China ref 1, ref 2
ancient Greece ref 1
Byzantium ref 1
hunter-gatherer societies ref 1
Mesopotamia ref 1
Minoan ref 1
Roman ref 1, ref 2
see also Buddhism; Christianity; Islam; Judaism
Renaissance ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
revolutions (1848) ref 1, ref 2
Ricardo, David ref 1
Richelieu, Cardinal ref 1
Rig Vedas ref 1
Rivera, Primo de ref 1
Robespierre, Maximilien ref 1, ref 2
Rock, John ref 1
Rockefeller, John D. ref 1
Roebuck, John ref 1
Roger II, King of Sicily ref 1
Röhm, Ernst ref 1
Romania ref 1, ref 2
Romanovs ref 1
Romans/Roman Empire ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
and Augustus ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
and Caesar see Caesar, Julius
and Christianity ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
collapse ref 1, ref 2
conquest of Judah by Pompey ref 1
corruption and decadence ref 1
destruction of Gauls by Caesar ref 1
gladiatorial fights ref 1
grandeur and prosperity ref 1
Jewish revolt against ref 1
links with Han China ref 1
military system and subjugation of foes ref 1
money and politics ref 1, ref 2
origins ref 1
and Ptolemaic Egypt ref 1, ref 2
Punic Wars and destruction of Carthage ref 1, ref 2
religion and belief system ref 1, ref 2
rise of ref 1
rule of by Etruscans ref 1
Senate ref 1
society ref 1, ref 2
and Spartacus revolt ref 1, ref 2
taxation ref 1
war against Greeks ref 1, ref 2
Rome ref 1
sacking of by Arabs (846) ref 1
Romulus and Remus ref 1, ref 2
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Rosetta stone ref 1
roundhouses ref 1, ref 2
Roxana (wife of Alexander the Great) ref 1
Royal Navy ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8
Royal Society ref 1
rubber ref 1
ruling class, and first cities ref 1, ref 2
Run ref 1
Rurik ref 1
Rus (Vikings) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Russell, William Howard ref 1
Russia (pre-Soviet) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
agriculture ref 1
conflict with Muslim khans ref 1
conversion to Christianity of early ref 1
and Crimean War ref 1
Decembrist revolt ref 1
emancipation of serfs ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
emergence of Moscow as dominant power ref 1
expansion of empire ref 1
February Revolution (1917) ref 1
and First World War ref 1, ref 2
fur trade ref 1
industrial development ref 1
instability of autocratic system ref 1
invasion of Siberia ref 1
and Ivan the Terrible ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Mongol invasions ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
October Revolution (1917) ref 1
peasant rebellions ref 1, ref 2
serfdom ref 1
and Stroganovs ref 1
and Vikings ref 1
Russia (post Soviet) ref 1
Ryoma, Sakamoto ref 1
Saba/Sabaeans ref 1
Sacks, Jonathan ref 1
Saddam Hussein ref 1, ref 2
Sahara ref 1
St Peter’s Basilica (Rome) ref 1, ref 2
St Petersburg ref 1
Saint-Domingue (Haiti) ref 1
sakoku ref 1
Salome, Queen ref 1
SALT 1 ref 1
salt trade (Africa) ref 1
Samaria ref 1
Samaritans ref 1
Samarkand ref 1, ref 2
samurai ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
San Martín, José de ref 1
San Salvador ref 1
Sancho, Pedro ref 1
Sand, Shlomo ref 1
Sanger, Margaret ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Sanskrit ref 1, ref 2
Saracens ref 1
Sargon of Akkad ref 1
Sarpi, Friar Paolo ref 1
Sassanids ref 1
Saturn ref 1
satyagraha ref 1
Saul see Paul, St
Savery, Thomas ref 1
Scandinavia ref 1
Schacht, Hjalmar ref 1
Schliemann, Heinrich ref 1, ref 2
Schmalkaldic League ref 1
Schwartz, Jack ref 1
science ref 1
Scipio Africanus ref 1
Scotland ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
kingship ref 1
and Presbyterianism ref 1, ref 2
Union with England (1707) ref 1
Scottish Enlightenment ref 1, ref 2
Scotus, Duns ref 1
‘sea peoples’ ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Sebastopol, siege of (1854/5) ref 1
Second World War (1939–45) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Allied invasion of France (1944) ref 1
battles and leaders ref 1
death toll ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
defeat of Luftwaffe by Britain ref 1, ref 2
invasion of Soviet Union by Germany ref 1, ref 2
morals drawn from ref 1
Pearl Harbor attack and US entry into ref 1
suing for peace by British speculation ref 1
US destruction of Japanese in Pacific ref 1
Secret History of the Mongols, The ref 1, ref 2
Seko, Mobuto Sese ref 1
Seleucids ref 1, ref 2
Seleucus Nicator ref 1
September 11 (2001) ref 1
serfs/serfdom ref 1, ref 2
emancipation of Russian ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
settlements
emergence of first ref 1
Neolithic ref 1
Seven Years War ref 1, ref 2
; Sforza, Galeazzo Maria ref 1
Sforza, Ludovico, Duke of Milan ref 1, ref 2
Shaftesbury, Earl of ref 1
Shang dynasty ref 1, ref 2
Shang, Lord ref 1
Shang-Shu (Book of History) ref 1
Shangdu (Xanadu) ref 1, ref 2
Sheba, Queen of ref 1
Sherman, William ref 1
Shetland ref 1
Shia Muslims ref 1
Shikibu, Murasaki
The Tale of Genji ref 1
Shivaji ref 1
Siberia ref 1
Sibir, khanata of ref 1
Sicily ref 1
Siddhartha Gautama see Buddha
Silbury ref 1
Silesia ref 1
Silk Road ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Sima Qian ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Singh, Jaipal ref 1
Singularity, the ref 1, ref 2
Sioux ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Skara Brae (Orkney) ref 1
slave trade/slavery ref 1
Africa ref 1, ref 2
and American Civil War ref 1, ref 2
and Athens ref 1
Atlantic ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
cruelty of ref 1
enslavement of Christians by Muslims ref 1
and Haitian Revolt ref 1
and Middle Passage ref 1
outlawing of by Britain ref 1
and United States ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
and US Declaration of Emancipation ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Slavs ref 1, ref 2
smallpox ref 1, ref 2
Smith, Adam ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Snyder, Timothy
Bloodlines ref 1
social democracy ref 1
Socrates ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
soil ref 1, ref 2
Solidarity ref 1, ref 2
Solon ref 1
Solzhenitzyn, Alexander ref 1
Song dynasty ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Songhai ref 1, ref 2
South Africa
apartheid ref 1
Dutch settlements in ref 1
South Sea Bubble ref 1
Sovereign of the Seas ref 1
Soviet Union ref 1
arms race with United States ref 1
and China ref 1, ref 2
collapse of ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
and Cuban Missile Crisis ref 1
and Gorbachev ref 1, ref 2
invasion of Afghanistan (1978–9) ref 1, ref 2
and Khrushchev ref 1, ref 2
killing of kulaks ref 1
nuclear weapons ref 1, ref 2
and Second World War ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
see also Russia
Spain/Spanish ref 1
break-up of Muslim ref 1, ref 2
Christian ‘reconquest’ of ref 1
colonization of Americas ref 1
colonization of Canary Islands ref 1
conquest of Aztec empire ref 1
conquest of by Muslims ref 1, 197 see also
al-Andalus
conquest of Incas ref 1
and Dutch wars of independence ref 1
encomienda ref 1
and imperialism ref 1, ref 2
rivalry with Portuguese ref 1
Second Republic ref 1
Spanish Civil War ref 1
Spanish Inquisition ref 1, ref 2
Sparta/Spartans ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Spartacus war ref 1, ref 2
Speke, John ref 1
Spice Islands ref 1, ref 2
spices ref 1
Spring and Autumn Annals, The ref 1
Sputnik ref 1
Stalin, Joseph ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9
Stamp Act (1756) ref 1
stamp-seals ref 1
Stanley, Henry Morton ref 1, ref 2
steam engines ref 1, ref 2
Newcomen ref 1, ref 2
Watt ref 1, ref 2
Stephen ref 1
stock market
development of first by Dutch ref 1
Stone Age ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Stone, I.F. ref 1
Stonehenge ref 1
Stopes, Marie ref 1
Stringer, Chris ref 1, ref 2
Stroganovs ref 1, ref 2
Stuarts ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Suez Canal ref 1
Suleiman the Magnificent ref 1
Sulla ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Sumatra, volcanic eruption ref 1
Sumerians ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Summer Palace (China) ref 1
Sun ref 1, ref 2
Sun Yat-sen ref 1
Sunni Muslims ref 1
Sutherland, Earl of ref 1
swastika ref 1
Sweden ref 1
Sweet Track (Somerset) ref 1
Swing Riots (1830) ref 1
syphilis ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Syracuse ref 1, ref 2
Syria ref 1
Szilard, Leo ref 1
Taíno ref 1, ref 2
Taiping Rebellion (1850–64) ref 1, ref 2
Taiwan ref 1
Taj Mahal ref 1, ref 2
Takamori, Saigo ref 1, ref 2
Taliban ref 1, ref 2
Tang dynasty ref 1
Tangut ref 1
Tarsus ref 1
Tatars ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
taxation, Roman ref 1
tea ref 1
telescope, invention of ref 1
Tenochtitlán ref 1
Teotihuacán (Mexico) ref 1
Teresa of Avila, St ref 1
‘terracotta army’ ref 1, ref 2
Tetzel, Johann ref 1
Teutonic knights ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Thatcher, Margaret ref 1
Thebes ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Theodora ref 1
Theodoric ref 1
Theodosius, Emperor ref 1
Thermidorian Reaction ref 1